Jun She

• PhD
• Senior Researcher at Danish Meteorological Institute

The development and tuning of oceanographic models for coastal regions can be a time-consuming process. However, there are many situations in which an easily producible, user-friendly and still reliable tool is desirable for unresolved coastal regions, or planning modifications of coastal infrastructure, wind farms, assist in search and rescue oper...

The slow water renewal endows the Baltic Sea a strong retention of pollutants/nutrients. Constraining water age is a practical way to depict the transport timescales for water masses and accompanying soluble substances. Although the water ages in the Baltic Sea have been resolved by 3D ocean models 20 year ago, the simulated results have not been v...

Offshore wind energy installations in coastal areas have grown massively over the last decade. This development comes with a large number of technological, environmental, economic, and scientific challenges, which need to be addressed to make the use of offshore wind energy sustainable. One important component in these optimization activities is su...

The rapid expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in European seas is accompanied by many challenges, including efficient and safe operation and maintenance, environmental protection, and biodiversity conservation. Effective decision-making for industry and environmental agencies relies on timely, multi-disciplinary marine data to assess the curren...

The slow water renewal endows the Baltic Sea a strong retention of pollutants/nutrients. Constraining water age is a practical way to depict the transport pathways/timescales for water masses and accompanying soluble substances. Although the water ages in the Baltic Sea have been resolved by 3D ocean models 20 year ago, the simulated results have n...

The EuroGOOS Coastal working group examines the entire coastal value chain from coastal observations to services for coastal users. The main objective of the working group is to review the status quo, identify gaps and future steps needed to secure and improve the sustainability of the European coastal service provision. Within this framework, our...

The slow water renewal endows the Baltic Sea a strong retention of pollutants/nutrients. Constraining water age is a practical way to depict the transport pathways/timescales for water masses and accompanying soluble substances. Although the water ages in the Baltic Sea have been resolved by 3D ocean models 20 years ago, the simulated results have...

Although previous research indicated that the Baltic Sea has a strong "memory effect" for trapping pollutants/nutrients, the associated environmental risks are not well understood due to the knowledge gaps in the long-term hydrodynamics-driven exchange of pollutants/nutrients between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. In this work, we exploited ⁹⁹Tc...

We simulated the spatial distribution and dynamics of macro plastic in the Baltic Sea, using a new Lagrangian approach called the dynamical renormalization resampling scheme (DRRS). This approach extends the super-individual simulation technique, so the weight-per-individual is dynamic rather than fixed. The simulations were based on a mapping of t...

Having steadily increased with global production in the past 50 years, the presence and accumulation of plastic debris is now recognized as a major environmental problem, with consequences directly affecting not only marine ecosystems, but also society and human well-being. After human activities release plastic litter, it is either directly discha...

Marine plastic litter has been recognized as a growing problem and a threat to the marine environment and ecosystems, although its impacts on the marine life are still largely unknown. Marine protection and conservation actions require a detailed knowledge of the marine pathways, sources, and sinks of land-emitted plastic pollution. Model-based ass...

This study considers the transport of microplastics (MPs) from inland waters (rivers and lakes) to coastal waters and then to the open sea. A three-dimensional MP Eulerian tracer model based on the HIROMB-BOOS model (HBM) with wave-induced transport and biofouling process is used. Multilayer two-way nested model grids with 3–0.5–0.25–0.05 nautical...

This paper aims to quantify data uncertainties in marine microplastic measurements, including spatiotemporal sampling error and sample volume estimation error, identify impacts of varying mesh sizes, sampling and analysis methods, and evaluate consistency in multiple microplastic observation datasets. Twenty-seven datasets on surface marine micropl...

The Baltic Sea receives substantial amounts of hazardous substances and nutrients, which accumulate for decades and persistently impair the Baltic ecosystems. With long half-lives and high solubility, anthropogenic uranium isotopes (²³⁶U and ²³³U) are ideal tracers to depict the ocean dynamics in the Baltic Sea and the associated impacts on the fat...

The transition zone between the North and Baltic Seas (Figure 1) is the onsets of Norwegian Coastal Current and Baltic inflows that deeply influence the oceanography, climatology, and ecology of the Norwegian coastal areas, subpolar region, and the Baltic Sea (Christensen et al., 2018; Mohrholz et al., 2015). Deciphering and quantifying the water m...

Litter cleanup and disposal management in the marine environment are increasingly subject to public scrutiny, government regulation and stakeholder initiatives. In practice, ongoing efforts and new investment decisions, for example in new cleanup technologies, are constrained by financial and economic resources. Given budgetary restrictions, it is...

European legislation requires monitoring of toxic algae in marine areas where shellfish are harvested for consumption. Monitoring assumes the existence of homogeneous water bodies, the definition of which have important implications for stakeholders and consumers. Yet, the definition of homogeneous water bodies remains unclear. Here we present a me...

This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine model for the Baltic Sea. The model is used for both near-real-time forecasts and hindcast purposes. It provides estimates of sea surface height, water temperature, salinity, and velocity, as well as sea ice concentration and thickness. The model is based on the NEMO (Nucleus for European...

Denmark has decided to reduce its GHG emissions by 70% compared to 1990 levels by 2030, which will imply changes to technologies, economic activities and behaviour. Here alongside, climate change remains a pressing issue, requiring climate information to be integrated into current and future planned activities in order to promote effective risk-cop...

Coastal zones are among the most variable environments. As such, they require adaptive water management to ensure the balance of economic and social interests with environmental concerns. High quality marine data of hydrographic conditions e.g., sea level, temperature, salinity, and currents are needed to provide a sound foundation for the decision...

This paper describes Nemo-Nordic 2.0, an operational marine forecast model for the Baltic Sea. The model is based on the NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) circulation model and the previous Nemo-Nordic 1.0 configuration by Hordoir et al. [Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 363–386, 2019]. The most notable updates include the switch from NEMO...

The ocean is an important pathway to a low-carbon and climate resilient society, e.g. in areas of blue carbon, green shipping, offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, fishery and coastal adaptation. Currently, 26 EU member states have made their National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) and/or National Strategy Plan (NAP) which needs a strong climate info...

An overview of the current European capacity in terms of operational modeling of marine and coastal systems is presented. This overview is compiled from a survey conducted in 2018–2019 among members of EuroGOOS and its related network of Regional Operational Oceanographic Systems, addressing the purposes, context and technical specificities of oper...

Two important communities related to oceanography in the Baltic Sea are those working on operational oceanography and Earth system science, with focusing on the same water body but different temporal scales. They have been coordinated through two organizations/programs: the Baltic Sea Operational Oceanographic System (BOOS) and the Baltic Sea Exper...

2D sea level trend and variability fields of the Baltic Sea were reconstructed based on statistical modeling of monthly tide gauge observations, and model reanalysis as a reference. The reconstruction included both absolute and relative sea level (RSL) in 11 km resolution over the period 1900–2014. The reconstructed monthly sea level had an average...

A method for reconstruction of gridded fields of sea surface variables from time-dependent observations, using sub-regional EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Functions) patterns from models, is presented and tested. Covariance fields, calculated from the model results over long enough time span, are used to find EOF modes. The gravest “observational” ampli...

Using Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) siting in the Baltic Sea as a demonstration case, key issues on developing community data services (CDS) for Blue Growth sectors are explored: e.g. data and product requirements, level of fitness-for-the-purpose and data gaps on the marine CDS for OWF. Through analysing the Blue Growth and marine service value chain a...

Marine data are needed for many purposes: for acquiring a better scientific understanding of the marine environment, but also, increasingly, as marine knowledge for decision making as well as developing products and services supporting economic growth. Data must be of sufficient quality to meet the specific users' needs. It must also be accessible...

Maritime economy, ecosystem-based management and climate change adaptation and mitigation raise emerging needs on coastal ocean and biological observations. Integrated ocean observing aims at optimizing sampling strategies and cost-efficiency, sharing data and best practices, and maximizing the value of the observations for multiple purposes. Recen...

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical and biogeochemical ocean and sea-ice state for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS serves a wide range of users (more than 15,000 users are now registered to the service) and applications. Observation...

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical and biogeochemical ocean and sea-ice state for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS serves a wide range of users (more than 15,000 users are now registered to the service) and applications. Observation...

A new record of low sea level since 1922 was observed at the Bothnian Bay station Kemi. This low sea level is caused by a storm with strong northeasterly winds. It is found that there is a significant increase of extreme low sea level events in 1998–2016 in comparingwith period of 1978–1997.The potential relation between low sea-ice extent and the...

HELCOM assessment characterises the Baltic Sea as a eutrophicated marine area, which is caused by a combination of anthropogenic over-enrichment and climate change. Nutrient inputs have decreased in the last two decades but no decline in eutrophication effects has been documented with high concentrations of chlorophyll-a still observed every summer...

Major Baltic Inflows (MBI), which usually occur many years apart, bring saline and oxygenated water to the dead zones of the Baltic Sea. The MBI in December 2014 improved the bottom oxygen conditions in the Gotland Basin, but the oxygen concentrations started to decline quite rapidly after the inflow. More persistent salinity stratification favoure...

Capacity of European operational oceanography has been significantly improved in the past decade. In the Baltic-North Sea, cost-effective monitoring technologies, e.g., ferrybox, glider, Argo profiler, HF radar and mooring, have been used for observing the sea. New observations, such as ice thickness, suspended sediment and near coastal sea level e...

Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) model component for the Baltic Sea is provided by a consortium formed by five national oceanographic institutes around the Baltic Sea: DMI-Denmark, BSH-Germany, FMI-Finland, MSI Tallinn University-Estonia and SMHI-Sweden. All five institutes have national obligations within operational oceanography. The consortium...

This paper reviews methodology, availability and impacts of Baltic Sea observations on operational oceanography Based on the outcomes of previous and on-going EU projects ODON, ECOOP, OPEC, JERICO and BSCP as well as national projects in BOOS partners. It is found that the in situ profile measurements from R/V monitoring can have large impacts on r...

Seamless approaches to ocean modelling have been developed in the recent years to follow the user needs from the first generation of basin scale wide operational storm surge prediction systems to local, high-resolution model applications for ocean waves-currents and bio-geochemical parameters. They have successfully conquered the basin and the near...

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical state, variability and dynamics of the ocean, ice and marine ecosystems for the global ocean and the European regional seas. CMEMS includes both satellite and in-situ high level products prepared by Thematic Assembly Ce...

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on...

Operational approaches have been more and more widely developed and used for providing marine data and information services for different socio-economic sectors of the Blue Growth and to advance knowledge about the marine environment. The objective of operational oceanographic research is to develop and improve the efficiency, timeliness, robustnes...

The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) Ocean State Report (OSR) provides an annual report of the state of the global ocean and European regional seas for policy and decision-makers with the additional aim of increasing general public awareness about the status of, and changes in, the marine environment. The CMEMS OSR draws on...

This paper describes the EU-funded MyOcean project ocean monitoring and forecasting centre for the Baltic Sea. The centre has developed a state-of-the-art physical-biochemical ocean forecast system for the Baltic Sea. Since its launch in 2009 the system has been undergoing regular version upgrades with documented product quality improvements. The s...

This paper analyses research needs for European operational oceanography in European coastal and shelf seas, with a time frame of 5-10 years. Following the value chain of operational oceanography, research priorities in four knowledge areas have been addressed: operational ecology, coastal operational oceanography, European Ocean Observation System...

We configured a coupled model system, comprising a regional climate model (RCM) and a regional ocean model, for the North Sea and Baltic Sea region at 6 nm resolution. A two-way nested fine-grid (1 nm) ocean domain is for the first time included for the Danish coastal waters in coupled RCMs to resolve the water exchange between the two regional sea...

The physical–biogeochemical coupled model HMB–ERGOM is used to investigate the effects of light attenuation on the timing of spring bloom (TSB) in the Baltic Sea. When light attenuation was not included, the predicted TSB was earlier than observed values in shallow areas (<50 m) and the predicted primary production tended to be lower, especially in...

A 20-year retrospective reanalysis of the ocean state in the Baltic Sea is constructed by assimilating available historical temperature and salinity profiles into an operational numerical model with three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) method. To determine the accuracy of the reanalysis, the authors present a series of comparisons to independent o...

Thanks to the abundant observation data, we are able to deploy the traditional point-to-point comparison and statistical measures in combination with a comprehensive model validation scheme to assess the skills of the biogeochemical model ERGOM in providing an operational service for the Baltic Sea. The model assessment concludes that the operation...

A 20-year retrospective reanalysis of the ocean state in the Baltic Sea is constructed using three dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation combining an operational numerical model with available historical temperature ( T ) and salinity ( S ) profiles. To determine the accuracy of the reanalysis, the authors present a series of comparison...

Thanks to the abundant observation data, we are able to deploy the traditional point-to-point comparison and statistical measures in combination with a comprehensive model validation scheme to assess the skills of the biogeochemical model ERGOM in providing an operational service for the Baltic Sea. The model assessment concludes that the operation...

The analysis of measured nutrient concentrations suggests that the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) alteration before and after spring blooms relative to the alteration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) remains quite constant over the years (2000~2009). This ratio differs from the Redfield ratio and varies from 6.6 : 1 to 41.5 : 1...

The bottom water of the North Sea–Baltic Sea transition zone suffers from seasonal hypoxia, usually during late summer and autumn. These hypoxic events are critical for the benthic ecosystems and the concentration of dissolved oxygen is an important measure of the water quality. However, to model the subsurface dissolved oxygen is a major challenge...

This paper describes the implementation of an Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI) in a two-way nested North/Baltic Sea model for assimilating temperature and salinity profiles. In the EnOI, the state vector is extended to include variables from both the fine and coarse resolution models. In the stationary ensemble, the annual and semi-annual cycl...

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a pre-operational three dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system for the North/Baltic Sea. The univariate analysis for temperature and salinity is applied in a 3DVAR scheme in which the horizontal component of the background error covariance is modeled by an isotropic recursi...

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of a pre-operational three dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation system for the North/Baltic Sea. Univariate analysis for both temperature and salinity is applied in a 3DVAR scheme in which the horizontal component of the background error covariance is modeled by an isotropic recurs...

A detailed analysis of the short and medium term dynamics of the carbon exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea is presented. To quantify the carbon fluxes distinguishing the Baltic and North Sea water masses, the salinity-based End Members (EM) method was successfully applied. The results of 0.63±0.25×1012 mol C year−1 identify the Balti...

The bottom water of the North Sea-Baltic Sea transition zone suffers from seasonal hypoxia, usually during late summer and autumn. These hypoxic events are critical for the benthic ecosystems and the concentration of dissolved oxygen is an important measure of the water quality. However, to model the subsurface dissolved oxygen is a major challenge...

Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) is a joint initiative of the European Commission and European Space Agency, which aims at achieving an autonomous and operational Earth observation capacity. MyOcean (www. myocean.eu.org) is a project granted by the European Commission within the GMES. Major developments in the frame of this pro...

The spatial averaged correlations are presented in 1.5° × 1.5° bins for the North and Baltic Sea region. The averaged correlations are computed based on the proxy ocean data generated by the operational forecast model of Danish Meteorology Institute (DMI). It is shown that the spatial distribution of the averaged correlations could reflect the over...

The spatial averaged correlations are presented in 1.5° × 1.5° bins for the North and Baltic Sea region. The averaged correlations are computed based on the proxy ocean data generated by the operational forecat model of Danish Meteorology Institute (DMI). It is shown that the spatial distribution of the averaged correlations could reflect the overa...

The Baltic Sea is one of the largest estuarine systems on earth. Two narrow straits, Öresund and The Belt Sea, together with a large transition area consisting of Kattegat and Skagerrak hamper interactions with the North Sea. The Baltic Sea water is low in salinity due to the large freshwater input from river runoff to the Baltic Sea but has an exc...

In order to improve the ocean forecasting in the North Sea and Baltic Sea, an assimilation scheme based on a bottom-topography-dependent anisotropic recursive filter has been used in this study. This scheme can stretch or flatten the shape of a local representative contour surface of the background error covariance function into the form of an elli...

An operational oceanographic system needs to be established for the preservation and management of marine environments and resources, and also to secure the safety and efficiency of marine operations in Korea. One of the major roles of operational oceanography is to deliver ocean science products which can meet the requirements of users such as mar...

The visible effect of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) presence in seawater is the change of water color from blue to yellow depending on the SPM concentration under different ambient conditions. SPM concentrations can be derived from ocean color data (e.g. MERIS). The Yellow Sea is characterized by relatively high surface SPM concentrations,...

One challenge for the adaptation to climate change is lack of capability to simulate extreme events, e.g., typhoon and related storm surge, which is especially true for developing countries. Impacts of climate change on the marine economy and society are closely related to the long-term change of extreme events, their frequency, strengths and track...

This article was submitted without an abstract, please refer to the full-text PDF file.

During the GODAE period, some coastal and regional systems for short-range ocean forecasts in the Asia-Oceania have been developed. This paper first provides an overview of these operational forecast systems and some pre-operational systems developed by Australia, China, Denmark, India, Japan and Korea in the terms of model domain, resolutions, mod...

A hybrid data assimilation scheme designed for operational assimilation of satellite sea surface temperatures (SST) into an ocean model has been developed and validated against in-situ observations. The scheme consists of an optimal interpolation (OI) part and a greatly simplified Kalman filter (KF) part.The OI is performed only in the longitudinal...

The satellite and in situ Sea Surface Temperature (SST) observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea are evaluated based on the quality of the gridded SST products generated from the networks. A multi-indicator approach is applied in the assessment. It includes evaluation of data quality, effective data coverage, field reconstruction erro...

Deep and narrow channels in Danish Straits are one of the governing factors for the Baltic–North Sea water and salt exchange. The channels have a depth up to 50 m and a horizontal scale of a few hundred meters. The typical horizontal resolution used in current operational three dimensional Baltic–North Sea models is 1 nautical mile (nm) which can n...

Sea surface temperature fields of the North Sea and Baltic Sea have been constructed for the year 2001 using a multiplatform Optimal Interpolation scheme. The analyzed fields are constructed every 12 h on a 10 km spatial grid. The product is based upon observations from the three NOAA satellites 12, 14 and 16 together with a large amount of in situ...