Julia Arias-Martorell

Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont | ICP

Many osteological collections from museums and research institutions consist mainly of remains from captive-bred animals. The restrictions related to the space of their enclosures and the nature of its substrate are likely to affect the locomotor and postural behaviors of captive-bred animals, which are widely considered uninformative regarding bon...

This book is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of Hylobates, and adopts the same format as the photographic atlas of Gorilla published by the same authors in 2010. These two books are part of a series of monographs that will set out the comparative and phylogenetic context of the gross anatomy and evolutionary history of...

In this study we perform a three-dimensional geometric morphometric (3D GM) analysis of the proximal epiphysis of the humerus in extant great apes, including humans, in order to accurately describe the functional anatomical differences between these taxa. In addition, a fossil hominin specimen of Australopithecus afarensis was included in a multiva...

Objectives: A morphocline of the glenoid cavity has been used to infer differences in locomotor behaviors; however, the glenoid cavity is surrounded by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilaginous structure that could influence the functionality of the glenoid. The objectives of this study are to explore the effects of the glenoid labrum on the area, d...

African apes engage in a distinct form of locomotion called knuckle-walking, but there is much ambiguity as to when and how this locomotor behaviour evolved. This study aims to elucidate potential differences in knuckle-walking elbow posture and loading in African apes through the study of trabecular bone. Using a whole-epiphysis approach, we quant...

Pliopithecoids are a diverse group of Miocene catarrhine primates from Eurasia. Their positional behavior is still unknown, and many species are known exclusively from dentognathic remains. Here, we describe a proximal radius (IPS66267) from the late Miocene of Castell de Barberà (Vallès-Penedès Basin, NE Iberian Peninsula) that represents the firs...

Purpose To identify anatomical differences in the deltoid tuberosity of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes, potentially relating to the different uses of the forelimb in these two phylogenetically related species. Basic procedures We have used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) to analyze the deltoid tuberosity of scanned humeri from...

Objectives To analyze the muscle architecture and the expression pattern of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the supraspinatus of Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens in order to identify differences related to their different types of locomotion. Materials and methods We have analyzed nine supraspinatus muscles of Pan troglodytes and ten of...

The glenohumeral joint, the most mobile joint in the body of hominoids, is involved in the locomotion of all extant primates apart from humans. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of how variation in its morphological characteristics relates to different locomotor behaviors within extant primates has greatly improved, including features of the...

Vertical clinging is a specialized form of locomotion characteristic of the primate family Callitrichidae. Vertical clinging requires these pronograde primates to maintain a vertical posture, so the protraction of their forelimbs must resist gravity. Since pronograde primates usually move as horizontal quadrupeds, we hypothesized that the supraspin...

We have analyzed anatomic variations in the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) and compared them to anatomic variations in these muscles in humans (Homo sapiens). We have macroscopically dissected these muscles in six adult Pan troglodytes, five Pan paniscus of ages rangi...

The pectoralis minor is a shoulder muscle that acts in the retraction of the upper limb and the rotation and protraction of the scapula. These movements are very important for the different types of arboreal locomotion of hominoid primates. In order to better understand the variations of the pectoralis minor in humans, we have analyzed anatomic var...

The pectoralis minor is a shoulder muscle that acts in the retraction of the upper limb and the rotation and protraction of the scapula. These movements are very important for the different types of arboreal locomotion of hominoid primates. In order to better understand the variations of the pectoralis minor in humans, we have analyzed anatomic var...

Purpose: The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is the primate that is phylogenetically most closely related to humans (Homo sapiens). In order to shed light on the anatomy and function of the temporalis muscle in the chimpanzee, we have analyzed the expression patterns of the mRNA transcripts of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in differen...

Introduction: The research analyzed the relative proportions of the pars clavicularis, pars acromialis and pars spinalis of the deltoid muscle in arboreal quadruped primates, semiterrestrial quadruped primates and vertical clinger primates. Our aim is to identify anatomical diferences of the deltoid muscle in vertical clinger primates that can be r...

Introduction: The pectoralis abdominis is a muscle derived from the pectoralis major that could be observed in different primate species. The literature indicate that pectoralis abdominis is absent as a separate muscle in chimpanzees and orangutans, it is inconstant in gibbons and it is constant in gorillas (also named pectoralis quartus). In goril...

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the expression pattern of the different myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms in the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to obtain information at molecular level which can be related to the functional characteristics of these two muscles. D...

In this chapter we describe the upper limb musculature musculature of the bonobos dissected by us and by other previous authors, and compare it with that of common chimpanzees. The three major differences between the two chimpanzee species are: (1) the intermetacarpales and flexores breves profundi muscles in the hand of bonobos usually fuse to for...

In this chapter we describe the trunk, diaphragmatic, perineal and coccygeal musculature of the bonobos dissected by us and by other previous authors, and compare it with that of common chimpanzees. There are no major differences, for instance concerning the consistent presence of certain muscles in one species versus the consistent absence in the...

Strikingly, until the publication of this book comprehensive data about the soft tissues of our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, was only available for common chimpanzees, as even Miller’s 1952 study of bonobo musculature was incomplete and restricted to a single individual. Few zoos keep bonobos and cadavers are difficult to come by, but...

In this chapter we describe the head and neck musculature of the bonobos dissected by us and by other previous authors, and compare it with that of common chimpanzees. The only major difference between the two chimpanzee species is that bonobos usually have a single belly of the omohyoideus, contrary to the two bellies that are usually present in b...

In this chapter, we describe the lower limb musculature musculature of the bonobos dissected by us and by other previous authors and compare it with that of common chimpanzees. The three major differences between the two chimpanzee species are that bonobos usually retain a scansorius and have popliteus-fibula and extensor hallucis longus-proximal b...

In the present study we have analyzed by 2D geometric morphometrics the anatomy of the subacromial space in man and two species of knuckle-walker primates, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Our principal aim is to observe morphological differences that can be related to the different forms of locomotion of the species st...

Chimpanzees, including bonobos and common chimpanzees, are our closest living relatives. However, surprisingly, the information about the soft tissues of bonobos is very scarce, making it difficult to discuss and understand human evolution. This book, which is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of bonobos (Pan paniscus), a...

Chimpanzees, including bonobos and common chimpanzees, are our closest living relatives. However, surprisingly, the information about the soft tissues of bonobos is very scarce, making it difficult to discuss and understand human evolution. This book, which is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of bonobos (Pan paniscus), a...

Vertical clinging is a specialized form of locomotion characteristic of the primate family Callitrichidae. Vertical clinging requires these pronograde primates to maintain a vertical posture, so the protraction of their forelimbs must resist gravity. Since pronograde primates usually move as horizontal quadrupeds, we hypothesized that the supraspin...

Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. (foxtail millet) was originally domesticated in northern China. The time and route of its introduction into South Asia is currently unclear due to the possible confusion with autochthonous Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. (browntop millet). Geometric morphometrics (GM) offer an alternative to traditional archaeobotanical...

The postcranial evidence for the Australopithecus genus indicates that australopiths were able bipeds; however, the morphology of the forelimbs and particularly that of the shoulder girdle suggests that they were partially adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. The nature of such arboreal adaptations is still unclear, as are the kind of arboreal behavio...

“Suspensory locomotion” is an expression that encompasses a series of specialized forms of locomotion that mainly orthograde primates use to achieve below-branch traveling. It implies a number of features in the entire body associated with the use of the forelimb in overhead positions. The glenohumeral joint is one of the main joints involved in ef...

The proximal humerus is formed by three secondary ossification centers during the postnatal trajectory of the human infant. The ossification centers later grow into the structures of the articular surface, major tubercle, and minor tubercle. There is a purported functional division between the articular surface and the tubercles, with the articular...

The rotator cuff is an important anatomical and functional structure composed by four muscles, which participate in the mobility and stability of the glenohumeral joint (Inman et al., 1944; Basmajian and de Luca, 1985) . The subscapularis muscle (Fig. 1) originates in the subscapularis fossa of the scapula, stabilizes the anterior surface of the gl...

Osteological collections from captive animals are especially important in the case of endangered species, but it is not known whether the differences in habitat and lifestyle have a direct impact upon the bone morphology of captive-bred and wild-caught animals. ln the extant apes, locomotor and postural behaviors could be affected by restrictions r...

Hominoidea have adapted to various forms of locomotion, each of which has specific requirements that are reflected in the shape of the scapula. We compared several qualitative and quantitative methods for characterizing the dorsal side of the scapula to detect morphological differences that reflect the adaptations of the scapula to locomotor behavi...

Chimpanzees, including common chimpanzees and bonobos, are our closest living relatives. This book, which is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of the genus Pan, adopts the same format as the photographic atlases of Gorilla and Hylobates previously published by the same authors. These three books are part of a series of mo...

Orangutans, together with chimpanzees and gorillas, are our closest living relatives. This book, which is the first photographic and descriptive musculoskeletal atlas of the genus Pongo, adopts the same format as the photographic atlases of Gorilla, Pan and Hylobates previously published by the same authors.

Here we report 12 teeth of the fossil great ape Hispanopithecus (Hominidae: Dryopithecinae: Hispanopithecini), recovered in 2011 from the locality of Can Llobateres 1 (MN9, early Vallesian, Late Miocene, ca. 9.7 Ma [millions of years ago]) in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain). Besides an isolated dP(3) from layer CLL1.1b in the eastern (c...

The contractile function of skeletal muscles is primarily regulated by the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms. Adult human skeletal muscles express three MHC isoforms (MHC-I, MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx). The muscles mainly expressing MHC-I are slow but resistant to fatigue, while those with major expression of MHC-IIa and MHC-IIx are fast and...

The rotator cuff muscles (subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor) are the principal stabilizers of the glenohumeral joint in primates. This function is particularly important in hominoids due to their orthograde corporal pattern, characterized by a dorsal position of the scapulae, a high mobility of the glenohumeral joint and t...

Extant hominoids share an orthograde corporal pattern, which allows the free movement of the glenohumeral joint, permitting the appearance of new forms of locomotion. This study provides a quantitative analysis of the posterior side of the hominoid scapula, including modern humans. Our objective is to find patterns of variation in scapular shape t...