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Introduction
Publications
Publications (101)
This chapter summarises biodiversity responses to continuous cover forestry (CCF). The comparator throughout this chapter is rotation forestry (RF) and its main harvesting method—clearcutting—unless otherwise stated.
Research on the biodiversity effects of logging methods applied in CCF (mostly selection or gap cutting) mainly concerns the short-te...
Heterobasidion root and butt rot pose a greater risk in continuous cover forestry (CCF) than in rotation forestry (RF) in conifer-dominated forests, regardless of whether selective, gap or shelterwood cutting is used.
Damage from wind, snow, spruce bark beetle, and large pine weevil are likely to be less severe in CCF than in RF. However, the conve...
A significant proportion of forest-dwelling species in boreal forests are saproxylic, i.e., dependent on deadwood. To safeguard deadwood-associated diversity in managed forest landscapes, it is important to understand how substrate preferences and specialization structure saproxylic species communities across different deadwood resource types. In t...
Deciduous fine woody debris (DFWD) is a common deadwood substrate type in boreal conifer-dominated forests, but it is usually present in low volumes, and its importance for deadwood dependent biodiversity is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how DFWD-associated fungal and beetle diversity depends on local substrate availability and...
Functional trait approaches are common in ecology, but a lack of clear hypotheses on how traits relate to environmental gradients (i.e., trait-niche relationships) often makes uncovering mechanisms difficult. Furthermore, measures of community functional structure differ in their implications, yet inferences are seldom compared among metrics. Commu...
Biodiverse communities have been shown to sustain high levels of multifunctionality and thus a loss of species likely negatively impacts ecosystem functions. For most taxa, however, roles of individual species are poorly known. Rare species, often most likely to go extinct, may have unique traits and functional roles. Alternatively, rare species ma...
Urban forests are often remnants of former larger forested areas, and traditionally considered as degraded habitats due to negative effects of urbanization. However, recent studies have shown that urban forests managed for recreational purposes can be structurally close to natural forests and may provide habitat features, such as dead wood, that ar...
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of traits in beetle community assembly and test for consistency in these effects among several bioclimatic regions. We asked (1) whether traits predicted species’ responses to environmental gradients (i.e. their niches), (2) whether these same traits could predict co- occurrence patt...
Streamside forests are preserved from clear-cut logging in production forests and protected with uncut buffer strips in many countries. However, buffer strips often remain narrow due to economic reasons and, therefore, provide weak protection against adverse edge effects of clear-cuts and are vulnerable to windthrow. Selective logging of buffer str...
Long‐term metapopulation persistence is mediated by the dynamics of colonization and extinction. To understand and predict future species occupancy in changing landscapes, we must account for the dynamic rates that shape the occupancy and disentangle their dependence on environmental conditions. Specialist and generalist species may differ in their...
The boreal forests of Fennoscandia are largely dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine. Conifer monocultures have been favoured in forest management during the last decades. Recently, concern has risen that forests consisting of only one tree species could be vulnerable to biotic damage. Additionally, environmental and societal changes are placin...
Boreal forests have been intensively managed, influencing the spatiotemporal occurrence of dead wood, and leading to changes in saproxylic species assemblages. Some particular traits, such as habitat specialization, can be expected to make species sensitive to alterations in the amount, dynamics and heterogeneity of dead-wood habitats. We compared...
Urban forests are usually not intensively managed and may provide suitable environments for species threatened by production forestry. Thus, urban forests could have the potential of enhancing biodiversity both within cities and at a larger landscape scale. In this study, we investigated stand structures of boreal urban forests to assess them in te...
Understanding spatiotemporal population trends and their drivers is a key aim in population ecology. We further need to be able to predict how the dynamics and sizes of populations are affected in the long term by changing landscapes and climate. However, predictions of future population trends are sensitive to a range of modeling assumptions. Dead...
Understanding spatiotemporal population trends and their drivers is a key aim in population ecology. We further need to be able to predict how the dynamics and sizes of populations are affected in the long term by changing landscapes and climate. However, predictions of future population trends are sensitive to a range of modelling assumptions. Dea...
The emulation of natural disturbances in harvesting has become a widely accepted approach to reach ecologically sustainable forest management. The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of polypore fungi (species richness and composition) on four different cutting methods (selection, gap, patch, and clear-cutting) plus uncut controls, a...
Ips amitinus arrived in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1900s, although its recent
expansions to the northernmost conifers have been rapid.
2 Analyses of recent records, MaxEnt models and regional population size estimates
are used to discuss its peculiar range shifts and potential as a forest pest in Northern
Europe.
3 Ips amitinus was probabl...
Hollow trees are an important habitat for a large number of saproxylic invertebrates, many of which are rare or threatened. Large old trees occur frequently in cities, but the saproxylic fauna inhabiting these trees has been poorly studied. Sampling in urban areas includes the risk of trap failure due to human interference, which needs to be consid...
Multi-taxon analyses of ecological assemblages are needed when the effects of forestry on biodiversity are examined. Management usually simplifies the structure of forests, which results in quantitative and qualitative declines in many microhabitats and species associated with them. In Fennoscandia, most forests are managed for industrial use of wo...
The extensive spatial and temporal coverage of many citizen science datasets (CSD) makes them appealing for use in species distribution modeling and forecasting. However, a frequent limitation is the inability to validate results. Here, we aim to assess the reliability of CSD for forecasting species occurrence in response to national forest managem...
Beetles (Coleoptera) known to occur in Finland are listed according to the Provincies they are known from. Records made before and after January 1st 1960 are listed separately. All records are based on at least one record considered certain by the Finnish Expert Group of Coleoptera.
Also available as a pdf (ISBN 9789515120038)
The study focused on the success of regeneration on patch cuts in spruce-dominated stands in terms of stocking and tree height. It was based on an experiment in the Kainuu region in northern Finland. The experimental design included 8 stands with 58 clearcut patches of variable size (0.09–0.37 ha), on which either natural regeneration without site...
This book brings together information about Europe's forests and how they have developed since the last Ice Age. The first part (Chapters 1-4) gives an overview of Europe's woods and forests in space and over time; the second part (Chapters 5-9) looks at how they have been managed; the third part (Chapters 10-15) deals with how plants and animals h...
This book covers the beetle families Elateridae, Eucnemidae, Throscidae and Buprestidae
in Finland, with 64, 12, 8 and 30 species, respectively. In addition, xx species
found in adjacent areas are presented.
The book is divided into a general part and a special part. The general part summarizes
the biological information of the included species. Su...
A large-scale and long-term research and development project Forest management inspired by natural disturbance dynamics (DISTDYN) was initiated in Finland in 2009. The aim is to examine how variation in spatial and temporal scales of felling affects forest structure and biota. Harvesting methods applied in this project include selection, gap, parti...
Recently dead Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) apparently killed by Ips acuminatus (Gyllenhal) were observed in Sipoo, southern Finland, in summer 2013. This record was unexpected and in contradiction with what is currently known about the distribution and aggressiveness of the species in Finland. The aim of this study was to survey a larger area...
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida yhden esimerkkitapauksen avulla todennäköisyyttä sille, että suojelualueelta olisi levinnyt kirjanpainajan aiheuttamia tuhoja ympäröivään talousmetsään. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin tekijöitä, joiden perusteella leviämistodennäköisyyttä voidaan arvioida. Metsätuholaki sisältää säädöksiä maanomistajan korvausvelvolli...
Fire is increasingly used in management and restoration of forest ecosystems, in order to rehabilitate habitat structure and to create habitats for species dependent on forest fires and dead wood. However, information on the impacts of fire on saproxylic species is scanty, and long-term studies on the effects are almost totally lacking. Here we pre...
The loss of suitable habitats is one of the main causes behind the loss of species and communities. Habitat fragmentation, that is, the division of the remaining habitat into small and isolated fragments, often co‐occurs with the process of habitat loss. The spatial division of habitats decreases connectivity among local populations and generally h...
Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää METSO-ohjelmaan kuuluvien uusien suojelukohteiden laatua. Tutkimusalueelta inventoitiin yhteensä 40 pysyvästi tai määräaikaisesti suojeltua kohdetta, joiden yhteispinta-ala oli 126 hehtaaria. Kohteet kuvioitiin ja niiltä mitattiin kuvioittain metsikkötunnukset sekä inventoitiin kääpä-, kovakuoriais- ja epifyy...
Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-inhabiting species in the world. This is the first book to synthesise the natural history and conservation needs of wood-inhabiting organisms. Presenting a thorough introduction to biodivers...
This chapter presents various forestry practices, from modest selective timber harvesting to plantation forestry. Particular attention is paid to differences in the amount, quality and dynamics of dead wood between managed and natural forests. The chapter also discusses management options and processes that might improve conditions for saproxylic s...
Saproxylic species are one of the most threatened organism groups. As with all forest species, they are suffering from the dwindling of forests. But the habitats of saproxylic species may also be decreasing in regions where, although the forest area is currently increasing, such as in Europe, practically all forests and other wooded areas have been...
Some of the species associated with snags, logs and hollow living trees do not depend on dead wood as a source of nourishment. Instead, they use cavities and other dead-wood microhabitats for various purposes such as nesting, roosting, denning and hibernation. These species may be obligate saproxylics if the availability of dead wood is essential f...
Many saproxylic species are only able to use dead wood of a particular size or diameter. Some species prefer large trunks, while others favour small trees or thin branches. Some can use dead wood of many sizes while others are specialized within a narrow diameter range. In an individual dead tree, trunk sections with different diameters tend to be...
It is evident that planet Earth hosts several million species. The actual number of species is unknown but a much cited study has calculated a global figure of 12.5 million species (Hammond, 1992), while a recent detailed revision came close to 11 million species (Chapman, 2009). In addition to these calculations, there are also estimates that have...
Dead wood and saproxylic species do not occur only in forests. A rich saproxylic community also inhabits dead wood in habitats created by people, both in agricultural and urban landscapes, such as pasture woodlands and parks. Human-maintained habitats can provide important sites, or even the last footholds, for surprisingly many rare saproxylic spe...
The way a tree dies has important effects on the species composition in decaying wood. It makes a great difference whether the tree dies suddenly, for instance because of a storm or a wildfire, or whether it dies gradually from competition, drought or old age. Different types of mortality produce dead trees with contrasting qualities, and therefore...
Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-inhabiting species in the world. This is the first book to synthesise the natural history and conservation needs of wood-inhabiting organisms. Presenting a thorough introduction to biodivers...
Fossils document the existence of trees and wood-associated organisms from almost 400 million years ago, and today there are between 400,000 and 1 million wood-inhabiting species in the world. This is the first book to synthesise the natural history and conservation needs of wood-inhabiting organisms. Presenting a thorough introduction to biodivers...
For millions of years, natural forest dynamics have created the variety of dead wood hosting the diversity of saproxylic life. This chapter describes the structure and natural dynamics of forests that develop without management or with negligible human interference. We will deal with stand-replacing dynamics driven by fire, storm events, or insect...
Loss of old-growth forests and greatly reduced volumes of coarse dead wood in managed forests are the main reasons for the decline of many wood-inhabiting species in Europe and elsewhere. To assess the habitat requirements and extinction vulnerability of 13 polypore species associated mainly with spruce, their occurrences were recorded on 96 521 de...
Signals of species interactions can be inferred from survey data by asking if some species occur more or less often together than what would be expected by random, or more generally, if any structural aspect of the community deviates from that expected from a set of independent species. However, a positive (or negative) association between two spec...
The woodland key habitat (WKH) concept has become an essential instrument in biodiversity-orientated forest management in northern Europe. The philosophy behind the concept is basically the same in all of the countries: to conserve the biodiversity of production landscapes by preserving small habitat patches that are supposed to be particularly val...
The beetle genus Agathidium is the largest insect group documented that principally feeds on slime moulds. Agathidium pulchellum, one of the rarest Agathidium species in Europe, is listed in the EU’s Habitats Directive. We studied the habitat associations of A. pulchellum in 44 sites located in old-growth and managed forests in eastern Finland. Aga...
The population levels of bark beetles in non-epidemic conditions were compared between intensively managed forests in Finnish Karelia and extensively managed forests in Russian Karelia. Thirty randomly chosen sample plots with five window flight traps in each were established in both countries. The numbers of species and individuals of bark beetles...
Many polypores are specialized in their requirements for substrate and environment, and they have been suggested to indicate the continuity of coarse woody debris or naturalness of a forest stand. However, the use of polypores as indicators of conservation value is restricted by the temporally limited appearance of annual fruit bodies. We studied w...
Epiphytic and epixylic lichens were surveyed on 15 1‐ha plots in mature Picea abies‐dominated boreal forests in southern Finland. The sample plots were classified into three groups according to the age of the dominant tree stand and recent signs of cutting: (1) early mature managed, ‘EM’ (95 ‐109 yr), (2) late mature managed, ‘LM’ (126 ‐ 145 yr) an...
Preservation of small habitat patches termed as "woodland key habitats" or "especially important habitats" in the Finnish Forest Act has become an integral part of biodiversity- oriented forest management. Forest Act habitats belong to particular habitat types defined in the act, and they are supposed to have natural-like stand characteristics. How...
Intensive forest management has caused loss and fragmentation of old-growth forests and reduced the amount of dead wood throughout northwest Europe. Changes in habitat availability are reflected in occurrence patterns of habitat-specialist species only after a certain time lag. Here we analyse the responses of wood-decomposing fungi and saproxylic...
Preservation of woodland key habitats has become an integral part of biodiversity-oriented forest management in northern Europe.
In Finland, brook-side spruce forests constitute the most important key-habitat type in terms of total area and timber volume.
Our aim was to compare polypore diversity and the occurrence of red-listed species between bro...
European aspen (Populus tremula L.) is a keystone species for biodiversity in boreal forests. However, large aspen have largely been removed from managed forests, whereas regeneration and the long-term persistence of mature trees in protected areas are matters of concern. We recorded the numbers of mature (20cm diameter) aspen in old-growth and man...
Many species that occur in formerly glaciated areas of Fennoscandia have reached their current ranges from glacial refugial areas in Eurasia. Little is known of the refugia and postglacial colonization routes of insect species that are confined to boreal forests. Here, we investigate the phylogeography of three species of saproxylic beetles distrib...
Models were developed for predicting the decomposition of dead wood for the main tree species in Finland, based on data collected from long-term thinning experiments in southern and central Finland. The decomposition rates were strongly related to the number of years after tree death. In contrast to previous studies, which have used the first-order...
The effects of three forest management alternatives on stand development were simulated using the MOTTI stand simulator, a stand-level analysis tool developed for multiple-purpose forestry planning. The simulation results were used to analyse the effects of different management schedules on wood production, profitability, carbon sequestration and b...
Polypore communities were compared between mature managed, overmature managed, and old-growth spruce-dominated forests in southern Finland. A total of 85 polypore species, with 6000 records, were found in 16 sample plots, each 4 ha in size. Old-growth stands had on average 80% more species than mature stands, and 38% more species than overmature ma...
The degree of naturalness was assessed in 37 mature (stand age 80-198 yrs) Norway spruce dominated stands located in southern Finland by measuring the number (0-610 ha-1) and basal area (0-33 m2ha -1) of cut stumps. The Johnson's SB distribution was fitted for living spruce trees to describe the dbh-frequency and basal area-dbh distributions. Regre...
In Finland, 84 species of longhorn beetles belong to the indigenous fauna. The introductory
section gives general information on the biology of cerambycids. The main part contains
a double-page fact sheet on each species. The fact sheet consists of one or more drawn
pictures of the species, distribution map, flight diagram and text. Two or more pic...
We studied the influence of clear felling and new alternative forest regeneration methods on soil macroarthropods during the first 3 years after the harvesting. We focused on changes in the abundances of functional groups, and community structure at the levels of species (Coleoptera) or higher taxa. The experiment was carried out in central Finland...
Tree mortality and its causes and spatial pattern were examined along four transects (width 40 m, length 2550-3960 m), with a total length of 12190 m and area of 48.8 ha, in a Pinus sylvestris L. dominated, boreal forest landscape. Tree mortality was determined within a time window of 3 years by identifying those trees (dbh≥10 cm) along the transec...
This paper describes insect communities inhabiting two old-growth forest polypores Amylocystis lapponica and Fomitopsis rosea (Polyporaceae). Basidiocarps of both species were collected from old-growth forests in southern and eastern Finland and Russia. Samples of A. lapponica and F. rosea basidiocarps revealed insect communities of more than 50 sp...
We measured the amount and quality of coarse woody debris, and surveyed polypores and threatened saproxylic insects in a spruce-dominated old-growth forest in Vodlozero National Park, Russian Karelia -- one of the largest remaining areas of virgin forest in northern Europe. The inventory area was 1 km². We compared the polypore data from Vodlozero...
A conservative estimate for the total number of species dependent on dead-wood habitats is 4000-5000 within the area of Finland, which accounts for 20-25% of all forest-dwelling species. A large body of data concerning the average amounts of coarse woody debris (CWD) in both natural and managed forests has accumulated during the 1990s in Fennoscand...
The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of old-growth spruce (Picea abies) forest was compared with that from managed mature and overmature forests in southern Finland. Samples were collected from 9–11 sample plots in each case using 10 window-flight traps in each stand. These yielded a total of 43,289 beetles and 553 species of which 232 were associated wit...
The host-tree and habitat requirements of an endangered saproxylic beetle species, Pytho kolwensis, which inhabits fallen spruce (Picea abies) trunks were studied. Host-tree quality of 150 potential host trees, 60 of which were inhabited, and stand characteristics were measured at six sites in eastern Finland. All of the P. kolwensis habitats were...
Stand structure was studied on thirty 1-ha plots in mature managed and old-growth forest stands dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in southern Finland. The forests were classified into three categories (10 plots in each category) according to the age of the dominant spruces and signs of previous cutting: (1) mature managed (95–118 y...
We compared the assemblages of bark beetles and associated beetle species among mature and overmature managed, and old-growth Picea abies (L.) Karst. dominated mesic forests in southern Finland. We established 10, 11 and 9 sample plots in these categories, respectively, within an area of 35 × 80 km. We took the beetle samples by 10 window-flight tr...
Amount and structural characteristics of coarse woody debris (CWD) were studied in 44 stands of old-growth and managed coniferous forests in Finnish Lapland. The average volume of CWD in old-growth forests varied from 19 m(3) ha(-1) in pine forests to 60 m(3) ha(-1) in herb-rich spruce-dominated forests. The volumes of living and dead timber were h...
Saproxylic insects were collected during fifteen expeditions to the Republic of Karelia in summers 1991-94. A total of 63 species (48 beetles, 15 others) included in the Finnish red data book are reported. Fourteen species of Coleoptera and Aradus ribauti Wagner are reported as new for Karelia. Notes on the biology of e.g. Hylochares cruentatus (Gy...