Juergen Biener

• • Dr. rer. nat.
• Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

High resolution 3D self-emission x-ray imaging during inertial confinement fusion capsule implosion enables the measurement of the shape of the hotspot. While current 3D imaging capabilities use multiple lines of sight to perform image reconstruction, it would be highly desirable to use only one line of sight, as this would significantly reduce the...

Copper-based nanoparticles are key electrocatalysts for CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ER) to liquid fuels and other value-added products. However, the copper catalyst can undergo rapid electrochemical corrosion, leading to a loss of catalyst material, fluctuations in the reaction conditions and increasing operational costs. We establish a mech...

For many decades, the running joke in fusion research has been that ‘fusion’ is thirty years away and always will be. Yet, these past few years we find ourselves in a position where we can now talk about the milestones of burning plasmas, fusion ignition, and target energy gain greater than unity (scientific breakeven) in the past tense. Fusion is...

We describe our current understanding of the variability and degradation mechanisms observed through a series of five indirectly driven inertial fusion implosions fielded at the National Ignition Facility in the fall of 2021, four of which attempted to reproduce the first experiment to achieve Lawson's criterion for ignition with a thermonuclear yi...

Unraveling the microstructure–property relationship is crucial for improving material performance and advancing the design of next-generation structural and functional materials. However, this is inherently challenging because it requires both the comprehensive quantification of microstructural features and the accurate assessment of corresponding...

Electrochemical CO2 reduction is a promising technology for replacing fossil fuel feedstocks in the chemical industry but further improvements in catalyst selectivity need to be made. So far, only copper‐based catalysts have shown efficient conversion of CO2 into the desired multi‐carbon (C2+) products. This work explores Cu‐based dilute alloys to...

Copper-based nanoparticles are key electrocatalysts for CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2 ER) to liquid fuels and other value-added products. However, the copper catalyst can undergo rapid electrochemical corrosion, leading to a loss of catalyst material, fluctuations in the reaction conditions and increasing operational costs. We establish a mech...

Recent indirect drive inertial confinement fusion implosions on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [Spaeth et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 69, 25 (2016)] have crossed the threshold of ignition. However, performance has been variable due to several factors. One of the leading sources of variability is the quality of the high-density carbon (HDC) shel...

Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in perf...

An indirect-drive inertial fusion experiment on the National Ignition Facility was driven using 2.05 MJ of laser light at a wavelength of 351 nm and produced 3.1±0.16 MJ of total fusion yield, producing a target gain G=1.5±0.1 exceeding unity for the first time in a laboratory experiment [Phys. Rev. E 109, 025204 (2024)]. Herein we describe the exp...

On December 5, 2022, an indirect drive fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved a target gain G target of 1.5. This is the first laboratory demonstration of exceeding “scientific breakeven” (or G target > 1 ) where 2.05 MJ of 351 nm laser light produced 3.1 MJ of total fusion yield, a result which significantly exceeds the...

Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ 1, 2 , roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability i...

The use of nanoporous metals as catalysts has attracted significant interest in recent years. Their high‐curvature, nanoscale ligaments provide not only high surface area but also a high density of undercoordinated step edge and kink sites. However, their long‐term stability, especially at higher temperatures, is often limited by thermal coarsening...

We report on fabrication and characterization of layered, tungsten doped, spherical about 2-mm diameter microcrystalline diamond ablator shells for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). As previously reported, diamond ICF ablator shells can be fabricated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on solid sp...

The dissociation of H2 is an essential elementary step in many industrial chemical transformations, typically requiring precious metals. Here, we report a hierarchical nanoporous Cu catalyst doped with small amounts of Ti (npTiCu) that increases the rate of H2-D2 exchange by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the undoped nanoporous Cu...

The dissociation of H2 is an essential elementary step in many industrial chemical transformations, typically requiring precious metals. Here, we report a hierarchical nanoporous Cu catalyst doped with small amounts of Ti (npTiCu) that increases the rate of H2-D2 exchange by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the undoped nanoporous Cu...

We present the design of the first igniting fusion plasma in the laboratory by Lawson's criterion that produced 1.37 MJ of fusion energy, Hybrid-E experiment N210808 (August 8, 2021) [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. This design uses the indirect drive inertial confinement fusion approach to heat and compress a ce...

An inertial fusion implosion on the National Ignition Facility, conducted on August 8, 2021 (N210808), recently produced more than a megajoule of fusion yield and passed Lawson's criterion for ignition [Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 075001 (2022)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.075001]. We describe the experimental improvements that enabled N210808 and present the...

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a...

The dissociation of H2 is an essential elementary step in many industrial chemical transformations, typically requiring precious metals. Here, we report a hierarchical nanoporous Cu catalyst doped with small amounts of Ti (npTiCu) that increases the rate of H2-D2 exchange by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the undoped nanoporous Cu...

The development of new catalyst materials for energy-efficient chemical synthesis is critical as over 80% of industrial processes rely on catalysts, with many of the most energy-intensive processes specifically using heterogeneous catalysis. Catalytic performance is a complex interplay of phenomena involving temperature, pressure, gas composition,...

In a burning plasma state 1–7 , alpha particles from deuterium–tritium fusion reactions redeposit their energy and are the dominant source of heating. This state has recently been achieved at the US National Ignition Facility ⁸ using indirect-drive inertial-confinement fusion. Our experiments use a laser-generated radiation-filled cavity (a hohlrau...

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) promises the replacement of fossil fuels as the source of feedstock chemicals and seasonal storage of renewable energy. While much progress has been made in catalyst development and electrochemical reactor design, few studies have addressed the effect of catalyst integration on device performance. Using a microfl...

Obtaining a burning plasma is a critical step towards self-sustaining fusion energy¹. A burning plasma is one in which the fusion reactions themselves are the primary source of heating in the plasma, which is necessary to sustain and propagate the burn, enabling high energy gain. After decades of fusion research, here we achieve a burning-plasma st...

Elucidation of reaction mechanisms and the geometric and electronic structure of the active sites themselves is a challenging, yet essential task in the design of new heterogeneous catalysts. Such investigations are best implemented via a multipronged approach that comprises ambient pressure catalysis, surface science, and theory. Herein, we employ...

Porous materials with engineered stretching-dominated lattice designs, which offer attractive mechanical properties with ultra-light weight and large surface area for wide-ranging applications, have recently achieved near-ideal linear scaling between stiffness and density. Here, rather than optimizing the microlattice topology, we explore a differe...

The reaction rates for electrochemical CO2 reduction in aqueous electrolytes can be limited by the low concentration and diffusion rate of the reactant CO2. To overcome this limitation, we fabricated and tested hierarchical nanoporous gold (hnpAu) flow-through electrodes that enable pumping CO2 saturated potassium bicarbonate electrolyte directly t...

Cu-based catalysts currently offer the most promising route to actively and selectively produce value-added chemicals via electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2R); yet further improvements are required for their wide-scale deployment in carbon mitigation efforts. Here, we systematically investigate a family of dilute Cu-based alloys to explore thei...

HYBRID-E is an inertial confinement fusion implosion design that increases energy coupled to the hot spot by increasing the capsule scale in cylindrical hohlraums while operating within the current experimental limits of the National Ignition Facility. HYBRID-E reduces the hohlraum scale at a fixed capsule size compared to previous HYBRID designs,...

Nanofabrication techniques that can generate large and complex 3D structures with nanoscale features are becoming increasingly important in the fields of biomedicine, micro-optics, and microfluidics. Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (DLW-TPP) is one such technique that relies on nonlinear absorption of light to form nanoscale 3D f...

The interaction of laser radiation with foams of various porosities and low densities has been the subject of several numerical and experimental studies (Nicolaï et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas 19 113105; Perez et al 2014 Phys. Plasmas 21 023102). In all cases, the modeling of low-Z under-dense foams as uniform gases of equivalent average density using st...

Carbon aerogels (CAs) combine unique properties including ultra-high surface area, high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and robust mechanical properties making them ideal materials for electrochemical applications. Traditional CA synthesis results in isotropic, random nanoporous networks that work well for applications relying on dif...

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) is a promising technology to close the anthropic CO2 circle using renewable energy to achieve carbon neutrality. Future commercialization of ECR will require the development of new catalyst synthesis routes that will allow significant upscaling of catalyst production from current research-level milligram quantiti...

Foam materials are starting to find application in laser-heated Hohlraums used to drive inertial confinement fusion implosions. Foams made using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are now available and may have advantages over traditional chemical (aerogel) foams. Here, we present new experimental data on laser-heated AM foams. Samples of four...

Inertial confinement fusion implosions must achieve high in-flight shell velocity, sufficient energy coupling between the hot spot and imploding shell, and high areal density (ρR = ∫ρdr) at stagnation. Asymmetries in ρR degrade the coupling of shell kinetic energy to the hot spot and reduce the confinement of that energy. We present the first evide...

We report on integrating ultrathin monolithic nanoporous gold (npAu) catalyst coatings for CO2 reduction in a large electrode area (25 cm²) electrochemical membrane reactor with gas diffusion electrodes at 100 mA/cm². The CO Faraday efficiency increases with increasing thickness, from 65% to 75% and 80% for 1, 5, and 10 layers of npAu leaves where...

We report on eight, indirect-drive, deuterium–tritium-layered, inertial-confinement-fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility to determine the largest capsule that can be driven symmetrically without relying on cross-beam energy transfer or advanced Hohlraum designs. Targets with inner radii of up to 1050 μm exhibited controllable P2 sym...

A reactive molecular dynamics approach is used to simulate crosslinking of acrylate polymer networks. By employing the same force field and reactive scheme and studying three representative multifunctional acrylate monomers we isolate the importance of the nonreactive moieties within these model monomers. Analyses of reactive trajectories benchmark...

Mix of high-Z material from the capsule into the fuel can severely degrade the performance of inertial fusion implosions. On the Hybrid B campaign, testing the largest high-density-carbon capsules yet fielded at the National Ignition Facility, several shots show signatures of high levels of hot-spot mix. We attribute a ∼ 40 % yield degradation on t...

Producing acetaldehyde, an important industrial chemical, by direct catalytic non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol presents many advantages over current production methods including generating hydrogen. However, a stable, reactive, and selective catalyst is currently unavailable. This work demonstrates that the high reactivity and selectivity o...

Multi-functional membranes with high permeance and selectivity that can mimic nature’s designs have tremendous industrial and bio-medical applications. Here, we report a novel concept of a 3D nanometer (nm)-thin membrane that can overcome the shortcomings of conventional membrane structures. Our 3D membrane composes two three-dimensionally interwov...

Electrochemical conversion of CO 2 is a potentially exciting route towards production of sustainable drop-in fuels and chemicals using renewable electricity. A key obstacle in the commercial scale-up and deployment of CO 2 utilization and conversion is the lack of active and selective catalysts. Across all monometallic candidates, Cu exhibits disti...

We present results for the largest diamond capsule implosions driven symmetrically on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) (inner radius of ∼1050 μm) without the use of cross beam transfer in cylindrical Hohlraums. We show that the methodology of designing Hohlraum parameters in a semi-empirical way using an extensive database resulted in a round i...

Three-dimensional porous flow-through electrodes promise the realization of higher current densities in electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) by overcoming mass-transport limitations associated with the diffusion of dissolved CO2 in the bulk electrolyte. Using an ionic liquid-based electrolyte, [EMIM]BF4, offers the additional b...

Activating pretreatments are used to tune surface composition and structure of bimetallic-alloy catalysts. Herein, the activation-induced changes in material properties of a nanoporous Ag0.03Au0.97 alloy and their subsequent evolution under steady-state CH3OH oxidation conditions are investigated. Activation using O3 results in AgO and Au2O3, stron...

Nano‐ and micro‐architected materials generated by ultra‐high‐resolution 3D printing techniques, such as two‐photon polymerization direct laser writing (TPP‐DLW) or projection micro‐stereolithography (PμSL), have garnered great interest due to their ability to achieve exceptional combinations of material properties. The scalability of these materia...

Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) becomes a viable option as the cost of renewable energy continues to decrease. One of the major obstacles that prevents its widespread use is the lack of efficient ECR catalysts due to our only slowly emerging understanding of catalyst design. Here, we report on a surface oxide-derived nanoporous gold catalyst pr...

Here we report a concept that allows the integration of the characteristic properties of [60]fullerene in 3D graphene networks. In these systems, graphene provides high electrical conductivity and surface area while fullerenes add high electron affinity. We use molecular design to optimize the interaction between 3D graphene networks and fullerenes...

Indirect drive converts high power laser light into x-rays using small high- Z cavities called hohlraums. X-rays generated at the hohlraum walls drive a capsule filled with deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel to fusion conditions. Recent experiments have produced fusion yields exceeding 50 kJ where alpha heating provides ~3× increase in yield over PdV work...

Graphene and fullerenes are carbon allotropes with unique electronic structures and related electrochemical properties that have opened the door to many promising applications in the field of energy storage and harvesting. Graphene combines high surface area with high electrical conductivity which makes it a promising supercapacitor and capacitive...

Flow batteries are a promising technology for large scale energy storage and load balancing from intermittent power sources, but their viability hinges on our ability to attain high-power outputs while minimizing costs and meeting performance constraints. Controlling fluid flow, active species distribution, and mass transport in the electrode has a...

Safe, reliable materials with fast charging kinetics are required to increase the power density of batteries in electric vehicles. One potential avenue for improving kinetics involves disturbing the electrode crystalline structure to alter diffusion properties. However, it remains controversial whether amorphization universally benefits intercalati...

Producing a burning plasma in the laboratory has been a long-standing milestone for the plasma physics community. A burning plasma is a state where alpha particle deposition from deuterium–tritium (DT) fusion reactions is the leading source of energy input to the DT plasma. Achieving these high thermonuclear yields in an inertial confinement fusion...

Understanding and controlling the electrical response at a complex electrode-electrolyte interface is key to the development of next-generation supercapacitors and other electrochemical devices. In this work, we apply a theoretical framework based on the Effective Screening Medium and Reference Interaction Site Model to explore the role of electric...

Despite the extensive work done to characterize and improve the smoothness of ablator materials used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), features indicative of seeded instability growth in these materials are still observed. A two-dimensional imaging velocimetry technique has been used on Omega to measure the velocity non-uniformities of shock fr...

We develop a simple, highly efficient route to electroless gold plating on complex 3D printed polyacrylate plastics.

During the first few hundred picoseconds of indirect drive for inertial confinement fusion on the National Ignition Facility, x-ray spots formed on the hohlraum wall when the drive beams cast shadows of the fuel fill-tube on the capsule surface. Differential ablation at the shadow boundaries seeds perturbations which are hydrodynamically unstable u...

Inertial confinement fusion requires the inertia of the imploding mass to provide the necessary confinement such that the core reaches adequate high density, temperature, and pressure. Experiments utilize low-Z capsules filled with hydrogenic fuel, which are subject to multiple instabilities at the interfaces during the implosion. To improve the st...

In article number 1800053, graphene‐polypyrrole composites with three‐dimensional digitally designed architectures were demonstrated by Cheng Zhu and co‐workers via chemical deposition of polypyrrole thin‐films onto 3D printed graphene aerogels. Taking advantage of the 3D digital designed architectures, the areal capacitance was greatly enhanced, t...

A series of cryogenic, layered deuterium-tritium (DT) implosions have produced, for the first time, fusion energy output twice the peak kinetic energy of the imploding shell. These experiments at the National Ignition Facility utilized high density carbon ablators with a three-shock laser pulse (1.5 MJ in 7.5 ns) to irradiate low gas-filled (0.3 mg...

Disruptive custom electronics require a transformation in energy storage systems from traditional thin‐film units to shape conformable 3D components. However, current thick electrodes suffer from uncontrollable geometries and architectures, which lead to ion diffusion limitations, and poor mechanical properties. Here, designed, superelastic polypyr...

Gold is examined here as an alternative to copper for the selective dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde and hydrogen. Despite its high selectivity, gold is only active at temperatures higher than 250 °C for this reaction. We demonstrate that addition of a small amount of Ni on either supported or unsupported Au surfaces induces resistance to...

Liquid layer implosions using the “wetted foam” technique, where the liquid fuel is wicked into a supporting foam, have been recently conducted on the National Ignition Facility for the first time [Olson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 245001 (2016)]. We report on a series of wetted foam implosions where the convergence ratio was varied between 12 an...

The Bigfoot approach is to intentionally trade off high convergence, and therefore areal-density, in favor of high implosion velocity and good coupling between the laser, hohlraum, shell, and hotspot. This results in a short laser pulse that improves hohlraum symmetry and predictability, while the reduced compression reduces hydrodynamic instabilit...

We report a reduced X-ray shadow imprint of hydrodynamic instabilities on the high-density carbon ablator surface of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules using a reduced diameter fuel fill tube on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The perturbation seed mass from hydrodynamic instabilities was reduced by approximately an order of magnitude...

Fine-grained diamond, or high-density carbon (HDC), is being used as an ablator for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Accurate equation of state (EOS) knowledge over a wide range of phase space is critical in the design and analysis of integrated ICF experiments. Here, we report shock and release me...

Supercapacitors have the potential to replace Li ion batteries as the next-generation electrical energy storage technology in demanding applications due to their high power density and excellent cycling stability. Graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes are very attractive because they feature high surface area, high electrical conductivity, and c...

The electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) has become a promising path forward to a carbon neutral energy cycle by combining carbon capture with hydrocarbon production, especially if excess power from regenerative resources such as wind and solar is available and used. The key obstacle for deployment of the one-step electrochemical CO2RR t...

Flow batteries are a promising technology for large scale energy storage and load balancing from intermittent power sources, but their viability hinges on our ability to attain high-power outputs while minimizing costs and meeting performance constraints. Effective engineering of these systems is further complicated by limitations on the control of...

Nanoporous metals which have a continuous solid/void structure attracted great attention due to their low density, outstanding mechanical properties, large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. However, it is difficult to shape these nanoporous metals, especially with hierarchical pores using conventional synthesis techniques. Besides...

Nanographene aerogels (nG‐AGs) were synthesized by organic sol‐gel chemistry using nanographene oxide (nGO) powder whose mean diameter was less than 100 nm. Compared to standard graphene oxide, the increased concentration of edge sites and defects with functional groups provided the longer fast gelation regime as observed by in situ Fourier‐transfo...

Improving the electrochemical properties of graphene aerogels (GAs) without doping or making composites is an attractive synthetic strategy. In this work we report on the effects of graphene sheet dimensions on GAs. Nanographene aerogels (nG-AGs) were synthesized using nanographene oxide (nGO) powder with a mean platelet diameter of 90 nm. In-situ...

Spherical ablator shells that contain a thin layer of ultralow-density polymer foam have recently attracted attention in the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) community as they can be used to bring dopants for diagnostics and nuclear physics experiments in direct contact with the deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel or to study new ignition regimes by enabl...

Experiments and analysis in the 2 years since the 2015 Target Fabrication Meeting have resulted in further evolution of the requirements for high-performance layered implosions. This paper is a status update on the experimental program and supporting modeling, with emphasis on the implications for fabrication requirements. Previous work on the caps...

Two-photon lithography (TPL) is high-resolution additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of producing arbitrarily complex 3D micro-structures with features two to three orders of magnitude finer than a human hair. This process finds numerous applications as a direct route towards the fabrication of novel optical and mechanical metamaterials, m...

Correction for ‘Optimizing supercapacitor electrode density: achieving the energy of organic electrolytes with the power of aqueous electrolytes’ by M. D. Merrill et al. , RSC Adv. , 2014, 4 , 42942–42946.

James S. Oakdale, Juergen Biener, and co-workers report 3D-printing of low density foams with submicrometer features in article number 1702425. The foam is successfully applied in plasma drive shaping: A plasma shock wave travels through the foam before impinging upon and ramp compressing an aluminum sample to pressures of over 50 GPa. The 3D print...

N-type electrically conductive ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were deposited using the hot filament chemical vapor deposition technique with a gas mixture of H2, CH4 and NH3. Depending on the deposition temperature and ammonia feed gas concentration, which serves as a nitrogen source, room temperature electrical conductivities in the ord...

Monolithic porous bulk materials have many promising applications ranging from energy storage and catalysis to high energy density physics. High resolution additive manufacturing techniques, such as direct laser writing via two photon polymerization (DLW-TPP), now enable the fabrication of highly porous microlattices with deterministic morphology c...

Nanoporous (np) metals have generated much interest since they combine several desirable material characteristics, such as high surface area, mechanical size effects, and high conductivity. Most of the research has been focused on np Au due to its relatively straightforward synthesis, chemical stability, and many promising applications in the field...

Many application relevant properties of nanoporous metals critically depend on their multiscale architecture. For example, the intrinsically high step-edge density of curved surfaces at the nanoscale provides highly reactive sites for catalysis while the macroscale pore and grain morphology determines macroscopic properties such as mass transport,...

Microstructure and Crystallographic Determination of Nanoporous Catalysts. - Volume 23 Issue S1 - Cédric Barroo, Tobias Egle, Austin J. Akey, David C. Bell, Juergen Biener

We report on the most recent and successful effort at controlling the trajectory and symmetry of a high density carbon implosion at the National Ignition Facility. We use a low gasfill (0.3 mg/cc He) bare depleted uranium hohlraum with around 1 MJ of laser energy to drive a 3-shock-ignition relevant implosion. We assess drive performance and we dem...

Supercapacitors have the potential to replace Li ion batteries as the next-generation electrical energy storage technology in demanding applications due to their high power density and excellent cycling stability. Graphene-based supercapacitor electrodes are particularly promising because they feature high surface area, good electrical conductivity...

3D nanoporous metals made by alloy corrosion have attracted much attention due to various promising applications ranging from catalysis and sensing to energy storage and actuation. In this work we report a new process for the fabrication of 3D open nanoporous metal networks that phenomenologically resembles the nano-Kirkendall hollowing process pre...

To improve the understanding of catalytic processes, the surface structure and composition of the active materials need to be determined before and after reaction. Morphological changes may occur under reaction conditions and can dramatically influence the reactivity and/or selectivity of a catalyst. Gold‐based catalysts with different architecture...

Bimetallic, nanostructured materials hold promise for improving catalyst activity and selectivity, yet little is known about the dynamic compositional and structural changes that these systems undergo during pretreatment that leads to efficient catalyst function. Here we use ozone-activated silver-gold alloys in the form of nanoporous gold as a cas...

The first cryogenic deuterium and deuterium-tritium liquid layer implosions at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) demonstrate D2 and DT layer inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions that can access a low-to-moderate hot-spot convergence ratio (12<CR<25). Previous ICF experiments at the NIF utilized high convergence (CR>30) DT ice layer implo...

The non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol to acetaldehyde has long been considered as an important method to produce acetaldehyde and clean hydrogen gas. Although monometallic Cu nanoparticles have high activity in the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol, they quickly deactivate due to sintering of Cu. Herein, we show that adding a small am...

Two photon polymerization (TPP) is a precise, reliable, and increasingly popular technique for rapid prototyping of micro-scale parts with sub-micron resolution. The materials of choice underlying this process are predominately acrylic resins cross-linked via free-radical polymerization. Due to the nature of the printing process, the derived parts...

Experiments and analysis in the 3 years since the 2012 Target Fabrication Meeting have resulted in significant improvement in understanding of the requirements for high-performance layered implosions. Three issues have been identified that significantly degrade the performance of the implosions as they were originally configured for National Igniti...