Judith Ellen Winston

Smithsonian Institution · Life HIstories

Ctenostome bryozoans are a small group of gymnolaemates that comprise only few hundred described species. Soft-tissue morphology remains the most important source for analyzing morphological characters and inferring relationships within this clade. The current study focuses on the genus Sundanella, for which morphological data is scarce to almost a...

As part of a long-term ecological study of the cryptic comunity of Jamaican coral reefs carried out by Jeremy B.C. Jackson and associates during the 1970s and early 1980s, collections were made of reef bryozoans found at 14 sites around the island. Space occupied by bryozoans on undercoral surfaces is dominated by relatively few species. However, d...

How biodiversity is changing in our time represents a major concern for all organismal biologists. Anthropogenic changes to our planet are decreasing species diversity through the negative effects of pollution, habitat destruction, direct extirpation of species, and climate change. But major biotic changes-including those that have both increased a...

This paper describes 12 species of ctenostomes from the marine waters of the Korean Peninsula, including five new species—Alcyonidium bullitum n. sp., Alcyonidium pulposum n. sp., Alcyonidium busanensis n. sp., Immergentia cheongpodensis n. sp. and Penetrantia taeanata n. sp., the latter two constituting shell-borers that ramify within dead mollusk...

Synopsis: Nomenclature and taxonomy are complementary and distinct aspects of the study of biodiversity, but the two are often confused even by biologists. Taxonomy is the part of the science of systematics that deals with identifying, describing, and categorizing organisms from species to higher taxa. Nomenclature is a system of giving names to o...

Taxonomy is a scientific discipline that has provided the universal naming and classification system of biodiversity for centuries and continues effectively to accommodate new knowledge. A recent publication by Garnett and Christidis [1] expressed concerns regarding the difficulty that taxonomic changes represent for conservation efforts and propos...

“You are what you eat,” so the health food devotees claim, but if you are a bryozoan, “you are where you eat,” as well. Bryozoans are suspension feeders, dependent for their food on extracting edible particles from the water currents surrounding them. Most bryozoans are also sessile, unable to move from the place where the larva attached (except by...

Thirteen cheilostome bryozoan species from intertidal habitats of Maceió, Alagoas State, Brazil, are reported here. We describe four new species: Aetea cultrata n. sp., Biflustra marcusi n. sp., Biflustra sphinx n. sp. and Jellyella brasiliensis n. sp. Tw o other species of Inovicellina, Aetea arcuata Winston & Hayward, 2012, and Aetea curta Jullie...

The deep-water Oculina coral reefs on the continental shelf off the east central coast of Florida are a unique protected marine habitat. A complete inventory of the Oculina-associated fauna is important to support its conservation. This paper provides an inventory of the bryozoans of the Oculina reef area. Unusually, the bryozoan fauna is dominated...

Species in the genus Bugula are globally distributed. They are most abundant in tropical and temperate shallow waters, but representatives are found in polar regions. Seven species occur in the Arctic and one in the Antarctic and species are represented in continental shelf or greater depths as well. The main characters used to define the genus inc...

This paper describes 21 ctenostomatous bryozoans from the state of São Paulo, Brazil, based on specimens observed in vivo. A new family, Jebramellidae n. fam., is erected for a newly described genus and species, Jebramella angusta n. gen. et sp. Eleven other species are described as new: Alcyonidium exiguum n. sp., Alcyonidium pulvinatum n. sp., Al...

Fifty species of bryozoans from three Brazilian stations dredged by L. Agassiz and L. F. Pourtalès during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) are described and illustrated here. The U.S.S. Hassler was built in New Jersey for use by the U.S. Coast Survey off the west coast of North America. Benjamin Peirce, then superintendent of the Survey, invited...

The bryozoan genus Scrupocellaria comprises about 80 species in the family Candidae. We propose a hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationships among species assigned to Scrupocellaria to serve as framework for a phylogenetic classification using 35 morphological characters. Our results suggest that the genus Scrupocellaria is polyphyletic. Scrupoc...

A group of 19 authors (Dubois et al. 2013) recently raised concerns about the latest Amendment to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 2012a,b,c), that allows new names and other nomenclatural acts to gain legislative acceptance (become "available") from publications issued and distributed electronically. Two editorials by publis...

Over 95% of all metazoan (animal) species comprise the “invertebrates,” but very few genomes from these organisms have been sequenced. We have, therefore, formed a “Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance” (GIGA). Our intent is to build a collaborative network of diverse scientists to tackle major challenges (e.g., species selection, sample collectio...

Over 95% of all metazoan (animal) species comprise the “invertebrates,” but very few genomes from these organisms have been sequenced. We have, therefore, formed a “Global Invertebrate Genomics Alliance” (GIGA). Our intent is to build a collaborative network of diverse scientists to tackle major challenges (e.g., species selection, sample collectio...

This paper describes 22 species of marine bryozoans found in the sand-grain-encrusting interstitial epifauna of the northeast coast of São Paulo state, Brazil: one new cyclostome, Disporella calcitrapa sp. nov., and 21 cheilostomes. Sixteen of the cheilostomes are new species, and three represent new genera. They are Ammatophora arenacea sp. nov.,...

A new genus, Cradoscrupocellaria n. gen., is erected for Scrupocellaria bertholletii (Audouin, 1826), reported as widespread in tropical and subtropical waters. Here we select a neotype of this species in order to establish its identity and distinguish it from morphologically similar species. We include redescriptions and figures of additional spec...

Recent studies of the large cheilostome bryozoan genus Scrupocellaria have shown a greater degree of taxonomically informative morphological variation in zooids, opesia, and polymorphic structures than previously recognized. Only one subgenus has been named within the genus, Retiscrupocellaria d'Hondt, 1988, erected for Scrupocellaria jolloisii. In...

Most species of bryozoans have short-lived larvae with limited dispersal potential, yet many of these species possess global distributions. In this study, we report the first occurrence from the western Atlantic Ocean of the widely distributed arborescent bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata d'Hondt and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, 1985. This species was collecte...

Bugula is a speciose genus of marine bryozoans, represented by both endemic and cosmopolitan species distributed in tropical and temperate waters and important to marine biologists because of the occurrence of many species in harbor and fouling communities, therefore as potential invaders. The southeastern Brazilian coast in the southern Atlantic h...

Data of examined material of Bugula . (XLS)

In contrast to marine organisms whose offspring go through an extended planktonic stage, the young of others develop directly into benthic juveniles or into yolky nonfeeding larvae that spend only a few hours in the plankton before settling. Yet, paradoxically, many such species have geographic distributions that are comparable to those with a pela...

Thirty-two species of cheilostomate Bryozoa are described and illustrated from 26 stations sampled by the United States Antarctic Research Program, including 29 new species and two new genera. A further new genus is introduced for two species formerly attributed to Osthimosia Jullien, 1888. One station was located in the Ross Sea and three in the c...

Morphological and molecular analyses have proven to be complementary tools of taxonomic information for the rede-scription of the ctenostome bryozoans Amathia brasiliensis Busk, 1886 and Amathia distans Busk, 1886. The two species, originally described from material collected by the 'Challenger' expedition but synonymized by later authors, now have...

Scott remains famous for coming second to Amundsen in the race for the South Pole and the fatalities on the journey back to base, but scientific effort on his expedition was never sacrificed and set many invaluable physical and biological baselines. Amongst these were collections of benthos, such as the bryozoan Cellarinella nutti, which records en...

Bryozoa (see pp. 265-272)

Who needs to go to outer space to study alien beings when the oceans of our own planet abound with bizarre and unknown creatures? Many of them belong to sessile clonal and colonial groups, including sponges, hydroids, corals, octocorals, ascidians, bryozoans, and some polychaetes. Their life histories, in many ways unlike our own, are a challenge f...

This paper describes four new species of the bryozoan genus Beania from the Brazilian coast. Two of them have been previously recorded in the western Atlantic as Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) and Beania mirabilis Johnston, 1840, respectively; they are redescribed here as Beania americana n. sp. and Beania mirabilissima n. sp. Two reticulate spec...

This paper describes four new species of the bryozoan genus Beania from the Brazilian coast. Two of them have been previously recorded in the western Atlantic as Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) and Beania mirabilis Johnston, 1840, respectively; they are redescribed here as Beania americana n. sp. and Beania mirabilissima n. sp. Two reticulate spec...

A new cheilostome bryozoan genus Marcusadorea (type species Marcusadorea jamaicensis n. sp. from the north coast of Jamaica) is described and illustrated along with a second species, Coleopora corderoi Marcus, 1949 from Southeast Brazil. A third species, Holoporella tubulosa Canu & Bassler, 1928, described from the Caribbean, but also present in Br...

Like the shells of other mollusks, the shells of Nautilus are subject to marine fouling. Seilacher (1982) observed epizoans on four live specimens of N. pompilius and N. macromphalus and one drift shell of N. pompilius. Landman (1983a) documented the occurrence of a large barnacle, Chirona tenuis, that grew on a juvenile specimen of N. pompilius wh...

An unidentified collection of bryozoans made by L. F. Pourtalès and L. Agassiz during the Hassler Expedition (1871–1872) was recently discovered in the teaching collection of the Invertebrate Paleontology Department at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Bryozoan samples found included stations from Barbados to Brazil and around...

In this study, we describe or redescribe nine species of red-pigmented aviculiferous Bugula and compare them with the type species of the genus, Bugula neritina (L.). The names Bugula robusta MacGillivray and Bugula minima (Waters) have both been used (often interchangeably) for red-pigmented aviculiferous Bugula specimens collected from localities...

The function of the sessile “trap-door” avicularia of cheilostome bryozoans has been the subject of much speculation but relatively little observation. During studies of reef dwelling cheilostomes, avicularia of this type were seen to capture syllid polychaetes. This diverse group of small predatory worms, commonly found in the same habitats as bry...

We present here a checklist of recent marine bryozoans recorded in the literature from Brazil. The total number of species recorded is 346. The most diverse group is the order Cheilostomata with 271 species, followed by the order Ctenostomata, with 42 species, and the order Cyclostomata, with 33 species. Included in the checklist are records by sta...

Thirty-one species of bryozoans were found in mangrove communities in the Pelican Cays. Only in the large lagoon pond at Fisherman's Cay was the dominant bryozoan a common Caribbean fouling species, Schizoporella pungens. At Northeast Cay, Ridge Cay, Manatee Cay, and Cat Cay, as well as the small lagoon ponds at Fisherman's Cay, bryozoan species no...

Bryozoans are among the most common fouling organisms in coastal marine environments around the world, yet their distribution in many coastal areas is not well known. We surveyed the bryozoans in shallow coastal estuaries in the southern United States, focusing on Texas and Florida. We deployed settlement plates across six different estuaries at 61...

This paper reports the second occurrence of a sand-grain encrusting interstitial epifauna dominated by bryozoans and polychaetes at a site thousands of kilometers from the first described occurrence of such a fauna 20 years ago. Such faunas seem to have gone almost unrecorded in the marine ecological literature, but they are potentially geographica...

The two studies carried out at Carrie Bow Cay and Twin Cays on bryozoans from reef and mangrove habitats have focused on ecology, behavior, and basic taxonomic description. The first visit by the author in November 1980 was primarily for the purpose of carrying out a preliminary survey of the bryozoans from the vicinity. Thirty-six species of bryoz...

Striatodoma dorothea, a new genus and species of cheilostomate bryozoan, is described from material found attached to hexactinellid sponges and pogonophoran tubes at an abyssal station (4100 m depth) off central California. Members of this new genus can be distinguished from other members of the family Tessaradomidae by the presence of biserial, ra...

Aleyonidium albeseens, new species, is described from colonies encrusting blue crabs from the Beaufort, North Carolina area. The species is characterized by its whitish to gray coloration, flat colony surface, low orificial papillae, sparse kenozooids, distinct zooid boundaries, and preference for motile substrata, particularly living blue crabs an...

This study examines the prevalence, intensity, abundance, and spatial distribution of fouling bryozoans on 168 blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, taken from an estuarine environment in the area of Beaufort, North Carolina. Three epizoic bryozoan species were found on the host crabs. These include Alcyonidium albescens Winston and Key, Membranipora ar...

Entanglement, ingestion, and ghost-fishing are well-documented biologically damaging effects of marine debris. Debris may also smother benthic communities on soft and hard bottoms (Parker 1990). For a number of organisms, however, plastic debris provides a positive opportunity, creating new habitats in the form of numerous, semipermanent floating i...

Thirty-six species of ectoprocts are known so far from the Indian River Lagoon. The highest diversity occurs where salinities are above 30‰. Only 12 species have been found in the less saline portions of the lagoon. Ectoproct habitats include seagrass meadows, drift algal communities, oyster “rock,” docks, pilings, breakwaters, and man-made debris....

Four new species of cheilostomate Bryozoa are described in the genera Chartella, Ogivalia, Melicerita and Cellarinella. The circumArctic genus Chartella is recorded for the first time from the subAntarctic. Alloeoflustra gen. nov. is introduced for three endemic Antarctic Flustridae.

Marine turtles commonly carry diverse and numerous forms of epizoa, but Bryozoa are rare. Only two previously published records could be found, and a wide-ranging survey of five species of turtles in all oceans produced only eight additional cases. All of the eight bryozoan species identified are typical of intertidal and subtidal inshore marine ha...

In contrast to most shallow water bryozoans, which grow attached to vertical or undersurfaces of substrata, the free-living colonies of cupuladriid bryozoans occur on sand bottoms. In this open and well-illuminated habitat the colonies, raised like tiny domed islands above the sand grains, are subjected to intense overgrowth, particularly by algae....

Populations of 2 species of free-living cupuladriid bryozoans that inhabit a high-energy shoal off the Atlantic Coast of Florida were studied. Juveniles live interstitially in the sandy sediment of the shoal, along with about 30 other species of bryozoans that encrust on single grains of sand. Adult colonies use marginal bristles to move through th...

Five species of Antarctic bryozoans were tested for haemolytic activity against erythrocytes derived from sheep, man, mouse and dog. Extracts from one bryozoan species, Carbasea curva, caused 60 and 50% lysis of cells from man and dog, respectively. The chemical activity detected may provide a partial explanation for the success of this weakly calc...

Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.) is generally considered to be the very common large upright ctenostome bryozoan first described by Linnaeus (1767). However he had previously described (Linnaeus 1761) under the same name a quite different species which is an epiphyte of marine algae. The later description is therefore not valid. Confusion has arisen be...

Encrusting cheilostome bryozoans structurally resemble aggregates of small boxes, with both frontal and vertical walls capable of resisting forces generated by waterborne debris or predators. Both the skeletal strength and design of the walls are important in determining the relative ability of the colony to resist damage. Two mechanical tests, pun...

One species of the ctenostome family Mimosellidae is recorded for the first time from the Caribbean. Observations were made on living colonies of Mimosella bigeminata Waters, previously known only from Zanzibar and Malaysia.

Life histories of encrusting cheilostome species from the cryptic reef community at Rio Bueno, Jamaica, were studied on fouling panels over 3 yr. Recruitment and growth were generally slow compared with those reported for temperate cheilostomes. Most species that became abundant and persisted throughout the study did so through relatively rapid gro...

Bryozoans are a group of invertebrates with a history dating from Early Ordovician time, soon after wellskeletonized invertebrates first appeared. Many living representatives of the tubular Bryozoa, or Stenolaemata, retain some characteristics of their early Paleozoic ancestors, generally as orderlevel characters (Boardman 1981). Stenolaemates of s...

The erect calcified colonies of the anascan cheilostome bryozoan Melicerita obliqua and members of the ascophoram bryozoan family Cellarinellidae are large and numerous enough to be apparent in underwater photographs taken in shelf environments throughout the Ross Sea. Analysis of preserved specimens from benthic samples showed that these two abund...

Beach collection of plastic litter washed ashore at Fort Pierce on the Atlantic coast of Florida showed that, while some of this material may have had a local source, much of the rest originated in the Caribbean. During its pelagic existence the plastic commonly became encrusted by marine organisms. In contrast to the diverse assemblage of organism...

The distribution and abundance of encrusting organisms under foliaceous reef corals has been studied at two depths at Rio Bueno, Jamaica. Most of the space under corals is occupied by four groups of thin, sheet-like organisms: sponges, cheilostome bryozoans, crustose algae, and other algae. Sponges predominate on older regions of coral undersurface...

Life history theory has undergone considerable scrutiny since Stearns (1976) pointed out that neither the deterministic nor the stochastic theories, then current, provided an adequate fit for much of the empirical data he reviewed. Today, opinions on the future of life history studies may vary according to one's view of the mode of operation of evo...

Observations on living colonies of 56 species of marine bryozoans from Florida and Panama have shown that these organisms possess a variety of morphological and behavioral adaptations related to feeding activities. In the species studied mean lophophore diameter varies from 187 to 1,012 μm, mouth size from 15 to 91 μm, and tentacle number from 8 to...

While most gymnolaemates are restricted to waters of normal salinity, at least 3–6% are able to penetrate some distance into mixohaline water. Of this group, which includes 9 species of cyclostomes, 35 species of ctenostomes, 55 species of anascan and 21 species of ascophoran cheilostomes, the cyclostomes and the ascophorans are least tolerant of d...

1. The pattern and form of colony growth in the ectoproct Conopeum tenuissimum was found to be diet-dependent.2. Poorly nourished colonies were characterized by their straggling shape and low zooid number to generation number ratios. These colonies apparently attempted to maximize substrate covered, facilitating location of a more favorable nutrien...

Embryology of the ectoproctConopeum tenuissimum was followed from egg extrusion to three days and colony development from settlement to about seven days (20 generations of zooids). The cyphonautes larvae are rare in plankton, perhaps for behavioral reasons. Astogenetic change occurs for about 10 days, but some features reach a state of repetition m...

Recent work on the taxonomy and biology of three species of membraniporine ectoprocts of the Chesapeake Bay area has necessitated changes in their nomenclature.Acanthodesia tenuis is now known asMembranipora tenuis, Membranipora membranacea must be considered to be as undescribed species ofMembranipora, andElectra crustulenta has been found to beCo...

This study showed that the amount of bioturbation decreased up the estuary as the salinities became lower and the bottom-dwelling fauna changed in composition. In the Great Bay estuarine system of New Hampshire, species of the polychaete genus Nereis appeared to be the most important turbation agents. Four different levels of bioturbation were obse...

Two surveys describe changes and stability in bryozoan assemblages at sites in the temperate to tropical transition zone of the Florida Atlantic coast over a 24-year interval in which seawater temperatures increased. Results of a monthly survey of the Indian River Area bryozoan fauna carried out in 1974– 1975 as part of a postdoc-toral fellowship a...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1974. Microfilm.

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Museum natural science collections are valuable, in many cases irreplaceable, and vital to research in many disciplines including taxonomy. Since 96% of known multicellular animals belong to one or another of the 34 invertebrate phyla, the value of those collections for invertebrate taxonomy (of both living and fossil taxa) is even higher. Systemat...