Juan Jose Ramos Rodriguez

• PhD.
• PhD at University of Granada

Although extensive evidence supports the role of β-amyloid (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease (AD), the neurotoxic mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis are not understood. On the other hand, neuronal loss is the pathologic feature that best correlates with cognitive impairment. We hypothesized that cholinergic neurodegeneration may lead to Aβ deposition an...

(1) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which the patient suffers from an affection of both upper and lower motor neurons at the spinal and brainstem level, causing a progressive paralysis that leads to the patient’s demise. Gender is also considered a predisposing risk factor for developing the disease. A brief re...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease reaching pandemic levels worldwide. In parallel, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two leading causes of dementia in an increasingly long-living Western society. Numerous epidemiological studies support the role of T2D as a risk factor for the development of dementia....

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology. Many metabolic alterations occur during ALS progress and can be used as a method of pre-diagnostic and early diagnosis. Dyslipidemia is one of the physiological changes observed in numerous ALS patients. The aim of this study is to analyze the possible r...

Aging continues to be the main cause of the development of Alzheimer’s, although it has been described that certain chronic inflammatory pathologies can negatively influence the progress of dementia, including obesity and hyperlipidemia. In this sense, previous studies have shown a relationship between low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and th...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative pathology, the origin of which is associated with the death of neuronal cells involved in the production of dopamine. The prevalence of PD has increased exponentially. The aim of this review was to describe the novel treatments for PD that are currently under investigation and study and the possible t...

Life expectancy has been boosted in recent decades at expenses of increasing the age-associated diseases. Dementia, for its incidence, stands out among the pathologies associated with aging. The exacerbated cognitive deterioration disables people from carrying out their daily lives autonomously and this incidence increases exponentially after 65 ye...

Background While aging is the main risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease (AD), emerging evidence suggests that metabolic alterations such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) are also major contributors. Indeed, several studies have described a close relationship between AD and T2D with clinical evidence showing that both diseases coexist. A hallmark pathologica...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. The pathophysiology of this disease is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β, leading to the formation of senile plaques, and by the intracellular presence of neurofibrillary tangles based on hyperphosphorylated tau protein. In the therapeutic approach to AD, we can identify th...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. It is characterized by cognitive decline and progressive memory loss. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to AD. Currently, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains the leading theory...

The classic neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are accompanied by other complications, including alterations in adult cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Moreover recent studies have shown that traditional markers of the neurogenic process, such as doublecortin (DCX), may also be expressed in CD8⁺ T cells and ionized calcium‐bi...

Background: Diabetes is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanism by which diabetes can promote AD pathology remains unknown. Diabetes results in diverse molecular changes in the brain, including dysregulation of glucose metabolism and loss of cerebrovascular homeostasis. Although these changes have been associa...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an important risk factor to suffer dementia, being Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as the most common form. Both AD and T2D are closely related to aging and with a growing elderly population it might be of relevance to explore new therapeutic approaches that may slow or prevent central complications associated with metabolic disor...

Germinal matrix hemorrhage-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) remains a serious complication in the preterm newborn. The significant increase of survival rates in extremelye preterm newborns has also contributed to increase the absolute number of patients developing GMH-IVH. However, there are relatively few available animal models to understand...

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a severe neonatal complication responsible for ∼23% of all neonatal deaths. Also, 30–70% of these patients will suffer lifetime disabilities, including learning impairment, epilepsy or cerebral palsy. However, biomarkers for HIE screening, or monitoring disease progression are limited. Herein, we sought to e...

Background Adverse effects in diabetic mothers offspring (DMO) are a major concern of increasing incidence. Among these, chronic central complications in DMO remain poorly understood, and in extreme cases, diabetes can essentially function as a gestational brain insult. Nevertheless, therapeutic alternatives for DMO are limited. Methods Therefore,...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia; however, available treatments have had limited success. Therefore AD patients are in tremendous need of new pharmacological approaches that may delay or slow the progression of the disease. In addition to the classical neuropathological features, immunological and inflammatory processes...

Age remains the main risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although certain metabolic alterations, including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D), may also increase this risk. In order to understand this relationship, we have studied an AD-prediabetes mouse model (APP/PS1) with severe hyperinsulinemia induced by long-term high fat di...

Fig. S3. Overexpression of human tau does not affect protein levels at the synapse. ELISA of synaptoneurosomes showed no difference in Aβ42 levels between APP/PS1 and APP/PS1/rTg21221 (A) Western blot of synaptoneurosomes (5 μg protein) was probed for (B) Aβ (82E1) and (C) human tau (tau13) with β‐actin as loading control. The overexpression of hum...

Fig. S1. Overexpression of human tau does not affect reactive astrocyte protein levels. A western blot of crude homogenate from the cortex of a mouse (5 μg protein) was probed for GFAP (A) and GAPDH (B) as a loading control. The GFAP band at 55 kDa was quantified and the overexpression of human tau did not change the overall levels of GFAP (C). APP...

Fig. S2. Overexpression of human tau does affect synapse protein levels. Western blot of crude homogenates from mouse cortices (5 μg protein) probed for (A) synaptophysin and (B) α‐tubulin as a loading control. The overexpression of human tau in APP/PS1 mice did not change the levels of synaptophysin (C). APP/PS1/rTg21221 n = 5, APP/PS1 n = 4, rTg2...

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) in senile plaques and tau in neurofibrillary tangles, as well as marked neuron and synapse loss. Of these pathological changes, synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline. Synapse loss occurs prominently around plaques due to accumulations of o...

Neural precursors cells (NPCs) are activated in central nervous system in response to different types of injuries. Traumatic brain injuries are accompanied by a rapid neurogenic response inside neurogenic niches. However, this response does not contribute to the generation of new neurons within the damaged area since injuries contribute to the gene...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases nowadays, with a prevalence of 387 million diabetics worldwide. Type I diabetes (T1D) is the second most common cause of diabetes and it is characterized by the selective destruction of pancreatic β-cells, in most cases due to an autoimmune mechanism, causing an insulin deficit. Prev...

Prematurity is a worldwide health problem, with an increasing incidence of up to 10% around the world. In recent years we have improved the survival of premature infants, although the incidence of related diseases has also raised, including bronchopulmonary dysplasia or central nervous system related disorders. Among these, one of the most feared c...

Epidemiological studies reveal that metabolic disorders, and specifically type 2 diabetes (T2D), are relevant risk factors to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD), the most common causes of dementia. Due to the limited success of available treatments, AD patients are in a tremendous need of new therapeutic options. Natural p...

Metabolic disorders, including prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are considered risk factors to suffer Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. In order to further understand this relationship, we have induced: 1) prediabetes in an Alzheimer’s mouse model (APP/PS1) by long-term high fat diet and 2) T2D by crossing APP/PS1 an...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Metabolic disorders and concretely type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are risks factors to develop AD. Both, AD and T2D are chronic, age-related diseases. Therefore we have explored this relationship in an aged (36 weeks) mixed mouse, by crossing an AD model (APP/PS1 mice) and a T2D m...

Preterm birth (PTB) is defined as birth prior to 37 weeks of gestational age and affects over 10% of births worldwide. Also, the increase in the survival of the tiniest premature infants, has also raised the incidence of preterm-related pathologies. One of the most feared complications in PTB is the germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common forms of dementia, clinically characterized by cognitive decline. Whereas the ultimate causes remain largely unknown, many studies support the relationship between AD-VaD and metabolic disorders. Among these, diabetes mellitus (DM) seems to be of special relevance and it is a...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Neuropathological features include: 1) neurofibrillary tangles with abnormally phosphorylated tau protein, 2) senile plaques (SP), mainly composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and 3)neuronal loss. Whereas aging remains the main risk factor to suffer dementia, hyperinsulinemia and...

Adult neural precursor cells (NPC) are activated upon CNS injury, as a consequence GFAP+ reactive astrocytes and nestin-expressing cells appear within the damaged tissue. Nestin+ undifferentiated precursor cells are thought to originate from resident stem cells or from NPC that migrate from a proximal neurogenic region, the subventricular zone, and...

Aging remains the main risk factor to suffer Alzheimer's disease (AD), though epidemiological studies also support that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major contributor. In order to explore the close relationship between both pathologies we have developed an animal model presenting both AD and T2D, by crossing APP/PS1 mice (AD model) with db/db mice (T...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common causes of dementia, and borderlines are blurred in many cases. Aging remains the main risk factor to suffer dementia; however, epidemiological studies reveal that diabetes may also predispose to suffer AD. In order to further study this relationship, we have induced hypoinsuli...

Adult neural precursor cells (NPC) are activated upon CNS injury, when GFAP+ reactive astrocytes and nestin-expressing cells appear within the damaged tissue. Nestin+ undifferentiated precursor cells are thought to originate from resident stem cells or from NPC that migrate from a proximal neurogenic region, the subventricular zone, and have the ab...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an important risk factor for developing dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, as features of T2D, might increase the neurodegeneration process, synaptic loss and brain atrophy, leading to cognitive impairment observed in AD. Also, adult neurogenesis seems to be impaired in...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hiperglycemia, due insulin-producing β-cell loss or dysfunction within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Diabetes is established when glucose blood levels surpass ~250mg/dL. DM is a well known risk factor to develop some types of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or vascular dementia, and exten...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) increases the risk to develop AD in elderly people since both AD and T2D are closely related with aging. Among others, chronic inflammation and vascular injury associated with T2D, may contribute to AD pathogenesis. In order to further explore...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and whereas age remains the main risk facto to suffer AD, type 2 diabetes (T2D) is also a relevant risk factor to develop AD (Luchsinger et al, 2004). Besides it has also been pointed out that hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, observed before T2D onset, might be the init...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an important risk factor to suffer dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and some neuropathological features observed in dementia could be mediated by T2D metabolic alterations. Since brain atrophy and impaired neurogenesis have been observed both T2D and AD we analyzed central nervous system (CNS) morphological alt...

Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are major neuropathological features of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), however neuronal loss is the alteration that best correlates with cognitive impairment in AD patients. Underlying neurotoxic mechanisms are not completely understood although specific neurotransmission deficiencies have been observed in AD p...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among elderly people, followed by vascular dementia (VaD). Although the ultimate neurotoxic cause has not been elucidated, the close relationship between insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) with AD and VaD has been largely described in clinical and epidemiological studi...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the most common causes of dementia, and have no successful treatment. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes (T2D) seems to be a relevant risk factor to suffer dementia and epidemiological studies support a close relationship between T2D and AD-VaD, leading to the description of a complex syndrom...

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, as senile plaques (SP), seems to play a key role in the development and progression of the illness. Moreover SP tend to accumulate in cortex and hippocampus, relevant areas in learning and memory. On th...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) are the most common causes of dementia although the ultimate neurotoxic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Previous clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) are relevant risks factors to suffer both AD and VD. On the other...

Whereas Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia the ultimate neurotoxic mechanisms are not known. Epidemiological studies reveal that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a risk factor to suffer AD, although establishing whether there is a direct relationship between T2DM and AD remains elusive. In this study we have focused on e...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) are the most common causes of dementia although the ultimate neurotoxic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Multiple epidemiological studies reveal that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a risk factor to suffer AD and VD. However to our knowledge only a handful of studies have intended...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two prevalent diseases with comparable pathophysiological features and genetic predisposition. Patients with AD are more susceptible to develop T2D. However, the molecular mechanism linking AD and T2D remains elusive. In this study, we have generated a new mouse model to test the hypot...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Although the ultimate neurotoxic mechanisms are not known, extensive evidence supports the role of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition as senile plaques (SP) in the disease. On the other hand, neuronal loss is the pathological feature that best correlates with the duration and severity of the...

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) is a well known risk factor of the Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer is the most common cause of dementia among elderly people, At present many clinical studies have shown a relationship between both illnesses, however it remains unclear whether there is a cause-effect association between both of them and how diabetes migh...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Extensive evidence supports the role of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits as senile plaques (SP) in the development and progression of the illness. On the other hand neuronal loss, and concretely cholinergic denervation of the basal forebrain, seems to be a good predictor of clinical dementia...

Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia are the two most common causes of dementia. The ultimate cause has not been elucidated; however type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) may play a role in the onset and development of the illness. Following this idea recent clinical studies strongly relate DM2 with dementia, although the underlying mechanisms remain...

Diabetes is a well known risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. At present many clinical studies have shown a relationship between both illnesses, however it remains unclear whether there is a cause-effect association between both of them and how diabetes might be implicated in the onset and development of Alzheimer’s disease. This study...

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive and memory impairment. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits and neuronal loss seem to play a key role in the development and progression of the illness although the ultimate neurotoxic mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Moreover, available animal model...