J.R. Guerrieri

• National Institute of Standards and Technology

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently developed a new robotic scanning system for performing near-field measurements at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies above 100 GHz, the configurable robotic millimeterwave antenna (CROMMA) facility. This cost-effective system is designed for high-frequency applications, is capabl...

The integral forms of the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations that relate the real and imaginary parts, n’ and n”, of a refractive index require the integral to be conducted over the full spectrum. In this paper, we derive a differential form of the KK relation that removes the need for knowing n” at all frequencies (omega) in order to calculate n’, whic...

The integral forms of the Kramers-Kronig (KK) relations that relate the real and imaginary parts, n’ and n”, of a refractive index require the integral to be conducted over the full spectrum. In this paper, we derive a differential form of the KK relation that removes the need for knowing n” at all frequencies (omega) in order to calculate n’, whic...

A wideband coupled transmission line (CTL) cell to measure the operating range of an UHF RFID (ORUR) is presented. Also, an ORUR test system is proposed to increase the isolation to more than 55 dB. It is shown that the ORUR measured by this proposed cell agrees well with the measured data using a fully anechoic chamber.

Differential site attenuation (DSA) to verify the performance of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) facilities, open area test site and semi-anechoic chamber, without using a calibrated free space antenna factor (AFFS) is proposed. In the evaluation of EMC facilities, the AFFS is one of the main uncertainty contributions. The measured results are...

An approach is proposed for determination of the complex permittivity and permeability of low-loss materials, eliminating half-wavelength resonances occurring in transmission/reflection (T/R) measurements. To this end, we apply time-domain smoothing for removing resonant artifacts from the wave impedance obtained with the conventional T/R method, a...

The Antenna Metrology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a robotically controlled near-field pattern range for measuring antennas and components from 50 GHz to 500 GHz. This new range is intended to address the need for accurate antenna pattern measurements for a variety of applications including r...

To support antenna applications above 110 GHz, researchers in the Electromagnetics Division at NIST have designed and implemented a high-frequency antenna measurement system. At the heart of the positioning system lies a 6-axis robot capable of performing a multitude of scan geometries around a central point. Our current goals are to provide spheri...

Passive digital backscatter signals in systems like radio frequency identification (RFID) are usually received along with strong interference from a leaked carrier. The simplest way to quantify the “useful” communication signal is to separate it as an amplitude-shift keying (ASK) or biphase-shift keying (BPSK) component. These definitions give diff...

We present a method for measuring ultra-high frequency radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) tag differential RCS that has the potential for being easier and more accurate than current and proposed methods [1-2]. Our method is based on accurately characterizing the reflection states of a modulated load, accounting for transmission losses betwee...

We consider here worst-case analysis of backscatter from passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The basis is a figure of merit “B” to relate link power at reader ports to tag circuit parameters. A minimum bound for received monostatic backscatter can be determined by inspection from measured B. The bound is general for narrowband signa...

The potential for electromagnetic (EM) interference between multi-channel, FCC Part 15 UHF (902-928 MHz) ISM (Industiral, Scientific, and Medical) [1] emitters and devices that have passed immunity requirements under international standards [2] is examined. At close ranges, the fields from a Part 15.247 compliant emitter may exceed minimum standard...

We discuss free-field measurement methods designed to quantify interference between wireless devices such as RF identification systems and RF-based emergency beacons used by fire fighters. For public safety applications, standardized testing requires that responder organizations purchase devices that are appropriate for their specific needs. Also,...

Trends in tag development since the introduction of the ISO 18000-6C and EPC Global standards are investigated empirically with measurements of power harvesting and backscattering performance from 20 samples of passive tags across 860-960 MHz. The population spans ages of 0 to 6 years, 9 tag manufacturers, and 3 chip manufacturers. All tags were st...

This paper presents an approach for calibrating backscattering measurements from 860-960 MHz Ultra-High Frequency Radio Frequency Identification (UHF RFID) tags. An S-parameter model is formulated to relate diode switch and antenna input circuit parameters with the scattering performance of the calibration device. Measurements of modulated backscat...

We present experimental measurements and analysis of RF interference between a passive RFID system and a generic frequency hopping communications system in the 902 MHz to 928 MHz ISM radio band. Interference in both directions is considered, RFID to communications and vice-versa, and interference mitigation strategies are assessed. Variables of int...

This paper examines the relative roles of the forward and reverse links in determining the operational range of passive UHF RFID systems. Simple free space examples in free space show when the forward or reverse link may be the main range constraint in practical systems, depending on reader and tag characteristics. Measurements of transmission and...

The potential of electromagnetic (EM) interference between multi-channel, FCC Part 15 UHF (902-928 MHz) ISM (Industiral, Scientific, and Medical) [1] emitters and devices that have passed immunity requirements under international standards [2] is examined. At close ranges, the fields from a Part 15.247 compliant emitter may exceed minimum standard...

We examined the electromagnetic emissions, and performance of commercial High-Frequency (HF) proximity Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems including their susceptibility to jamming and eavesdropping. These proximity RFID systems are used in an increasing number of financial, identification, and access control applications. We performed in...

We examined the emissions of commercial HF (high-frequency) proximity RFID (radio frequency identification) systems and the performance of a typical RFID system in the presence of electromagnetic (EM) interference. Some initial investigations into security and reliability were also performed. These investigations highlight detectability and readabi...

An indoor localization and communication project is described that proposes to use RFID (radio-frequency identification) tags, placed in the building beforehand, as navigation waypoints for an inertial navigation system carried by a first responder. RFID devices commonly are attached to persons or to moveable objects so that the objects can be trac...

Contact: L. E. Miller, 301-975-8018, 301-590-0932 (fax), lmiller@antd.nist.gov An indoor localization and communication project is described that proposes to use RFID tags, placed in the building beforehand, as navigation waypoints for an inertial navigation system carried by a first responder. The findings from the first year of the planned three-...

An approach undertaken by the Electromagnetic Division of the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop brightness temperature standards for microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies was described. The results of preliminary measurements with a converted radiometer at 26 GHz were also presented. The results were found in...