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Introduction
Józef Szarek currently works at the Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland. He does research in veterinary medicine, pathology and forensic science. Currently he does research into morphological lesions caused in poultry in farm breeding, pathology of wild birds, morphological lesions in experimental animals (particularly mice, rats and fish) upon the influence environmental pathogens and nanomaterials.
Current institution
Current position
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Additional affiliations
October 1988 - present
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Poland
Position
- Head of Department
September 1972 - present
January 2011 - present
Publications
Publications (425)
Dzikowski Andrzej, Szarek Józef. Individual independent veterinary expert opinions. Trends of 25 years in forensic veterinary expertise. Medycyna Weterynaryjna (Med. Weter.), 2025, 81 (5): 253-261.
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 25 years of forensic veterinary expert opinion-making (2000¬2024) with a special focus on independent v...
In this case study, two veterinary expert opinions on latent physical defects of dogs sold were analysed. In both cases, a veterinarian was appointed as a court expert, primarily to determine whether a given animal had a disease and when it developed. However, the tasks of the veterinary expert were not limited to this. Case study analysis combined...
In a case study, two veterinary expert opinions concerning latent physical defects of animals sold were analysed (a pair of “Savannah” cats and a horse). In both cases, the veterinarian was appointed as a court expert, primarily to examine whether a given animal was burdened with a disease and when it occurred. However, the tasks of the veterinary...
Szarek J., Zdoliński T., Gruszczyński J., Kulik-Jezierska J., 2024. VII Zjazd Absolwentów Wydziału Weterynaryjnego – rocznik 1979. Sympozjum poświęcone pamięci prof. dr. hab. Zdzisława Larskiego. (VII Veterinary Faculty Graduates' Meeting – class of 1979. Symposium dedicated to the memory of prof. dr hab. Zdzisław Larski). 5 Plus X, 120(1): 6, 28....
Keywords: civil law, veterinary medicine, veterinary experts, warranty, animals.
Animal sales have always carried an element of contractual risk, related to i.e., the occurrence of various types of physical defects and diseases which reduce the value of the animal sold, and disturb the equivalence of the contract. Various normative solutions to th...
Tungsten is used in several applications and human exposure may occur. To assess its pulmonary toxicity, we exposed male mice to nose-only inhalation of tungsten particles at 9, 23 or 132mg/m3 (Low, Mid and High exposure) (45minutes/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks). Increased genotoxicity (assessed by comet assay) was seen in bronchoalveolar (BAL) flu...
Background
Acute phase response (APR) is characterized by a change in concentration of different proteins, including C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A (SAA) that can be linked to both exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials and risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we intratracheally exposed mice to ZnO, CuO, Al2O3, SnO2 and TiO2 and c...
Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is a constituent of many products. To protect humans, it is important to know at what air concentrations it becomes toxic. For this, we tested MoS2 particles by nose-only inhalation in mice. Exposures were set to 13, 50 and 150 mg MoS2/m³ (=8, 30 and 90 mg Mo/m³), corresponding to Low, Mid and High exposure. The duratio...
The inclusion of nanoparticles can increase the quality of certain products. One application is the inclusion of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a glass coating matrix to produce a UV-absorbing coating for glass sheets. Yet, the question is whether the inclusion of ZnO in the matrix induces toxicity at low exposure levels. To test this, mice were...
Szarek J., 2022. Pierwsze złote dyplomy na Wydziale Medycyny Weterynaryjnej UWM w Olsztynie. Życie Weterynaryjne, 97(9): 621-624.
Pierwsze złote dyplomy na Wydziale Medycyny Weterynaryjnej UWM w Olsztynie
Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie, jako czwarty w Polsce po Lublinie, Warszawie i Wrocławiu, wprowa...
The rate of translocation of ingested nanoparticles (NPs) and how the uptake is affected by a food matrix are key aspects of health risk assessment. In this study, female Sprague Dawley rats (N=4/group) received 0, 1.4, or 13 mg of cerium oxide (CeO2 NM-212) NPs/rat/day by gavage or in a chocolate spread snack 5 days/week for 1 or 2 weeks followed...
Szarek J., Kubiński W. Kształcenie lekarzy weterynarii na Warmii i Mazurach. Po pięćdziesiątce. (Veterinary education in Warmia and Masuria. In our 50s.) Starostwo Powiatowe w Działdowie, Działdowo, 2022.
ISBN 978-83-953941-6-4
Introduction
It is not easy to outline the history of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Warmia and...
Szarek Józef, Kubiński Władysław.
6. Rys dziejów Wydziału Lekarskiego Uniwersytetu UWM w Olsztynie. W.: Dzieje zaraz i pandemii na terenie Warmii i Mazur ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Działdowszczyzny, red. Władysław Kubiński, Działdowo, Polskie Stowarzyszenie Diapetyków Koło Miejsko-Powiatowe w Działdowie, 2022, s. 141-146, 150-158.
6. Rys dzie...
Dzikowski A., Popławski K., Szarek J. Przestępczość farmaceutyczna na rynku produktów leczniczych weterynaryjnych. Rola organów Inspekcji Weterynaryjnej. W: Przestępczość farmaceutyczna w XXI wieku. Redakcja: E.M. Guzik-Makaruk, I. Sołtyszewski. CeDeWu Sp. z o.o., Warszawa: 219-240. ISBN 978-83-8102-541-6.
Dzikowski A., Popławski K., Szarek J. Pha...
Cywilizacja europejska, aż do XIX wieku utożsamiała zwierzęta z rzeczami. W ubiegłym stuleciu dostrzeżono ich cierpienia i spopularyzowano przekonanie, że zwierzę nie jest rzeczą. Pod koniec XX wieku wprowadzono przesłanki wskazujące na istnienie świadomości zwierząt. Zauważone wartości zwierząt stały się podstawą przyporządkowania im niezbywalnych...
Exposure to nanoparticles by various routes results in size-dependent translocation of nanoparticles to the systemic circulation and subsequent accumulation in the liver. The purpose of this study was to determine possible adverse effects in the liver of long-lasting nanoparticle presence in the organ. Mice exposed to a single dose (162 µg/animal e...
Background
The problems of burnout and the moral and ethical distress resulting from various kinds of conflict have been raised in the veterinary profession. However, their sources and inter-relationships have not been thoroughly recognized mainly due to the multidimensional nature of human interactions related to animal breeding, farming, welfare,...
K e y w o r d s: European law, veterinary medicine, infectious diseases, fish, shellfish. Abstract
This study analysed the latest changes in European health regulations in the aquaculture sector. The following research methods were used: grammatic, systemic, teleological and pro-Eu-ropean interpretation of legal texts. The basic normative act subj...
Polish veterinarians are committed to specific behaviors. They have an obligation to actively prevent pollution of the natural environment and threats to public health. The law does not prohibit them from hunting though. Hunting birds with lead ammunition is harmful to the environment, birds and humans. In view of the above, it seems that this type...
Surface modification by different quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) makes nanoclays more compatible with various polymeric matrices, thereby expanding their potential applications. The growing industrial use of nanoclays could potentially pose a health risk for workers. Here, we assessed how surface modification of nanoclays modulates their pulmo...
Dzikowski A., Sołtyszewski I., Felsmann M.Z., Karaźniewicz J., Kosiba B., Szarek J., 2020. Owners’ informed consent for a necropsy of a companion animal as a conflict-reducing mean in the veterinary practice. Journal of Modern Science (J. Mod. Sci.), 45(2): 121-141. doi:10.13166/jms/130064.
Key words: post-mortem, animal welfare, animal cadaver,...
Background: With regard to its' proprieties, the food of animal origin is subject to special supervision of the Polish veterinary inspection. The acquisition of such products requires strict observation of legal norms. This paper focuses on the sanitary state of slaughterhouses and butcheries, with regard to the public health supervision held by th...
Legal norms determine the rules for conducting a veterinary necropsy to a limited extent, leaving the regulation of this matter to the veterinary art. The norms of binding Polish law and rules of veterinary professional ethics in relation to conducting a necropsy are analyzed and interpreted. The ethical and legal aspects of the veterinary surgeon’...
DERZSY'S DISEASE (DD) PARVOVIRUS AND GOOSE CIRCOVIRUS (GoCV) INFECTION IN GEESE W31 RAISED FOR MEAT. ZAKAŻENIE GĘSI TOWAROWYCH W31 PARWOWIRUSEM DD I CIRKOWIRUSEM GoCV.
Grudzień W., Szarek J., Dzikowski A., Krupa M., 2019. Polskie Drobiarstwo, 27(8): 54-56.
Both Derzsy's disease and goose circovirus infection are important factors in geese breeding...
RETROSPECTIVE LIVER HISTOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN DOGS IN INSTANCES OF CLINICAL SUSPICION OF CONGENITAL PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT.
Sobczak-Filipiak M., Szarek J., Badurek I., Padmanabhan J., Trębacz P., Januchta-Kurmin M., Galanty M.
Journal of Veterinary Research (J. Vet. Res.), 2019, 63(2): 243-249.
Introduction
The clinical symptoms of portosystemic...
In some legal proceedings, the species identification of animal on the basis of fragments of biological material is extremely difficult. This applies both to closely-related and to distant species characterized by similar morphological features. In such circumstances, methods of molecular biology are used, whose evidential value is definitely not i...
Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are widely used nanomaterials that cause pulmonary toxicity upon inhalation. The physicochemical properties of MWCNT vary greatly, which makes general safety evaluation challenging to conduct. Identification of the toxicity‐inducing physicochemical properties of MWCNT is therefore of great importance.
We have e...
Little is known on the toxicity of nanomaterials in the user phase. Inclusion of nanomaterials in paints is a common nanotechnology application. This study focuses on the toxicity of dusts from sanding of paints containing nanomaterials. We compared the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanomaterials (TiO2NMs) and dusts generated by sanding boards coate...
This paper analyses veterinary expert opinions and determines the most common reasons for appointing veterinarians as expert witness in cases related to different animal species. The paper also summarises twenty one years of services provided by the Department of Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Ol...
With the development of toxicology as a science, the second half of the 20th century saw the establishment of scientific societies, such as the International Society of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (SECOTOX), the Federation of European Toxicologists and European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX), the Polish Society of Toxicology, and the...
Szarek J., Babińska I., Dzikowski A., Wąsowicz K., Szynaka B., Popławski K., Kimel A., Gulda D., 2018. Microscopic lesions in coccidiostatics and mycotoxins intoxication in selected organs in turkeys: a case report. In: Abstract book of Joint of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology/European College of Veterinary Pathologists Congress, 05 -...
Babinska I., Kleczek K., Makowski W., Szarek J., Dzikowski A., 2018. Effect of Propolis and Pollen on the morphology of the bursa of Fabricius in natural Salmonella enteritidis infection in chicken. In: Abstract book of Joint of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology/European College of Veterinary Pathologists Congress, 05 - 08. 09. 2018. Clu...
Wąsowicz K., Podlasz P., Chmielewska M., Jakimiuk A., J. Szarek, 2018. Changes in the expression of inflammation- and oxidative stress-associated genes in the experimental colitis in domestic pig. In: Abstract book of Joint of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology/European College of Veterinary Pathologists Congress, 05 - 08. 09. 2018. Cluj-...
Szarek J., Mortensen A., Skovmand A., Goericke-Pesch S., Hougaard K.S., Vogel U., 2018. Pathomorphological pattern of the mouse lungs and liver after repeated intratracheal instillation with different carbonaceous nanomaterials. In: Abstract book of Joint of the European Society of Veterinary Pathology/European College of Veterinary Pathologists Co...
There is a systematic increase in the number of traffic accidents involving both domestic and free-living animals. It was found that the largest number of animals dies in May and at the turn of October and November. It is estimated that only every fourth driver reports a police collision in Poland. In some cases, wounded animals are slaughtered and...
The aim of this study is to depict the current and past research directions in Polish pathology at the turn of the centuries. The analysis was based on the abstracts of the congresses of the Polish Society of Pathologists organized in 1992-2016 and concerned 1,824 presentations. It has been proven that oncology (1,090 presentations, 59.76%) was the...
Development of aquaculture has resulted in the need to develop a tool to assess fish production efficiency. This study proposes a method using selected attributes which can be changed and adapted in dependence on the purpose of the assessment. The attributes are also provided with an importance level, expressed in percentage terms, due to which an...
Lipogranulomas are lesions found in histopathological liver examination in humans and in various animal species, including dogs, especially those with portosystemic shunts. They consist of macrophages and other inflammatory cells, and sometimes they contain iron salts (pigment granuloma). This study aimed at determining the number of granulomas and...
Hepatic stellate cells play a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis. In a damaged liver, stellate cells undergo activation, which is manifested as a change of their phenotype: differentiation of stellate cells to myofibroblast-type cells, expression of alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin, their proliferation and a reduction in the size of cytopla...
Rectal prolapse (prolapsus recti) in swine is relatively common. Factors influencing the
development of this phenomenon are described in literature: infections (Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae, swine flu, salmonellosis, spirochetosis, adenomatosis, colibacteriosis,
parasites), environmental factors (too low temperature, excessive number of animals)...
This study analysed the effect of the type of production on the nutritional and health value of common carp muscle tissue, especially lipid-related indexes. The muscle tissue of common carps originating from three types of fish farms with different technological levels (i.e., intensive, low-intensive, and semiextensive) was studied. The type of pro...
In a manner accessible to non-lawyers the study shows animals as a subject of the contract of sale in the light of the Polish civil law. This knowledge appears to be useful for a veterinary surgeon during the sale of animals in terms of the clinical examination both in determining their condition and health as well as their defects. The paper inter...
K e y w o r d s: Veterinary Inspection, control, supervised entities, inconsistencies. A b s t r a c t The Veterinary Inspection (VI) has been, by virtue of law, equipped with a number of controlling competencies. This evaluation involved the operational activities of 50 district veterinary inspectorates in 2008-2012 in the following provinces: War...
Fat is an important component of feed rations for poultry as it improves the growth and laying parameters, which translates into better economic outcomes of animal production. The quality of this nutrient is determined by its freshness. It was assumed that the addition of oxidised fat with a peroxide value below 6 mEq O2/kg in the ration does not t...
Owing to its properties, food of animal origin is subject to special supervision by the Veterinary Inspectorate (VI), and food production requires close adherence to official regulations. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the veterinary supervision of abattoirs in Poland on the basis of data generated by the VI in 2005-2015, which are available...
Objectives
The objective of this paper is to analyse the activities of the Veterinary Inspection (VI) while presenting its role and operational efficacy in the domain of food safety and quality.
Material and methods
The analysis has demonstrated that the VI executes animal health protection and veterinary protection of public health. The authority...
Fat is an important component of feed rations for poultry as it improves the growth and laying parameters, which translates into better economic outcomes of animal production. The quality of this nutrient is determined by its freshness. It was assumed that the addition of oxidised fat with a peroxide value below 6 mEq O2/kg in the ration does not t...
The objective of this paper is to depict the current research directions in veterinary pathology in Europe. The analysis was carried out based on the abstracts and agendas of the annual European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP) congresses organised together with the European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP) in 2010-2016. In total, 14...
Food safety is secured with its accurate quality and therefore, food should be adequately controlled with effective measures. The objective of this paper is to analyse the activities of the Veterinary Inspection (VI) while presenting its role and operational efficacy in the domain of food safety and quality. The analysis has demonstrated that the V...
We investigated environmental impacts on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at fish farms with either extensive technology, in a flow-through system (FTS, n = 3), or intensive technology, in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS, n = 3). All fish were fed the same rations. Fishwere caught in spring and autumn (body mass, 501–750 g) from t...
The objective of this paper is to depict the current research directions in veterinary
pathology in Europe. The analysis was carried out based on the abstracts and
agendas of the annual European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP) congresses
organised together with the European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP)
in 2010-2016. In total, 14...
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous substance produced on the kynurenine pathway which is primarily known for its neuroactive properties. Recently, it has been proven that KYNA is a selective ligand for G protein-coupled receptor (GPR 35), presented on immunocompetent cells such as T lymphocytes. This opens up new possibilities of its applicatio...
Diagnostic imaging is a branch of medicine that has been developing for over a century. Technological progress in this area has contributed to the emergence of new techniques such as nuclear medicine, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. Mastering these techniques and skillfully using them requires physicians to continuously deepen their kn...
Diagnostic imaging is a branch of medicine that has been developing for over a century. Technological
progress in this area has contributed to the emergence of new techniques such as nuclear medicine, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance. Mastering these techniques and skillfully using them requires physicians to continuously deepen their kn...
Veterinary experts witnesses issue opinions contributing to improved detectability of crimes in which cats and dogs are
victims. The aim of this study was to analyse veterinary expert opinions on conflict situations concerning cats and dogs in
regard to the types of entities which commissioned such opinions, the structure of entities liable to crim...
The history oflegal protection of animals in Poland dates back to the early 20t h century. The
legal solutions adopted at that time in the form of regulations of the President of the Republic of
Poland and acts of the Parliament were in force for decades. The turn of the 20t h
century brought some dramatic changes in this regard. Parliamentary a...
Dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. In the month of May 2012 – 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from seven public sites in Chełmno, a town in northern Poland, were collected and examined to determine the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of dogs. Each faecal sample was dissected with a needle, checked for tapeworm segments a...
The specific nature of poultry production requires conflicts in poultry breeding and husbandry issues to
be resolved with the input of veterinarians called to provide expert opinions. The objective of this paper is
to analyze veterinary opinions and to determine the most common sources of conflicts related to poultry
production. This study was carr...
The most popular rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) production technologies include both an extensive method with the flow through system (FTS) and an intensive method with the recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Their impact on the fish was evaluated with a morphological assessment of the gills, as these are organs susceptible t...
USE OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN THE HEALTH CONTROL OF CULTURED FISH
K. Naumowicz*, J. Pajdaky, E. Terech-Majewskay and
J. Szarek*
*Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration and yDepartment of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland Introduction: R...
Cannibalism is a common phenomenon that occurs in over 30 fish families. Most of the species are valuable objects of aquaculture and cannibalism is highly undesirable. Cannibalism is an aggressive behaviour, which can be caused by stress induced by various population and environmental factors and can occur in two main forms: early larval and late j...
Polish legislation regulating the supervision of animals used for scientific purposes has undergone significant changes in the last several years. The most important achievement was delegating the supervision of laboratory animal breeding, supply and experiments to veterinarians employed by the Veterinary Inspectorate.
Initially, pursuant to the fi...
Felsmann MZ, Michalski MM, Felsmann M, Sokół R, Szarek J, Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E. Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health – A review and own studies. Ann Agric Environ Med. Abstract Dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. In the month of May 2012 – 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from s...
Felsmann MZ, Michalski MM, Felsmann M, Sokół R, Szarek J, Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E. Invasive forms of canine endoparasites as a potential threat to public health – A review and own studies.
Abstract
Dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. In the month of May 2012 – 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from seven public sites in...
Dogs serve as the vectors of serious zoonotic parasitic diseases. In the month of May 2012 – 2014, 339 dog faeces samples from seven public sites in Chełmno, a town in northern Poland, were collected and examined to determine the gastrointestinal parasite fauna of dogs. Each faecal sample was dissected with a needle, checked for tapeworm segments a...
The history of legal protection of animals in Poland dates back to the early 20th century. The legal
solutions adopted at that time in the form of regulations of the President of the Republic of Poland
and acts of the Parliament were in force for decades. The turn of the 20th century brought some
dramatic changes in this regard. Parliamentary acts,...
Polish legislation regulating the supervision of animals used for scientific purposes has undergone significant
changes in the last several years. The most important achievement was delegating the supervision of laboratory animal breeding, supply and experiments to veterinarians employed by the Veterinary Inspectorate.
Initially, pursuant to the fi...
Water as a habitat is highly variable in terms of the physico-chemical properties. The aim of the studies was to analyze the quality of the technology by evaluating the non-specific cellular defence potential of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in diversified intensity culture systems and in different periods of the breeding cycle. The evaluatio...
Szarek J., Babińska I., Strzyżewska-Worotyńska E., Skibniewska K.A., Wiśniewska A., Duk K., Felsmann M.Z., Szynaka B., Andrzejewska A., Wąsowicz K., Terech-Majewska E., Gulda D., Wojtacka J., 2016. Comparison of the pathomorphological evaluation of the liver and posterior kidney in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) reared by two dif...
Terech-Majewska E., Zakęś Z., Kowalska A., Siwicki A.K., Szarek J., Naumowicz K., 2017. Influence of EM-probiotic on the morphology of the liver and gills in zander (Sander lucioperca). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 156(1): 90. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpa.2016.11.115.
Acid biocides are recognized as highly efficient, safe for fish and are completely bi...
Comparison of the pathomorphological evaluation of the gills and liver in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum 1792) reared by two different technologies (RAS and flow-trough ponds).
Use of histopathological examination in health control of cultured fish – case report (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from RAS)
Background:
The toxicity of dusts from mechanical abrasion of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy nanocomposites is unknown. We compared the toxic effects of dusts generated by sanding of epoxy composites with and without CNT. The used CNT type was included for comparison.
Methods:
Mice received a single intratracheal instillation of 18, 54...
Fish are most often considered as a rich source of valuable fat, although sometimes the high quality of fish meat protein is also emphasized, but there is comparably little information on the mineral composition of fish meat. Chemical composition, caloric value and health safety of fish as food depend on many factors, of which the rearing condition...
Fish gills, owing to their status as a multifunctional organ, have always fascinated researchers. In spite of the intense work done on the morphologic examination of gills, the organ is relatively under-used in health evaluation in fish. The existing literature on this topic is reviewed here. Our review summarises important diagnostic guidelines fo...
Annually, hunters shoot millions of birds with lead ammunition. Many studies indicate diverse and often very high lead levels in the edible parts of game. Considering the number of hunters, the determined levels may pose a public health risk. Shotgun pellets are the main source of lead contamination of game animal tissues. Despite numerous studies...
Terech-Majewska E., Szarek J., Strzyżewska E., Babińska I., Siwicki A.K., Skibniewska K.A., Guziur J., Wiśniewska A., Pajdak J., 2016. Influence of farming technology on histological lesions in the kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 154(1): 94.
The clinical diagnosis of animal renal funct...
Drzewiecka A., Gruszka K., Szarek J., Babińska I., Kaczorek E., Schulz P., 2016. Histopathological evaluation of the chicken cornea in the ice study - critical points. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 154(1): 81.
The isolated chicken eye (ICE) test is an alternative method for the identification of severe irritants, accepted by the organization f...
Felsmann M., Szarek J., Felsmann M.Z., Kiełbowicz Z., 2016. Lead transfer into the muscles of birds during pellet shots: new opinions based on fluid mechanics. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 154(1): 95.
Diverse levels of lead originating from hunting ammunition have been detected in the muscles of game birds. The aim of this study was to invest...
