Jozef Kolář

Charles University in Prague | CUNI · Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy (FF Hradec Králové)

The study defines the basic terminological structure associated with the concepts of prescribing and medication use in relation to polypharmacy. Correctly naming the current prescription or use of a medication by a particular patient allows for the selection of an appropriate change to minimize the medication burden. The aim remains to maintain the...

The contribution captures three basic concepts of the term polypharmacy. The analysis of four bibliographic databases demonstrates the importance of the correct and uniform use of terminology. It also approximates the most common numerical expression of the level of polypharmacy and the most common extended terms of polypharmacy.

The overview study characterizes the roles of individuals receiving health care: healthy person, patient, client, health care recipient/user, consumer/customer, and insured person. It outlines the rights and obligations of the recipients of care.

Přehledová studie charakterizuje role fyzických osob, jimž je poskytována zdravotní péče: zdravý člověk, pacient, klient, příjemce/uživatel zdravotní péče, spotřebitel/ konzument/zákazník a pojištěnec. Přibližuje práva a povinností adresátů péče.

The contribution captures three basic concepts of the term polypharmacy. The analysis of four bibliographic databases demonstrates the importance of the correct and uniform use of terminology. It also approximates the most common numerical expression of the level of polypharmacy and the most common extended terms of polypharmacy.

The legal framework for pharmacy has been frequently changed after the foundation of present-day Slovakia in 1993. The establishment of new pharmacies was regulated and based on geographical criteria in the past. This article aimed to evaluate the impact of geographical restrictions removal on the number of newly established pharmacies in Slovakia...

The use of a societal perspective in pharmacoeconomic analyses is a widely discussed topic. One of the fundamental problems of using the social perspective is the inconsistency of indirect costs calculation. We searched published articles on the use and differences of Human capital approach (HCA) and Friction cost approach (FCA) methods using the W...

The paper compares the composition of selected types of first aid kits listed in the Czechoslovak branch standards editions (ON 84 6635 First Aid Kits, 1968, 1976, 1989). The authors focused only on evaluating the development of medicine representation. During the study period, a total of 17 medicinal products belonging to the four main ATC groups...

The paper deals with developing the national part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 (CL 2017) in its supplements from 2018, 2019, and 2020. It focuses on the preparation of medicinal products in pharmacies. The possibilities of further developing the national part of the CL 2017 to accelerate the necessary changes in its content are also discussed.

The paper deals with developing the national part of the Czech Pharmacopoeia 2017 (CL 2017) in its supplements from 2018, 2019, and 2020. It focuses on the preparation of medicinal products in pharmacies. The possibilities of further developing the national part of the CL 2017 to accelerate the necessary changes in its content are also discussed.

The paper draws attention to the correlations between the results of instrumental colour measurements and the content of some biologically active organic substances (carotenoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, curcuminoids, etc.) in natural products and produ

Medicines are not ordinary consumer or industrial goods but goods of a specific nature. The article provides an overview of the fundamental characteristics that distinguish medicines from common consumer goods. Another essential attribute of the term medicine is its values (clinical, economic, human), which form a crucial concept of the medicine ca...

The paper compares the composition of selected types of first aid kits listed in the Czechoslovak branch standard’s editions (ON 84 6635 First Aid Kits, 1968, 1976, 1989). The authors focused only on evaluating the development of medicine representation. During the study period, a total of 17 medicinal products belonging to the four main ATC groups...

Background Oral anticoagulants are established drugs of choice for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic events. However, monitoring their safety remains warranted. Objective The aim was to analyze spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions related to oral anticoagulants in the Czech Republic. Setting Retrospective observational pharmac...

Pharmacoeconomy is a young interdisciplinary science at the intersection of pharmacy, medicine and economics, focusing on the social aspects and implications of different types of pharmacotherapy. Tools used by pharmacoeconomists around the world are unified (Cost of Illness Analysis, Cost-Minimization Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, Cost-Ut...

Background Antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) plays an important role in the reduction of a surgical site infection. Purpose The aim of this study was to analyse the AP in surgical procedures at the hospital in the context of hospital internal standard (IS) and research on available work concerning AP. Material and methods A cross-sectional observationa...

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have gradually entered the Czech market as alternatives to vitamin K antagonists and parenteral anticoagulants since 2008. Considering the eventual changes, the aim was to evaluate drug use and expenditure patterns on anticoagulants in the Czech Republic. A retrospective utilization study was conducted retrieving...

Age-related changes demand increased attention paid to pharmacotherapy in geriatric patients. To help to ensure its quality, several lists of potentially inappropriate medicines in elderly were compiled. The aim of the study was to evaluate medicine prescription in senior home residents within the period of one year from the viewpoint of use of pot...

Medication adherence is a complex problem reflecting variations in terms of medication taking behavior. It is essential in maximizing of the effect and risk minimization of the therapy and health care costs reduction, even in the case of oral anticoagulants (non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants - NOACs). The aim of this paper was to review...

The paper deals with the possibilities of investigating the susceptibility to burnout syndrome in pharmacists and pharmaceutical assistants working in pharmacies. By using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, between November 2015 and January 2016, 53 healthcare professionals were contacted in 11 pharmacies (Brno, Vyškov). The results of the research sho...

There were two primary objectives of this study: 1. bibliographic analysis of literature on pharmacists and conscientious objection, 2. analysis of present condition and attitudes of pharmacists (n = 100) and pharmacy students (n = 100) towards conscientious objection in the Slovak Republic. Data were obtained from the survey using by questionnaire...

The paper deals with the problem of prescription and use of the medicinal products for human use in veterinary medicine. Using partial model analysis describes volume and structure of the prescription of medicinal products for human use in the veterinary practice in the years 2007-2011. Prescriptions included to the study were dispensed in a commun...

The paper discusses the issues of continuing/life-long education of pharmacists in the Czech Republic in the years 2008-2011 (4th cycle). It lists the seminars organized within the framework of continuing education, their number, venues, forms of education, and categories of topics. Altogether 428 professional meetings have taken place, interactive...

The paper presents several examples of the use of human medicinal preparations (MP) in veterinary medicine, aiming to compare the indications listed in the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) and the indications in which these MPs are used by veterinarians. For the sake of illustration, two human MPs were selected, which, on the basis of a pr...

The basic characteristics of the continuous education of pharmacists are described. 223 professional educational courses (lectures, seminars) were organized. Most of them (43.5 %) were interactive seminars. The lectures from pharmacology dominated in the continuous educations.

The paper presents some quantitative aspects of Czechoslovak and Czech pharmacopoeial literature. Into consideration were taken: frequency of publication of pharmacopoeias, number of volumes, supplements, monographs, and other parameters. The summary illustratively points out the status and development in each period up to the present.

The paper deals with the content of the collection Neues Rezeptur-Formularium (NRF) and some prescriptions potentially usable in innovations and standardization of prescriptions for extemporaneously produced medicinal preparations in pharmacies in the Czech Republic. Another possible use of NRF in the Czech Republic consists in the revision of the...

The paper presents the results of a questionnaire poll carried out in the workers in pharmacies in the Slovak Republic in the year 2012. A number of 250 respondents (50.8%) were satisfied with their weight, 242 (49.2%) were not satisfied; 190 (38.6%) of them attempted to decrease the weight, 52 (10.6%) did not; 94 persons (49.5 %) attempted to decr...

The paper aims to analyze the development of the consumption of human and veterinary medicinal preparations used in veterinary practice in the Czech Republic and the dynamics of the individual ATC groups in the years 2001-2008. In human ATC groups, 14 ATC were examined. The researchers examined trading both from the view of the number of items and...

Background In recent years the incidence of different types of pain is increasing. We have found the same in the St. Anne’s hospital in the Czech Republic. Patients are now able to ask about the correct usage of opioid drugs in pharmacy consultation centre, which opened in 2011. Purpose To find out the consumption of opioid analgesics from 2008 to...

To investigate the burden of ankylosing spondylitis in the Czech Republic as a baseline for future health economic evaluations. Data were obtained from two cross-sectional studies Beda I (2005) and Beda II (2008), performed in 1,008 and 509 patients, respectively. Methodology used was Cost-of-Illness prevalence-based analysis bottom-up approach. An...

This article deals problems new EU pharmacovigilance scheme of implementing regulation (EU) No 198/2013 on the selection of a symbol for the purpose of identifying medicinal products for human use that are subject to additional monitoring. Holders of marketing authorisations which concern medicinal products for human use that are subject to additio...

The paper deals with the content of the collection Dermatologische Magistralrezepturen der Schweiz (DEMARES) and the prescriptions from this collection which can be potentially usable in the innovations and standardization of the prescriptions of dermatologic medicinal preparations formulated in pharmacies in the Czech Republic. Another possible us...

The paper is paid to the position of the pharmacist and pharmacy in the contemporary healthcare system. It presents several views to the mission, role and new professional requirements for the pharmacist within changing social and economic circumstances, accenting the professional activities oriented to the patient and his pharmacotherapy.

In the Czech Republic, special non-prescription over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are defined as the preparations which, according to their registration, can be sold over the counter without a prescription outside pharmacies. The paper outlines the development of the question of human and veterinary OTC drugs (lists of special OTC drugs, good practice o...

Paper is focused on body weight of pharmacy assistant students and pharmacy students. Through the method of survey it is engaged in the problems of overweight, its perception and attitudes of respondents to themselves. The interpretation of acquired data gives the picture of thinking and acting among people, who could be influenced by gained knowle...

The paper is paid to the historical development of pharmacist's profession. Provides a historical overview and characteristics of pharmacist's functions and job and also mentions the change in the orientation of pharmacist's profession in the second half of the 20th century. It emphasizes the pharmacist's position as the leading expert in the healt...

Paper is focused on body weight of medically educated pharmacy employees. Through the method of survey it is engaged in the problems of overweight, its perception and attitudes of respondents to themselves. The interpretation of acquired data gives the picture of thinking and acting among people, who could be influenced by gained knowledge about ov...

Patient assistance programs (PAPs) are discussed. The author describes several the most famous programs like ACT (vorinostat, Zolinza), AfiniTRAC™ (everolimus, Afinitor), CARES by GSK™, CORE™ (fentanyl, Fentora, armodafinil, Nuvigil, bendamustine, Treanda, arsenic trioxide, Trisenox), EPASS (deferasirox, Exjade), GIPAP (imatinib, Glivec), REACH (so...

The paper is devoted to the pharmacy student organizations and associations at the international and national levels. The International Pharmaceutical Students' Federation (IPSF) and the European Pharmaceutical Students' Association (EPSA) represent multinational organizations. There are two pharmacy student associations in the Czech Republic - the...

Pharmacy inventories of Merciful Brethren Order from the 19 th and the beginning of the 20 th century were analysed. The inventory from Spišské Podhradie from year 1829 contains 372 items, including herbal, animal, mineral and chemical drugs and composites. The number of the medicinal specifics in the studied period shows an increasing trend in the...

Optimization of pharmacotherapy has been traditionally contributed to by the physician, and in the concept of clinical pharmacy also by the pharmacist. As to the decision-making about pharmacotherapy, the idea of pharmaceutical care includes also the patient and as to the drug therapy management also the payer of the provided health care (health in...

Risk management systems - risk minimization action plans (RiskMAPs), risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS), risk management plans (RMPs) and restricted drug distribution systems (RDDSs) are discussed. The author describes several the most famous programs like APPRISE (darbepoetin alfa, Aranesp®, epoetin alfa, Epogen®, Procrit®), ATAP (al...

Using the examples of the preparations from the collection Herstellungsvorschriften aus Krankenhausapotheken (Formularium hospitale), the paper demonstrates several possibilities of innovation and standardization of formulations of medicinal preparations dispensed in the pharmacies in the Czech Republic.

A drug may have several different types of names: trivial name, code designation or drug code number, generic name, national and international non-proprietary name, chemical name, pharmacopoeial name and company name (brand name, or trade name). Each of these types of names conveys specific purposes and contexts a drug may be used for. Attention is...

The article deals with possibilities and use of pictogram and symbol package and leaflet labelling which serve as information source for patients and medical staff.

The paper deals with the content of the terms pharmaceutical care, pharmacy care, and good pharmacy practice, pointing out their identical, similar, and different characteristics.

In the pharmacist's communication a wide range of specific forms may be involved that include providing patient-oriented advice, information and consultation. On the basis of analysis of the situation in the Czech pharmaceutical services as well as in the light of generalization of home and foreign knowledge, the more general theory on the time con...

On the basis of the examples of preparations listed in Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex/Neues Rezeptur Formularium (NRF), the paper illustrates some possibilities of replacing ethanol by isopropyl alcohol as one of the possible ways of composition and technology of medicinal preparations produced in pharmacies in the Czech Republic. It further draws at...

The questionnaire survey was performed from July 1 to August 15 2009. The aim of this study was to find out the number of pharmacists and pharmacy laboratory technicians working in various types of pharmacies in the Czech Republic and their mutual relationship. The questionnaire was sent to each out of the 2,603 pharmacies. Questionnaires return ra...

Using several examples of the preparations from the Deutscher Arzneimittel-Codex/Neues Rezeptur Formularium (NRF), the paper proposes possible innovation and standardization of prescriptions of other dermatological preparations than the suspensions intended for dermal administration prepared in the Czech Republic. In selected examples (Castellan's...

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular weight biopolysacharide, discovered in 1934, by Karl Meyer and his assistant, John Palmer in the vitreous of bovine eyes. Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring biopolymer, which has important biological functions in bacteria and higher animals including humans. It is found in most connective tissues and i...

The paper summarizes the present state of standard prescriptions for the formulation of suspensions for dermal administration in the Czech Republic and compares it with the NRF (Neues Rezeptur-Formularium in Deuscher Arzneimittel-Codex) standard prescriptions. The analysis of medical prescriptions for suspensions for dermal administration dispensed...

The use of over-the-counter drugs progressively rises up. Among the most frequently used drugs in therapy are the medicaments against pain. When these preparations are misused the number of undesirable effects (NÚL) grows up. This paper presents a pilot study of patients which voluntarily visited the pharmacy during the action "The week of heart in...

In the context of the data from the professional literature, the paper discusses the recommendation of the State Institute for Drug Control in Prague to pharmacies and several other problems related to the effect of the pH of the environment on the antimicrobial effect of methylparabene, propylparabene, peracetic acid, benzalkonium-chloride, carbet...

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors (CETP) are hopeful group of new hypolipidemics. One of them is anacetrapib, which produced positive effects on lipids with no observed blood pressure changes in phase IIb of clinical trials.

History of hypolipidaemic therapy is closely connected with the development of the knowledge of atherosclerosis pathogenesis and lipid metabolism. Isolation of statins (and also their synthesis) and their subsequent implementation in practice were a decisive discovery that affected contemporary cardiology. Statins rank among the most widely utilize...

Hypolipidemics are a group of pharmaceuticals with an expressive portion on pharmaceuticals costs. Analysis of their consumption has been an object of repeated studies in our republic as well abroad. The present data on hypolipidemic drug utilization in 2000-2007 were obtained from the database of the State Institute of Drug Control. Utilization wa...

On model example the paper analyzes the structure of patients' visits at general practitioner for adults (PL), particularly the reasons for visits and the relation between the patients' visit and medicament prescription. Sources of information were health-notes of patients and the observed period was January - December 2004. The identification sign...

The paper analyzes the development of the prescription and consumption of hypolipidemic agents from 2000 to 2004. The principal database consisted of dispensed medical prescriptions and the consumption of hypolipidemic agents was expressed in DDD, DID, financially, and in the form of proportional representation. In the year 2004 hypolipidemic agent...

The paper analyzes the quality of dispensing department of six basic type pharmacies. Following parameters were evaluated: attraction zone, time necessary to dispense 100 the most frequently prescribed mass-produced medicinal preparations and 100 parapharmaceutics, how many meters or kilometres must dispenser past to dispense 100 the most frequentl...

The paper analyzes and compares the interest of applicants for the admission to the university courses in Pharmacy in the Czech Republic from the viewpoint of their number, sex, and other indices. It also characterizes the courses and discusses the requirements for pharmacists (dispensing chemists) and their possible professional careers.

The paper deals with continuous education of pharmacists in the Czech Republic in 2002-2005 (2nd cycle). It surveys the seminars organized within the framework of continuous education, their number, topics, and lecturers. A total number of 232 professional seminars took place, which included 339 lectures, mainly on pharmacology (76.1%).

The article presents the results of a questionnaire survey dealing with the psychic demands on pharmacist's activity - what mostly satisfied him on his profession, what activity mostly hinder him, which pharmaceutical activities are the source of his psychical stress, whether he meets with the conflict situations that he cannot get rid of them afte...

In the year 2002, both the Czech and Slovak Faculties of Pharmacy celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the existence of four-year and later five-year university courses of pharmaceutical studies, the contents of which were being continuously modified in order to comply with principal trends in the field of pharmacy. A new programme of pharmaceuti...

The paper deals with the analysis of 24 694 medical prescriptions dispensed during pharmaceutical stand-by duty service within 12 months. 8072 medical prescriptions (32.7 %) were issued by first-aid medical service. 72.2 % of requirements for pharmaceutical stand-by duty service took place between 19.00 to 22.00. Patients under 20 requiring pharmac...

The paper is concerned with the analysis of all medicinal preparations prepared extemporaneously in a pharmacy within 12 months (July 2002 through June 2003). The set under study comprised 5 260 preparations. Preparations were prescribed primarily by dermatologists, their share being 31.3 %. The expiratory period of the largest number of preparatio...

The approach of patients to information on supplementary payment for taken drugs, the true amount of finances on supplementary payment and on drugs dispensed without medical prescription, the satisfaction with current extent and amount of payment of drugs, the opinion on continually changed medicament prices and on supplementary payment, the influe...

The main features of the continuous education (CE) of pharmacists in the Czech Republic and in some other European countries are described and the first cycle of CE of pharmacists in the Czech Republic is reviewed. 174 of special seminars with 320 lectures were organized. 19 939 participants - at average 115 pharmacists per action - took part in th...

In the present project, the clients of an old people's home received their drugs in one-week blister dispensers prepared by a pharmacist. After filling, the dispensers were covered with a paper sticker identifying the patient and contained drugs. The health workers of the old people's home, who worked with the drugs of their clients in one-week bli...

The paper is concerned with the analysis of all medicinal preparations prepared extemporaneously in a pharmacy within 12 months (July 2002 through June 2003). The set under study comprised 5260 preparations. Preparations for external use represented 92.3%, the largest share being liquida ad usum dermicum (38.5%). The ratio of men and women was 45 t...

The project was carried out to facilitate and improve the quality of the use of drugs by geriatric patients aiming at the observation of the therapeutic regimen and the improvement of their compliance. The group under study comprised 15 clients living in a selected old people's home in the city of Brno, for whom the pharmacist prepared drugs into o...

Authors pay their attention to the issue of names of pharmaceuticals and drugs and their relationship to their therapeutic use. They specify way of making names of pharmaceuticals and structure of those names (chemical name, trivial name, generic name, unprotected name--INN, name in dispensatory) and way of making names of drugs (protected titles o...

The paper deals with the analysis of 2 273 medical prescriptions (LP) realized in public pharmacy during 12 months in the year 1998. These LP contained drugs dispensed in pharmacy that were fully covered by the patient (except LP on oral contraceptives). The scale of drugs assortment contained 59 types of mass-produced drugs in 63 presentations, th...

The present paper is concerned with the analysis of 3 039 medical prescriptions (LP) realized within pharmaceutical emergency service in the whole year 2001 and with 1 909 LP realized by 10 months in the year 2002. 1.16 LP or 1.14 LP fell on the average upon one patient. One medical prescription contained on the average 1.59 sort of medical prepara...

The paper analyzes the opinions of physicians and pharmacists on selected problems of drugs in the Czech Republic and confronts their attitudes with those of physicians and pharmacists in the Slovak Republic. Of 525 distributed questionnaires, 424 (80.8%) were returned and 419 were processed. The questionnaire aimed to evaluate drug consumption, as...

The authors present a brief account of the problem of names of drugs. They define terms such as chemical name, trivial term, code designation, generic name, international nonproprietary name (its use, selection and modification), protected name, official name, generic term, generic alternative, generic substitution, therapeutic alternative, therape...

This article focuses on unit dose drug distribution system used for inpatients. Its historical development is shortly described. The text highlights the goals which may be obtained by implementing this system into drug preparation in hospitals and specifies rules which have to be kept during unit dose drug preparation. At the same time, it examines...

The paper describes current aspects of views on the provision of pharmaceutical care in terms of a good dispensational practice. With the help of patient drug records the assurance of quality of pharmacotherapy monitoring and the provision of pharmaceutical information or counselling seems to be a real vision of pharmaceutical services in following...

The situation in drug switching in the Czech Republic in the years 1998 - 2000 was analysed and compared with the situation in countries of EU or eventually in other countries with advanced pharmaceutical industry and market. Based on the selected criteria, 42 drug switches of the type Rx → OTC were found and 85 drug switches as related to the quan...

The paper focuses the problems of self-medication and over-the-counter drugs with respect to the definition determination, individual forms of drug switching as well as the strategies of pharmaceutical companies.

The problems related to unused drugs kept in households and returned to pharmacies have been investigated from various viewpoints. After an analysis of preparations which had both the primary and secondary container, or only the primary one (set I), sets II (free blisters and strips), III (free solid dosage forms which occurred singly) IV (extempor...

Drugs that have not been administered and have been stockpiled in households represent a medical, professional, and ecological problem. The present paper analyses and evaluates these drugs from qualitative, quantitative, and financial aspects. The material under study consisted of drugs returned to one pharmacy within a period of 1.5 months (April-...

The paper is devoted to the problems concerning the opinions and attitudes of customers of pharmacies, i.e. their opinions on and attitudes to the question of information needs and satisfaction with information and services provided in pharmacies in the Czech Republic. The article presents the results of a questionnaire survey answering the followi...

The authors present a brief account of dispensing systems and different types of monitored drug dosage. Based on the results obtained by means of questionnaires, findings are provided obtained from their use in practice. In the conclusion they confirm the fact that dosage systems contribute towards better compliance of patients.

The paper discusses the problems of orphan drugs from the standpoint of the attitude of state authorities in the USA, Japan, and particularly Europe (the European Union) to their definition and the formation of appropriate legislation--financial provision for the development, production, provision of exclusive sale rights--which warranties the avai...

The situation of pharmacy graduates from one class of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Brno before first employment is analysed. Their orientation and decision for certain type of institution as well as the value scale set in a choice of a job site were investigated. The results proved that 90 % of graduates found their job in a pharmacy. 10 % of graduat...

The pharmacist occupies still more significant position in the field of good pharmacotherapy. The good communication between a pharmacist and a patient is an integral part of health care. The consultation activity should get out of a certain algorithm, succession of asked questions and their formalized typology. The mnemonic procedures and acronyms...

Linking up with the topical activities of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) in defining the concepts generic alternative, generic substitution, therapeutic alternative, therapeutic substitution and therapeutic replacement and the proposed policy, the paper describes the state and development in the field of generics. The attention i...

The present paper aims to define the meaning of the concepts pharmacoeconomic research and pharmacoeconomics. It presents brief characteristics of the individual types of analyses cost minimization analysis, cost-of-illness, cost-benefit analysis, cost effectiveness analysis, and quality of life analysis.

The present paper deals with the problems of pharmacoepidemiology, particularly from the aspect of defining the concept and elucidating the content of the discipline. The author's attention was further paid to one of the components of pharmacoepidemiology-the drug utilization, including the studies of the DUR and DUE types.

The category of over the counter drugs and its classification have been defined in the previous paper. This article deals with the deregulation of drugs as well as with taxes and the system of exceptions.

The present paper analyses the prescription of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics at the surgical department of a hospital over one-year period (1992) from the viewpoint of the diagnosis, type of indicated antibiotics, results of microbial sensitivity tests and age, sex and type of work of the patients. The seasonal influences were followed on presc...

The paper deals with the partial analysis of prescription of marketed diuretics. 26 950 of medical prescriptions were investigated. The number of medical prescriptions with diuretics in combination with further drugs was 712 (2.6 %). The highest consumption of diuretics was found in the population of 65-69 years. The most frequent diagnosis for pre...

The paper deals with the analysis of prescriptions with antibiotics in relation to diagnosis for 1250 children of city population treated by pediatrician for 12 months in 1991. The identification characters were the age and the sex. Of the total 4076 packs of proprietary medicinal products with antibiotics 3460 (84.9%) packs were prescribed in the...

The paper deals with the problems of essential drugs in a health care system in Slovak republic. A situation in this field is analysed in connection with the List of Essential Preparations that was issued in Slovak Republic. The qualitative and quantitative parameters of this important drug group are evaluated in the List. The current situation is...