Joyce Endendijk

Joyce Endendijk
Utrecht University | UU · Department of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences

PhD

About

83
Publications
51,379
Reads
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1,848
Citations
Introduction
Broadly, I am interested in how stereotypes influence parenting behaviors and child/adolescent outcomes. Aspects of stereotypes that are the focus of my research are gender stereotypes, sexual double standard endorsement, and prematurity stereotypes. I use a combination of methods to examine underlying mechanisms of parent and child stereotypes and stereotyped behavior: neuroscientific methods (EEG, fMRI), behavioral observation, experimental tasks (IAT). Research topics related to this interest are; gender differences, boys’ and girls’ social and emotional functioning, mothers’ and fathers’ parenting behaviors, peer influences, sex hormones, gender roles, gender identity, and gender stereotypes. A second area of research concerns the determinants of parenting.
Additional affiliations
March 2010 - March 2015
Leiden University
Position
  • PhD Student
March 2010 - present
Leiden University
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Teacher for several undergraduate and graduate courses. Supervisor of bacherlor and mastertheses.
Education
September 2005 - July 2009
Utrecht University
Field of study
  • Neuropsychology

Publications

Publications (83)
Article
Full-text available
Amidst the predominantly risk-focused narrative of adolescent sexual health, sexual pleasure is often overlooked. This study examined the association between adolescents’ experienced sexual pleasure and profiles of sexual double standard (SDS) norms, which prescribe divergent expectations of sexuality based on gender. The sample consisted of 209 Du...
Article
Educational programs in which people are exposed to counter-stereotypical role models are often used for breaking gender stereotypes. Most gender role-model interventions focus on adolescents and emerging adults. Yet, middle childhood might be a highly effective period for changing gender stereotypes because children are still learning about gender...
Article
Full-text available
Adolescence is a crucial period for gender socialization. While the theoretical link between parental involvement (i.e., the degree of parental engagement in parenting and child-rearing activities) and adolescents’ gender-typed traits (i.e., masculinity and femininity) is clear, the potential different influences of paternal and maternal involvemen...
Article
Given the substantial increase in children attending center-based childcare over the past decades, the consequences of center-based childcare for children’s development have gained more attention in developmental research. However, the relation between center-based childcare and children’s neurocognitive development remains relatively underexplored...
Article
Full-text available
This study examined associations between sexualized media consumption, sexual double standard (SDS) norms, and sexual coercion perpetration and victimization in late adolescence and whether these associations were moderated by gender. Participants were sexually active Dutch secondary school students aged 16–20 years (N = 255, 58.4% girls). Data wer...
Article
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There is increasing interest in examining the development of frontal EEG power in relation to self-regulation in early childhood. However, the majority of previous studies solely focuses on the brain’s alpha rhythm and little is known about the differences between young boys and girls. The aim of the current study was therefore to gain more insight...
Article
Full-text available
Over the past few decades, there has been accumulating evidence that prenatal exposure to risk is negatively related to child self-regulation. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. The present study used a multimethod approach to simultaneously examine the mediating role of the developmental trajectories of observed pare...
Thesis
Full-text available
This study investigates the impact of the Incluusion programme at Utrecht University on the social integration of refugee students in the Netherlands amidst a backdrop of stringent asylum policies and complex integration dynamics. Through an online survey (n=64) and focus group discussions (n=5) the research employs a mixed-methods case study appro...
Article
Full-text available
The emergence of gender-typical appearance in childhood appears to have important implications not only for child and adolescent social-emotional functioning but also for later working life. In the current study, we examined how parents’ gender-typical appearance and children’s gender similarity (to same- and other-gender peers) were related to you...
Article
Full-text available
Gender stereotypes facilitate people’s processing of social information by providing assumptions about expected behaviors and preferences. When gendered expectations are violated, people often respond negatively, both on a behavioral and neural level. Little is known about the impact of family kinship on the behavioral and neural reactions to gende...
Article
Full-text available
Children form stereotyped expectations about the appropriateness of certain emotions for men versus women during the preschool years, based on cues from their social environments. Although ample research has examined the development of gender stereotypes in children, little is known about the neural responses that underlie the processing of gender‐...
Article
Full-text available
This study examined whether the contact emerging adults have with same-gender and other-gender friends, and other- gender romantic partners is associated with their sexist and gender-inequality beliefs, and whether these associations are moderated by their gender or gender contentedness (feeling content with one's gender). Dutch emerging adults (N...
Article
Full-text available
During infancy and toddlerhood, parents show large individual differences in the extent to which they are able to tailor their parenting behaviors to their children’s swiftly changing developmental needs. The first aim of our study was, therefore, to distinguish parenting profiles at three time points during infancy and toddlerhood (i.e., 5, 10, an...
Article
Full-text available
This study examined whether parents' attribution of their child's emotions (internalizing, externalizing) to dispositional causes is associated with children's problem behaviour (internalizing, externalizing). The mediating roles of parents' emotion-dismissing and -coaching reactions and the moderating role of child's gender was also examined. Part...
Article
Full-text available
Balanced identity theory (BIT) has played an important role in research examining women’s underrepresentation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, BIT’s main balanced-congruity principle has not been tested specifically for gender-science cognitions. Additionally, BIT’s predictions have been tested primarily from a vari...
Article
Full-text available
There is ample evidence that fathers and mothers react differently to misbehavior of sons and daughters. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying this differential treatment. This set of quasi-experimental studies examined whether parental attributions about child misbehavior mediate the association between child gender and negati...
Article
Full-text available
There is ample scientific evidence for the importance of parental gender socialization in children’s binary gender development. Surprisingly, little is known about the role of parents’ own gender identity in the binary gender identity development of their children. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between parents’ and child...
Article
Full-text available
Parental gender socialization refers to ways in which parents teach their children social expectations associated with gender. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying gender socialization. An overview of cognitive and neural processes underlying parental gender socialization is provided. Regarding cognitive processes, evidence ex...
Article
Full-text available
There is growing interest in the hypothesis that early parenting behaviors impact children's self-regulation by affecting children’s developing brain networks. Yet, most prior research on the development of self-regulation has focused on either environmental or neurobiological factors. The aim of the current study was to expand the literature by ex...
Article
Full-text available
This study experimentally tested the influence of secondary school students' gender on Dutch language and math teachers' grading (n = 358) and examined the role of teachers' gender and gender stereotypes in gender grading bias. Results showed that grading, on average, was not gender biased. However, differences between teachers' gender grading bias...
Article
Full-text available
The sexual double standard (SDS), which prescribes that boys should be sexually active and dominant, and girls should be sexually reactive and submissive, is still present in today’s society. To gain insight into the role the SDS plays in adolescents’ sexual behavior, this study investigated how the SDS-stereotypes of Dutch adolescents (aged 16–20,...
Article
Full-text available
Objective Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with a more severe and chronic trajectory of antisocial behavior. The present study aimed to identify different classes of CU and anxiety and to compare these classes on overt and covert antisocial behavior and several clinical correlates. Method In a prospective high-risk cohort of adolesce...
Article
Full-text available
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. There is large variation in whether people endorse SDS in their expectations about the sexual behavior of women and men (i.e., SDS-norms). To explain these individual differences, we examined associations between SDS-norms of Dutch adoles...
Article
Full-text available
Background Exploring possible protective factors against antenatal depression is important since antenatal depression is common and affects both mother and child. The person characteristic trait mindfulness may be such a protective factor. Because of the high variability in depressive symptoms over time, we aimed to assess the association between t...
Article
Full-text available
Evidence exists that people's brains respond differently to stimuli that violate social expectations. However, there are inconsistencies between studies in the event-related potentials (ERP) on which differential brain responses are found, as well as in the direction of the differences. Therefore, the current paper examined which of the two most fr...
Article
Objective: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is associated with serious complications in both the mother and the unborn child. We examined the possible association between trajectories of maternal psychological distress symptoms and PIH separately in primiparous and multiparous women. Methods: Pregnancy-specific negative affect (P-NA) and dep...
Article
Full-text available
Substantial gender disparities in career advancement are still apparent, for instance in the gender pay gap, the overrepresentation of women in parttime work, and the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions. Regarding the developmental origins of these gender disparities, the current study examined whether children’s views about future...
Article
Full-text available
There is a longstanding tradition in the Netherlands to announce the birth of a child by sending out birth announcement cards to friends and family. These cards provide a glimpse of the ‘zeitgeist’ over the years regarding gender through the way in which the birth of a son or a daughter is announced. The current study examined the gender-typed cont...
Article
Praten over seksueel misbruik in een therapiesetting is moeilijk voor kinderen en adolescenten, vanwege gevoelens van schaamte, schuld en angst, en voor jongere kinderen vanwege een beperkte woordenschat om ervaringen te beschrijven. De serious game Vil Du?! is ontwikkeld om het praten over seksueel misbruik makkelijker te maken. Vil Du?! is een no...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Talking about experiences of sexual abuse in therapy is difficult for children and adolescents. Possible reasons for this difficulty are a lack of vocabulary to describe the situation or feelings of shame, fear, and self-blame associated with sexual abuse. The serious game Vil Du?! was developed to help children open up about their sex...
Article
Full-text available
Background Talking about experiences of sexual abuse in therapy is difficult for children and adolescents, amongst others due to a lack of vocabulary to describe the situation, avoidance, or feelings of shame, fear, and self-blame. The serious game Vil Du?! was developed to help children open up about sexual experiences. Vil Du?! is a non-verbal co...
Article
Full-text available
Various studies have reported that parental self-regulation is inversely related to negative parenting practices, especially in relatively calm households. These studies have focused on general tendencies of parents over longer periods of time. In the current time-series study, we extended previous work by focusing on the moment-to-moment processes...
Article
Full-text available
Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have major implications for child mental health on the short-term, but also for developmental outcomes later in life, especially when left untreated. Yet, there is no consensus about best practices in psychotherapy for child and adolescent CSA-victims. In this study, we therefore systematically reviewed existing lit...
Article
Full-text available
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children's inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Ques...
Article
Full-text available
Infant facial characteristics, i.e., baby schema, are thought to automatically elicit parenting behavior and affective orientation toward infants. Only a few studies, conducted in non-parents, have directly examined the neural underpinnings of this baby schema effect by manipulating distinctiveness of baby schema in infant faces. This study aims to...
Article
Full-text available
Preterm-birth increases the risk of several physical, cognitive, neuromotor, and psychosocial problems in children, and is also related to difficulties in the parent-child relationship. Research suggests that the development of early parent-child interactions in general is affected by deviations from typical infant facial characteristics, which may...
Article
Full-text available
(Hetero)sexual double standards (SDS) entail that different sexual behaviors are appropriate for men and women. This meta-analysis ( k = 99; N = 123,343) tested predictions of evolutionary and biosocial theories regarding the existence of SDS in social cognitions. Databases were searched for studies examining attitudes or stereotypes regarding the...
Article
This study examined 1) mothers’ neural responses to pictures of boys and girls who confirmed or violated social expectations regarding toy preferences, and 2) whether neural sensitivity to targets that violated gendered expectations interacted with mothers’ gender stereotypes. In an event-related fMRI experiment, 23 mothers of a 2-6 year-old child...
Article
Full-text available
For women with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) trait symptoms, coping with childbearing and parenting could be associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. Therefore, the possible relationship between OCPD trait symptoms and trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms was examined. A cohort of 1427 women was followed from lat...
Article
Since disturbances in the mother-child bond increase the risk of negative consequences for child development, it is important to identify risk and protective factors for bonding as well as longitudinal associations. Previous research has used different bonding instruments during pregnancy and the postnatal phase, leading to inconsistent results. In...
Article
In this study, we examined the potential interaction effect between fathers' basal testosterone levels and their ability to control their impulses in relation to their quality of parenting. Participants included 159 fathers and their preschoolers. Evening and morning salivary samples were analyzed with isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem...
Article
Full-text available
The current study examined emerging adults’ gender identity and its link with several gender-related and social outcomes, by using a novel dual-identity approach that was originally developed in children. Dutch emerging adults between 18 and 25 years old (N = 318, Mage = 21.73, SD = 2.02; 51% female) indicated their similarity to the own-gender gro...
Article
Background Up to 10–15% of women experience high levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Since these levels of symptoms can vary greatly over time, the current study investigated the existence of possible longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and aimed to identify factors associated with these trajectories. Met...
Article
Full-text available
The emotional availability scales (EAS), 4th edition, are widely used in research and clinical practice to assess the quality of parent-child interaction. This study examined the short-term reliability and continuity of the EAS (4th ed.) assessed in two similar observational contexts over a one-week interval. Sixty-two Dutch parents (85% mothers) a...
Article
Given the importance of self-regulation for a broad range of developmental outcomes, identifying reliable precursors of self-regulation early in development is important for early prevention of developmental problems. The aim of this study was to examine whether three visual attention measures (fixation duration, variation in fixation duration, and...
Article
Context Most studies of thyroid function changes during pregnancy use a cross-sectional design comparing means between groups rather than similarities within groups. Objective Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) is a novel approach to investigate longitudinal changes that provide dynamic understanding of the relationship between thyroid status and...
Article
Full-text available
This article reviews and integrates research on gender-related biological, cognitive, and social processes that take place in or between family members, resulting in a newly developed gendered family process (GFP) model. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biologic...
Article
Full-text available
Processes like gender socialization (the ways in which parents convey information to their children about how girls and boys should behave) often happen unconsciously and might therefore be studied best with neuroscientific measures. We examined whether neural processing of gender-stereotype-congruent and incongruent information is more robustly re...
Article
Full-text available
Certain infant facial characteristics, referred to as baby schema, are thought to automatically trigger parenting behavior and affective orientation toward infants. Electroencephalography (EEG) is well suited to assessing the intuitive nature and temporal dynamics of parenting responses, due to its millisecond temporal resolution. Little is known,...
Article
This study examined whether parenthood changes gender-role behavior and implicit gender-role stereotypes as assessed with an Implicit Association Test in Dutch parents. In a cross-sectional sample, parents were found to have more traditional gender-role stereotypes than nonparents with a wish to have a child and nonparents without the wish to have...
Article
The role of mother–infant interaction quality is studied in the relation between prenatal maternal emotional symptoms and child behavioral problems. Healthy pregnant, Dutch women (N = 96, M = 31.6, SD = 3.3) were allocated to the “exposed group” (n = 46), consisting of mothers with high levels of prenatal feelings of anxiety and depression, or the...
Article
There is ample evidence demonstrating the importance of maternal thyroid hormones, assessed at single trimesters in pregnancy, for child cognition. Less is known, however, about the course of maternal thyroid hormone concentrations during pregnancy in relation to child behavioral development. Child sex might be an important moderator, because there...
Article
Full-text available
To examine the effects of child age and birth order on sensitive parenting, 364 families with 2 children were visited when the second-born children were 12, 24, and 36 months old, and their older siblings were on average 2 years older. Mothers showed higher levels of sensitivity than fathers at all assessments. Parental sensitivity increased from i...
Article
Parental limit setting is a challenging and common situation in the daily lives of young children. During these situations, older siblings may use their more advanced cognitive skills and their greater physical strength to discipline their younger sibling and prevent or correct noncompliant behavior. This is the first study to examine preschoolers'...
Article
Full-text available
In this study we tested whether the relation between fathers’ and mothers’ psychopathology symptoms and child social-emotional development was mediated by parents’ use of emotion talk about negative emotions in a sample of 241 two-parent families. Parents’ internalizing and externalizing problems were measured with the Adult Self Report and parenta...
Article
Full-text available
Key questions for developmentalists concern the origins of gender attitudes and their implications for behavior. We examined whether prenatal androgen exposure was related to gender attitudes, and whether and how the links between attitudes and gendered activity interest and participation were mediated by gender identity and moderated by hormones....
Article
Full-text available
Although various theories describe mechanisms leading to differential parenting of boys and girls, there is no consensus about the extent to which parents do treat their sons and daughters differently. The last meta-analyses on the subject were conducted more than fifteen years ago, and changes in gender-specific child rearing in the past decade ar...
Data
Additional Restrictions in the Literature Search in Web of Science. (DOCX)
Data
Funnel plot for meta-analysis on autonomy-supportive strategies. (TIF)
Data
Outcomes of Expert Sort for Parental Control Constructs. 1. Less than 80% agreement, consensus through discussion. 2. Contains positive and negative elements or composite score. 3. Dependent on tone of voice and/or situation.4. Too few information to judge. (DOCX)
Data
Funnel plot for meta-analysis on controlling strategies. (TIF)
Article
This longitudinal study examines the association between child gender and child aggression via parents' physical control, moderated by parents' gender-role stereotypes in a sample of 299 two-parent families with a 3-year-old child in the Netherlands. Fathers with strong stereotypical gender-role attitudes and mothers were observed to use more physi...
Article
Previous studies on the relation between testosterone (T) levels and parenting have found ample evidence for the challenge hypothesis, demonstrating that high T levels inhibit parental involvement and that becoming a parent is related to a decrease in T levels in both mothers and fathers. However, less is known about the relation between T levels a...
Article
Full-text available
Children with younger brothers or sisters are exposed to parenting directed towards themselves as well as parenting directed towards their siblings. We examined the hypothesis that mothers’ and fathers’ sensitive parenting towards their second-borns predicts compliance and sharing behavior in their firstborns, over and above their parenting towards...
Article
Full-text available
Goals of the current study were to examine fathers’ and mothers’ emotion talk from toddlerhood to preschool age, and to test whether parents socialize emotions differently in girls and boys. In a sample of 317 families, we observed both parents’ emotion talk and their use of gender labels, while discussing a picture book with drawings of children d...
Article
From a traditional viewpoint, fathers are seen as the main disciplinarian in the family. However, recent studies suggest that these traditional family role patterns may have changed. In this study, we observed discipline strategies of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters. Participants included 242 families with two children (1 and 3...
Article
The current study focuses on the effects of sibling gender configuration on family processes during early childhood. In a sample of 369 two-parent families with two children (youngest 12 months, oldest about 2 years older), both siblings’ noncompliant and oppositional behaviors and fathers’ and mothers’ sensitivity and discipline strategies were ob...
Article
Full-text available
Objective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Stere...
Article
Full-text available
Objective. This study examines mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk with their daughters and sons and investigates the association between parental gender talk and parental implicit gender stereotypes. Design. Mothers’ and fathers’ gender talk was examined in 304 families with two children aged 2 and 4 years old, using the newly developed Gender Ster...
Article
Full-text available
Sharing is an important indicator of internalised prosocial values. We examined predictors of sharing of 302 preschoolers with their younger siblings in a one-year longitudinal study. Sharing was observed during different home visits, once with father and once with mother. We examined the following predictors: both children’s externalising behaviou...
Article
Full-text available
Most studies on early childhood parenting include only mothers. Fathers are rarely observed in interaction with their young children, although they play an important role in the socialization of their children. In this study, we observed parenting of mothers and fathers toward their sons and daughters in families with two children, using a within-f...