Josué Antonio Nescolarde Selva

University of Alicante | UA · Department of Applied Mathematics

Ecological models written in a mathematical language L(M) or model language, with a given style or methodology can be considered as a text. It is possible to apply statistical linguistic laws and the experimental results demonstrate that the behaviour of a mathematical model is the same of any literary text of any natural language. A text has the f...

Complex systems in causal relationships are known to be circular rather than linear; this means that a particular result is not produced by a single cause, but rather that both positive and negative feedback processes are involved. However, although interpreting systemic interrelationships requires a language formed by circles, this has only been d...

This paper presents a new complex system systemic. Here, we are working in a fuzzy environment, so we have to adapt all the previous concepts and results that were obtained in a non-fuzzy environment, for this fuzzy case. The direct and indirect influences between variables will provide the basis for obtaining fuzzy and/or non-fuzzy relationships,...

Unintended effects are well known to economists and sociologists and their consequences may be devastating. The main objective of this paper is to formulate a mathematical theorem, based on Gödel’s famous incompleteness theorem, in which it is shown, that from the moment deontical modalities (prohibition, obligation, permission and faculty) are int...

A major problem related to the treatment of ecosystems is that they have no available mathematical formalization. This implies that many of their properties are not presented as short, rigorous modalities, but rather as long expressions which, from a biological standpoint, totally capture the significance of the property, but which have the disadva...

By justification we understand what makes a belief epistemologically viable: generally this is considered knowledge that is true. The problem is defining this with a higher degree of precision because this is where different conflicting conceptions appear. On the one hand, we can understand justification as what makes it reasonable to acquire or ma...

Purpose The process of elaboration of the symbolic universe leads to important insights into the role of symbols in understanding human reasoning. Symbols become explanatory axes of universal global realities. Myths were constructed on these explanatory paths forming a superstructure of all belief systems with paraconsistent logic for the symbolism...

In this paper the authors provide an epistemological view on the old controversial random-necessity. It has been considered that either one or the other form part of the structure of reality. Chance and indeterminism are nothing but a disorderly efficiency of contingency in the production of events, phenomena, processes, i.e., in its causality, in...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show that transmission of information and information storage or registration depends on structures. Structures emerge from coordinated sets of constraints. Complex systems depend on their structures to function. The temporal sequence of changes in the levels of the complex system determines its behavior. The...

Further advances are made in the modeling of the biological processes of cellular division and fusion by means of the corresponding functions and, as one of the most notable results, the uniqueness of these functions is demonstrated. In this paper the authors interpret local biological processes, such as those of cellular division and fusion, in th...

In Ontology, quality determines beings. The quality-quantity bipolarity reveals that a conceptual logical comprehension that can include negation must be a dialectical logic. Quality is a precise characteristic of something (or a subject predicate) capable of augmentation or diminution while remaining identical through differences or quantitative c...

ABSTRACT Deep disagreement is characterized as being a disagreement in which the interlocutors are unable to reach a common agreement or position on the problem under discussion. However, deep disagreement can be solved irrationally, that is, through fallacious persuasive techniques. One of the objectives of this work is to investigate the debate o...

In this paper, the authors try to clarify the relations between Meinong’s and Russell's thoughts on the ontological ideas of existence. The Meinongian theory on non-existent objects does not in itself violate the principle of non-contradiction, since the problem that this hypothesis offers to the theory of definite descriptions is not so much a log...

The framework of the present study was the destination life cycle model, a classical model that describes the development of tourist destinations. We examined mass tourism in Benidorm based on tourist accommodation supply and demand statistics over the January 2016 to October 2018 period, provided by Spain's National Institute for Statistics. The o...

The liar paradox is a famous and ancient paradox related to logic and philosophy. It shows it is perfectly possible to construct sentences that are correct grammatically and semantically but that cannot be true or false in the traditional sense. In this paper the authors show four approaches to interpreting paradoxes that illustrate the influence o...

The concept of God is studied using the ontological argument of Anselm of Canterbury that proves God’s existence using a syllogism based on ontology. Unlike metaphysical arguments that demonstrate the existence of God through the study of being and its attributes, the ontological argument aims to reach this same goal based on a concept of God by me...

Purpose Categories (particular (P) and general (V)) constitute a bipole with epistemological implications. The mutual categorical implication of this bipole is embodied in ordinary notions. It follows that a concept because it forms an element of concrete, sensible-rational, practical-theoretical activity has to unite the two inseparable poles, the...

The ULEX model, in its present state, involves the study of the biomass and the population of the shrub Ulex parviflorus Pourret, but while being a dynamic model, it is static in the sense that it does not imply the appearance of new specimens of this plant. As a complement to the ULEX model in its two dynamic and spatial aspects, and with the idea...

Suppes proposes an analysis of the structure and identity of empirical theories with his model-theoretical approach and undertakes effective reconstructions of theories in diverse disciplinary fields. Here the authors analyse the results of these examinations under the optics of questions concerning the assumed ontological commitments, and for how...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate mathematically the impossibility of achieving a utopian society. Demonstrate that any attempt to correct deviations from a hypothetical trajectory whose ultimate goal is the utopia, increasingly demands more work, including measures that lead to terror, which may even be absolute, leading to the h...

If the words in Spinoza’s Ethics are considered as symbols, then certain words in the definitions of the Ethics can be replaced with symbols from set theory and we can reexamine Spinoza’s first definitions within a logical–mathematical frame. The authors believe that, some aspects of Spinoza’s work can be explained and illustrated through mathemati...

Complex Systems is a new field of science studying how parts of a system give rise to the collective behaviours of the system, and how the system interacts with its environment. Graph theory is a fundamental tool in the study of social systems and economic issues. The input-output tables are precisely one of the main examples of it. We use the inte...

Cantor thought of the principles of set theory or intuitive principles as universal forms that can apply to any actual or possible totality. This is something, however, which need not be accepted if there are totalities which have a fundamental ontological value and do not conform to these principles. The difficulties involved are not related to on...

In this paper the authors develop a logic of concepts within a mathematical linguistic theory. In the set of concepts defined in a belief system, the order relationship and Boolean algebra of the concepts are considered. This study is designed to obtain a tool, which is the metatheoretical base of this type of theory.

In this paper, the authors attempt to prove there is a relationship between Borges’ “Argumentum ornithologicum” and Anselm’s argument “Argumentum ontologicum”. We suggest Borges, using the image of a flock of birds, with oriental reminiscences, half joking, half serious attempts to prove the existence of God. We demonstrate the fallacies incurred b...

This paper refers to a subjective approach to Ecosystems, referred to as Impure Systems to capture a set of fundamental properties. There are four main phenomenological components: directionality, intensity, connection energy and volume. A fundamental question in this approach to Impure Systems is the intensity or forces of a relation. Concepts as...

Many complex systems, such as the product life cycle (PLC), can be described in terms of networks, with elements interacting and based on terms of graph theory. In this article, we intend to analyze the PLC from the point of view of network theory and chaos. To do this we will use the Smarta software, developed by our research group (but not yet in...

In this paper, we illustrate the paradox concerning maximally consistent sets of propositions, which is contrary to set theory. It has been shown that Cantor paradoxes do not offer particular advantages for any modal theories. The paradox is therefore not a specific difficulty for modal concepts, and it also neither grants advantages nor disadvanta...

Purpose Mathematical models are constructed at the interface between practice, experience and theories. The function of models puts us on guard against the privilege granted to what is accepted as abstract and formal, and at the same time puts us on guard against a static and phenomenological conception of knowledge. The epistemology of models does...

Purpose The distinction between essence and existence cannot be a distinction in God: in the actual infinite, essence and existence coincide and are one. In it, maximum and minimum coincide. Coincidentia oppositorum is a Latin phrase meaning coincidence of opposites. It is a neo-Platonic term, attributed to the fifteenth-century German scholar Nic...

The development of internet technologies and their application to commerce environments has favoured new business strategies for industries. These allow to include in the design phase the experience of use that the clients have of the product. However, this new element has not been considered in formal terms. A fundamental problem in product design...

The main objectives of this paper are to formulate an introduction to the mathematical theory of indirect effects with respect to some biotic relations, including symbiosis, commensalism, mutualism and predation, along with the time functions for these relationships. We employ the theory of system linkage in Patten’s Theory of Environment to develo...

When examining a sector of the economy, it can be sometimes difficult to identify the relationships between the underlying variables that compose it. Therefore, we developed a causal analysis technique, capable of converting large amounts of data into a directed graph of cause-effect relationships. The main objective of the technique is to locate t...

Purpose The doctrine of coincidentia oppositorum (the coincidence of opposites), the interpenetration, interdependence and unification of opposites has long been one of the defining characteristics of mystical (as opposed to philosophical) thought. Mystics of various persuasions have generally held that such paradoxes are the best means of express...

There is a fairly widespread belief that the problem of existence is not an essential issue for logic. Logic, though formal, must deal with the problem of existence. However, logic should be limited to describing “formal existence” or “existence of a formal system”. However, the logical problem of existence and how to treat and resolve this problem...

The main objective of this work is to study the existence of a possible dependence between different individuals of the same species of Mediterranean shrubs, in particular Ulex parviflorus Pourret, located on an area of 100 m² in the Desert of Las Palmas (Benicassim, Castellón, Spain). The possible correlation between them is limited to the tempora...

The so-called ontological naturalism is the thesis that ontological work-that is, the investigation of what exists-constitutes a purely scientific task. Philosophy (metaphysics, in particular) has little or nothing to contribute to this research. The authors argue that this is not viable.

s Building models as a practical aspect of ecological theory has as a principal purpose the determination of relations in formal (mathematical) language. In this paper, the authors provide a formalization of ecological models based on impure systems theory. Impure systems contain objects and subjects: subjects are human beings. We can distinguish a...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the unintended consequences of actions as one of the central and constituent elements of sociological theory and long debated in the history of sociology. This question has been treated under varying sociological terminologies, including, providence, social forces, social paradoxes, heterogeneity of...

s The mathematical submodel ULEX is used to study the dynamic behavior of the green, floral and woody biomass of the main pyrophite shrub species, the gorse (Ulex parviflorus Pourret), and its relationship with other shrub species, typical of a Mediterranean ecosystem. The focus are the ecological conditions of post-fire stage growth, and its effic...

Human language has the characteristic of being open and in some cases polysemic. The word “infinite” is used often in common speech and more frequently in literary language, but rarely with its precise meaning. In this way the concepts can be used in a vague way but an argument can still be structured so that the central idea is understood and is s...

In classical sociology, there is a sharp separation between the superstructure reflecting cultural ideals and the concrete Structural Base (SB). The authors hypothesize a Doxical Superstructure (DS) in its own space at a higher level, containing concepts such as completeness, necessity and possibility associated with abstract concepts like beliefs,...

Purpose The concept we call "naive" causality can be stated more generally as the belief (or knowledge) that results follow actions, and that these results are not random, but are consistently linked with causes. We have thus formed a very general and precarious concept of causality, but one that appropriately reflects the meaning of causality at t...

Ideology is a systemic property of cognition central to the transmission and actualization of beliefs. Ideologies take many forms including religious, philosophical, popular and scientific. They play a central role in both personal identity and in the way society holds itself together. Therefore, it is important to understand how to model identitie...

There are two probabilistic algebras: one for classical probability and the other for quantum mechanics. Naturally, it is the relation to the object that decides, as in the case of logic, which algebra is to be used. From a paraconsistent multivalued logic therefore, one can derive a probability theory, adding the correspondence between truth value...

Electric and Hybrid Electric vehicles (EV and HEV) seem to be the future of transport in smart cities and the key for the total reduction of noise disturbance and pollution in urban areas. However, several problems have to be solved to guarantee the safety of these types of vehicle. Up to now, the use of HEV has shown the dangers of a “quiet” trans...

Classical logic is typically concerned with abstract analysis. The problem for a synthetic logic is to transcend and unify available data to reconstruct the object as a totality. Three rules are proposed to pass from classic logic to synthetic logic. We present the category logic of qualitative opposition using examples from various sciences. This...

In this article, we conducted a causal analysis of a system extracted from a database of current data in the telecommunications domain, namely the Eurobarometer 73.3 database arose from a survey of 26,602 citizens EU on the potential health effects that electromagnetic fields can produce. To determine the cause-effect relationships between variable...

In previous work by the authors about dynamic system modeling, basic ecosystems concepts and their application to ecological modeling theory were formalized. Measuring how a variable effects certain processes leads to improvements in dynamic systems modelling and facilitates the author’s study of system diversity in which model sensitivity is a key...

An H-system is a conceptual or semiotic model of reality formed in the mind of the subject. Understanding the behavior of the system means being able to infer causal relationships that explain this system to the Observer-subject, and therefore having access to mechanisms to construct a mental or ontological mathematical model of the system under st...

In the Reality we know, we cannot say if something is infinite whether we are doing Physics, Biology, Sociology or Economics. This means we have to be careful using this concept. Infinite structures do not exist in the physical world as far as we know. So what do mathematicians mean when they assert the existence of (the mathematical symbol for the...

Graph theory is a fundamental tool in the study of economic issues, and input–output tables are one of the main examples. We use the interpretation of the labour market through networks to obtain a better understanding on its overall functioning. One benefit of the network perspective is that a large body of mathematics exists to help analyze many...

Fundamental to the approach of Complex Impure Systems is the definition of the concept of an s-impure set as a set of perceptual beliefs or denotative significances (relative beings) of material and/or energetic real objects (absolute beings). But any Subject not only the subject S perceives objects O as significances, and he perceives the existing...

The bushes constitute a basic species of the ground Mediterranean ecosystems. Their role in the contribution of organic matter on the soil and prevention of erosion is well known. MARIOLA model was developed to study the behaviour of Mediterranean shrubs species from a predictable climatic change. This paper presents a model, inside the context of...

The main objective of this paper is to present a mass conservative method for solving the one-dimensional equation of atmospheric pollutants transport, based on a finite volume method. In order to avoid numerical diffusion a trapezoid rule with a linear interpolation in the extremes of cells is used to approximate integrals. Air pollution problems...

A flow equation obtained through multiple linear regressions is a static concept fixed for a time t. However, experience says that the temporal component makes the information obtained from the flow equation in terms of coefficients of determination. In this paper we show that a 1-degree variation in such coefficients behaves like a Wiener process...

In this paper, the authors continue developing a Linguistic Theory of the Complex Systems models, but in terms of Semantics. Each symbol (transformed function) is syntactically a lexeme, carrying an associated sememe or atomic semantic unit. Each sememe can be decomposed into semes or quantic semantic unities. They may be studied as semantic system...

In order to establish patterns of materialization of the beliefs we are going to consider that these have defined mathematical structures. It will allow us to understand better processes of the textual, architectonic, normative, educative, etc., materialization of an ideology. The materialization is the conversion by means of certain mathematical c...

The main purpose of the paper is to connect some kind of dialetheism to the use of complex truth values, with new definitions of basic truth-functional connectives that allow for p, ∖not p to both be true. ‘True’ is interpreted as |p|=1, ‘False’ as |p|=0; other values are dispensed with. New definitions of basic truth-functional connectives then al...

In this paper we present a generalization of a new systemic approach to abstract fuzzy systems (Lloret, Nescolarde-Selva & Perez-Gonzaga, 2014). Using a fuzzy relations structure will retain the information provided by degrees of membership. In addition, to better suit the situation to be modelled, it is advisable to use T-norm or T-conorm distinct...

In order to build dynamic models for prediction and management of degraded Mediterranean forest areas was necessary to build MARIOLA model, which is a calculation computer program. This model includes the following subprograms. 1) BIOSHRUB program, which calculates total, green and woody shrubs biomass and it establishes the time differences to cal...

The goal of this paper is to build an abstract mathematical theory rather than a computational one of the process of transmission of ideology. The basis of much of the argument is Patten’s Environment Theory that characterises a system with its double environment (input or stimulus and output or response) and the existing interactions among them. I...

Infinity is not an easy concept. A number of difficulties that people cope with when dealing with problems related to infinity include its abstract nature, understanding infinity as an ongoing never ending process, understanding infinity as a set of an infinite number of elements and appreciating well-known paradoxes. Infinity can be understood in...

In previous work, Nescolarde-Selva and Usó-Doménech (2014a19. Nescolarde-Selva, J. and J. L. Usó-Doménech. “Semiotic Vision of Ideologies.” Found Sci 19 (2014a): 263–282.View all references, b) discussed the theory that complex belief systems have a topological structure. In this article it is suggested that this structure is also fuzzy. We introdu...

Infinity is not an easy concept. A number of difficulties that people cope with when dealing with problems related to infinity include its abstract nature: understanding of infinity as a never-ending process, understanding infinity as a set of an infinite number of elements, and understanding some well-known paradoxes. Infinity can be understood in...

Ideologies face two critical problems in the reality, the problem of commitment and the problem of validation. Commitment and validation are two separate phenomena, in spite of the near universal myth that the human is committed because his beliefs are valid. Ideologies not only seem external and valid but also worth whatever discomforts believing...

In this paper, the authors extend and generalize the methodology based on the dynamics of systems with the use of differential equations as equations of state, allowing that first order transformed functions not only apply to the primitive or original variables, but also doing so to more complex expressions derived from them, and extending the rule...

In beliefs we live, we move and we are […] the beliefs constitute the base of our life, the land on which we live […] All our conduct, including the intellectual life, depends on the system of our authentic beliefs. In them […] lies latent, as implications of whatever specifically we do or we think […] the man, at heart, is believing or, which is e...

Using language requires simultaneously verifying communication and the linguistic message of the speaker. There is, therefore, an emphasis on understanding, which is contained in the linguistic message. Understand goes beyond what is said, and includes the immediate connotations, that is, semantics in the strict sense. Language must, therefore, be...

Culture is the system of knowledge, from whose meanings the human being screened and selected their understanding of Reality in the broad sense, and interprets and regulates the facts and data of social behavior. In this sense, culture is a program for social action and acting in humans during the process of socialization and social interaction. Th...

Science has been developed from the rational-empirical methods, having as a consequence, the representation of existing phenomena without understanding the root causes. The question which currently has is the sense of the being, and in a simplified way, one can say that the dogmatic religion lead to misinterpretations, the empirical sciences contai...

This brief study makes some reflections on the systemic paradigm and the claim that Reality is a system advocated by some thinkers. We argue that the General Systems Theory is an abstract theory relating to formal reasons that correspond to real systems scientifically established, and its development can facilitate the task mentioned, which is char...

Reality contains information (significant) that becomes significances in the mind of the observer. Language is the human instrument to understand reality. But is it possible to attain this reality? Is there an absolute reality, as certain philosophical schools tell us? The reality that we perceive, is it just a fragmented reality of which we are pa...

The process of elaboration of the symbolic universe leads to exciting insights regarding the search for human emotional security. The symbols end up as explanatory axes of universal reality and on them were constructed myths that form a superstructure for belief systems. Human society is a multilevel system with a material structure (society), an i...

Paraconsistent logic admits that the contradiction can be true. Let p be the truth values and P be a proposition. In paraconsistent logic the truth values of contradiction is . This equation has no real roots but admits complex roots . This is the result which leads to develop a multivalued logic to complex truth values. The sum of truth values bei...

It is possible to view the relations between mathematics and natural language from different aspects. This relation between mathematics and language is not based on just one aspect. In this paper the authors address the role of the Subject facing reality through language. Perception is defined and a mathematical theory of the perceptual field propo...

In t-norm based systems many-valued logic, valuations of propositions form a non-countable set: interval In addition, we are given a set E of truth values p, subject to certain conditions, the valuation v is V reciprocal application of E on The general propositional algebra of t-norm based many-valued logic is then constructed from seven axioms. It...

The modeling of complex dynamic systems depends on the solution of a differential equations system. Some problems appear because we do not know the mathematical expressions of the said equations. Enough numerical data of the system variables are known. The authors, think that it is very important to establish a code between the different languages...

Ideologies use for their conservation and propagation persuasive methods of communication: Rhetoric. Rhetoric is analyzed from the semiotic and logical-mathematical points of view. The following hypotheses are established: 1) Language L is a self-explanatory system, mediated by a successive series of systems of cultural conventions. 2) Connotative...

If one has a distribution of words (SLUNs or CLUNS) in a text written in language L(MT), and is adjusted one of the mathematical expressions of distribution that exists in the mathematical literature, some parameter of the elected expression it can be considered as a measure of the diversity. But because the adjustment is not always perfect as usua...

It is possible to view the relations between mathematics and natural language from different aspects. This relation between mathematics and language is not based on just one aspect. In this paper the authors address the role of the Subject facing reality through language. Perception is defined and a mathematical theory of the perceptual field propo...

In an open system, each disequilibrium causes a force. Each force causes a flow process, these being represented by a flow variable formally written as an equation called flow equation, and if each flow tends to equilibrate the system, these equations mathematically represent the tendency to that equilibrium. In this paper, the authors, based on th...

The aim of this paper is to propose a mathematical model to determine invariant sets, set covering, orbits and, in particular, attractors in the set of tourism variables. Analysis was carried out based on a pre-designed algorithm and applying our interpretation of chaos theory developed in the context of General Systems Theory. This articlesets out...

A semiotic theory of systems derived from language would have the purpose of classifying all the systems of linguistic expression: philosophy, ideology, myth, poetry, art, as much as the dream, lapsus, and free association in a pluridimensional matrix that will interact with many diversified fields. In each one of these discourses it is necessary t...

This reply to Gash’s (Found Sci 2013) commentary on Nescolarde-Selva and Usó-Doménech (Found Sci 2013) answers the three questions raised and at the same time opens up new questions.

Impure systems contain Objects and Subjects: Subjects are human beings. We can distinguish a person as an observer (subjectively outside the system) and that by definition is the Subject himself, and part of the system. In this case he acquires the category of object. Objects (relative beings) are significances, which are the consequence of percept...

This reply to Gash’s (Found Sci 2014) commentary on Nescolarde-Selva and Usó-Doménech (Found Sci 2013b) answers the questions raised and at the same time opens up new questions.

Semiotic components in the relations of complex systems depend on the Subject. There are two main semiotic comp