Joseph Goodman

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• AB, MS, PhD
• Professor Emeritus at Stanford University

This Roadmap article on digital holography provides an overview of a vast array of research activities in the field of digital holography. The paper consists of a series of 25 sections from the prominent experts in digital holography presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, 3D imaging and displays, virtual and augmented reality, microsco...

Four different methods for calculating the radial profile of the Fourier transform of a circularly symmetric function are discussed and evaluated. Applications to optics, in which the circularly symmetric function represents the distribution of field across a circular aperture, are many. The four approaches include: (1) numerical integration of the...

My graduate research was concerned with radar detection, radar countermeasures, passive locating systems, and countermeasures to passive locating system. After I learned some statistical optics, I realized that predicting the effectiveness of a particular countermeasure to passive locating systems could be accomplished rather easily using the Van C...

This paper describes two superresolution coherent imaging techniques, which both use a diffraction grating to direct high spatial frequency information that would otherwise be lost through the imaging system pupil. The techniques employ digital holography to measure the optical field in the image plane and rely on capturing multiple holograms with...

J.W. Goddman's first meeting with Adolf will be reviewed and he will discuss a few of Adolf's many papers that were especially important to him.

Sometimes an understanding of one imaging modality can inform us about properties of another quite different imaging modality. We illustrate this thought with an example. First we explore the principles of the plenoptic camera, which deals with so-called light fields used in computer graphics. We replace the concept of light field with the closely...

Forward and backward propagation can both be modeled in terms ofWigner distributions or alternatively in terms of spatial frequency transfer functions. We use both formalisms to show that, for non-evanescent waves, forward propagation in a negative index material is equivalent to backward propagation in a positive index medium. We consider the impl...

Speckle appears whenever coherent radiation of any kind is used. We review here the basic properties of speckle, the negative effects it has on imaging systems of various kinds, and the positive benefits it offers in certain nondestructive testing and metrology problems.

We propose a method based on quantitative theoretical analysis for achieving speckle contrast of 1% or less in images created by a full-frame laser projection display system. The method employs a stationary multimode optical fiber to achieve the effect of using a rapidly moving diffuser, but without moving the fiber or any other system component. W...

The contrast of a speckle pattern, defined as the ratio of the standard deviation of intensity to the mean intensity, is an important parameter that can yield useful information in vibration analysis, and surface roughness measurement. It is also of inherent interest in the measurement of scattering by coherent X-rays. Under some circumstances, the...

We describe a coherent imaging technique that utilizes a diffraction grating placed near the object to alias high spatial frequency information through the imaging system pupil. The resulting optical field in the image plane is detected by means of digital holography. Multiple measurements are taken with the grating shifted by a fraction of its per...

Optical beams are known to have many desirable properties when used for providing interconnections. Such interconnections would be used in an all-optical computer based on optical gates, but can be used at various levels of architecture in electronic computing systems. The fan-out of optical interconnections from one computing element to N computin...

Speckle noise reduction is best tested on a precise speckle contrast measurement bench, which should be able to measure 100% contrast in fully developed speckle as well as the smallest contrast (for example, less than 10%) after its reduction. On such a test bench, we have measured very efficient speckle contrast reduction by temporal averaging usi...

We explore certain symmetry properties of the Fourier spectrum of speckle from smooth objects and the effects of these symmetries on image speckle contrast. The cases examined include bright-field imaging, dark-field imaging, and single-sideband imaging.

We explore certain symmetry properties of the Fourier spectrum of speckle from ``smooth'' surfaces and the effects of these symmetries on image speckle contrast.

The statistical properties of classical, fully developed speckle must be modified when the speckle is generated by a random walk with a finite number of steps. It is shown that for such speckle, the standard negative-exponential probability density function for speckle intensity often overestimates the probability that the intensity exceeds a given...

In 1967, R.W. Lawrence and I reported the first case of detection of a hologram and reconstruction of the corresponding image by purely electronic means. The detector was a rather poor-quality vidicon and the image was reconstructed using the fast Fourier transform algorithm, which had become widely known only two years earlier. In this paper I rev...

The invention of the carrier frequency hologram by Emmett Leith and his colleagues energized a remarkable influx of communications ideas into optics, and helped solidify the role of optics in electrical engineering.

Since it was first observed in the early 1960s, speckle has become important in many different applications. In this paper we biefly discuss its role in holography, coherence tomography, projection TV, fiber-optic communications, lithography, optical radar detection, and metrology.

Color images can be produced from three computer-generated holograms, one for each of the primary colors. Two basic problems must be solved: scaling the images according to wavelength and avoiding false images. The former can be solved by a computational step, during synthesis of he holograms, or during reconstruction. The latter problem, false ima...

A new and simple method for pseudo-coloring a photograph in a coherent optical processing system, utilizing a newly developed technique of half-tone screens, is described. By selective spatial filtering of the high diffraction orders in the Fourier plane of a coherent optical system, images with up to ten contours of constant brightness have been g...

Over the past two decades, there have been various studies on the distributions of the DCT coefficients for images. However, they have concentrated only on fitting the empirical data from some standard pictures with a variety of well-known statistical distributions, and then comparing their goodness of fit. The Laplacian distribution is the dominan...

Image deblurring has long been modeled as a deconvolution problem. In the literature, the point-spread function (PSF) is often assumed to be known exactly. However, in practical situations such as image acquisition in cameras, we may have incomplete knowledge of the PSF. This deblurring problem is referred to as blind deconvolution. We employ a sta...

Preface. Unconventional Imaging and Processing. Coherence Methods for Unconventional Imaging Processes E.N. Leith. Some Diffractive - Optical Systems Based on Novel Gratings A.W. Lohmann. Technologies and Potential Applications of Adaptive Optics J.C. Dainty. Pattern Recognition with Joint Transform Correlators - Recent Developments E. Marom, et al...

In image acquisition, the captured image is often the result of the object being convolved with a blur. Deconvolution is necessary to undo the effects of the blur. However, in reality we often know very little of its exact structure, and therefore we have to perform blind deconvolution. Most existing methods are computationally intensive, Here, we...

In image acquisition, the captured image is often the result of the object being convolved with a blur functional. Deconvolution is necessary in order to undo the effects of the blue. However, in real life we may have very little knowledge of the blur, and therefore we have to perform blind deconvolution. One major challenge of existing iterative a...

In discrete-cosine-transform-based (DCT-based) compressions such as JPEG it is a common practice to use the same quantization matrix for both encoding and decoding. However, this need not be the case, and the flexibility of designing different matrices for encoding and decoding allows us to perform image restoration in the DCT domain. This is espec...

Citation Joseph W. Goodman and Eugen Schenfeld, "Massively parallel processing using optical interconnects: introduction to the feature issue," Appl. Opt. 37, 193-193 (1998) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ao/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-37-2-193

In this paper, we introduce a novel self-routed wavelength-addressable switching network (SWANET) that provides wavelength-transparent optical data paths between end-points, configured by wavelength-coded optical signals. The network is based on a new scheme for encoding destination addresses using a sequence of wavelengths. This allows large netwo...

A geometrical transformation changes the locations of image pixels in arbitrary ways. Such permutations of locations are useful for highly parallel communications systems. We discuss the usefulness of several specific geometrical transformation setups. ...

A new Image Systems Engineering Program (ISEP) has recently been launched at Stanford University. The program includes more than a dozen faculty participants drawn from four departments. The planned stages of growth of the Program are described, with emphasis on the anticipated respective roles of the university and industry

This paper studies the advantages and disadvantages of using a parallel link based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for long-distance data transmission through a single-mode fiber as an alternative to a high-speed serial link. A long-distance optical link operating near the 1.55 μm or 0.85 μm wavelength regions suffers the large group-dela...

This paper presents expressions for the linear crosstalk and the resulting error rate degradation in a photonic switch based on on/off gates, considering cyclostationary interference among digital signals. The periodically time-varying interference accounts for the dependencies of error probability both on the spectrum of transmitted signals and on...

A novel all-optical self-routed wavelength-addressable network based on a new multiwavelength routing protocol is proposed. A distributed switching network that uses a low-speed routing header provides a transparent path for the high-speed data while utilizing low-speed electronic processing of the routing header. Each data packet is preceded by a...

In this paper, we introduce a novel self-routed wavelength-addressable switching network (SWANET) that provides wavelength-transparent optical data paths between end-point, configured by wavelength-coded optical signals. The network is based on a new scheme for encoding destination addresses using a sequence of wavelengths. This allows large networ...

The distribution of unsaturated gains that minimizes the noise figure of a three-stage optical switch based on semiconductor-optical-amplifier (SOA) gates is found. Gain saturation under both unidirectional (isolators inserted) and bidirectional (no isolators) propagation of spontaneous emission noise is analyzed, and a noise figure penalty associa...

A scalar variational analysis of rectangular dielectric waveguides using Hermite-Gaussian modal approximations is presented. The technique analyzes waveguides by finding a closed-form, approximate solution to the given problem. We begin with an assumed, closed-form field solution, with unknown parameters which can be chosen to best match the assume...

A variational derivation of the transverse vector wave equation for application to the analysis of translationally invariant dielectric waveguides is presented. The importance and implications of the vector wave equation and the transverse vector wave equation are discussed, and the general variational analysis method for waveguides is described.

Analogies between the fan-in limitations of linear electrical circuits and linear optical circuits are explored. In both cases, the second law of thermodynamics sets the limits as to the amount of power that can be coupled from multiple inputs into a single output. The limitation applies to the power coupled into a single (properly defined) output...

We present a textbooklike treatment of hybrid systems employing both optical and electrical interconnections. We investigate how these two different interconnection media can be used in conjunction to realize a system not possible with any alone. More specifically, we determine the optimal mix of optical and normally conducting interconnections max...

We propose and evaluate the feasibility of a multiprocessor interconnect based on free-space optics for reducing network latency. The proposed interconnect supports high-throughput network links and can exploit locality of memory references through reconfiguration. Our analysis shows that the proposed interconnect can, in principle, support hundred...

A method for designing and recording a holographic achromat, composed of two holographic optical elements (HOEs), is presented. The method is demonstrated with a doublet recorded at 488 nm for application at a central frequency of 820 nm. A near-diffraction-limited focus and high diffraction efficiency are achieved over a comparatively wide spectra...

Since optical communication is preferable for establishing connections exceeding a certain critical length, for large system sizes the beneficial use of normally conducting wires for the shortest connections becomes an edge effect and can be ignored. This suggests that the performance and cost of an all optical computer might not be much inferior t...

Various methods of simulating diffusion phenomena with parallel hardware are discussed. In particular methods are compared requiring local and global communication among the processors in terms of total computation time. Systolic convolution on a locally connected array is seen to exhibit an asymptotic advantage over Fourier methods on a globally c...

As a parallelism of digital computers increases, the limitations associated with interconnecting a large number of processors becomes a greater and greater constraint on system performance. For example, as we pack more and more processors of a given size together in a single machine, naturally the physical dimensions of the machine must grow, and w...

A first-order error diffusion coding modulator using multiple quantum well modulators for use in an optical oversampled analog-to-digital converter is demonstrated for the first time. The modulator was operated at optical sampling rates up to 1 kHz and demonstrated performance metrics within 2% of those predicted by theory.

Based on idealized interconnect scaling rules, we derive the optimal distribution of linewidths as a function of length for wire-limited layouts utilizing RC-limited interconnections. We show that the width of the wires should be chosen proportional to the cube root of their length for two-dimensional layouts and proportional to the fourth root of...

This grant explored the possible use of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLC's) in the reamization of photonic switching fabrics. Problems addressed included device fabrication, switch architectures, and switch performance. Experimental versions of most architectures were constructed. The aim of the contract was to develop techniques for using ferroe...

We design and fabricate a beam-correcting, holographic focusing doublet for laser diodes in the presence of a recording-to-readout wavelength shift. This two-hologram assembly compensates for the strong chromatic variation of the spot size and its lateral position, which are typical of a single diffractive element. The doublet, recorded at 488 nm,...

In previous work, we have addressed the problem of describing the fundamental guided mode in a dielectric waveguiding structure using variational principles. Using this method, the value of the propagation constant and a Gaussian wavefield approximation for the fundamental mode are determined using variational arguments based on the scalar wave equ...

Recently, there has been rapid progress in developing semiconductor lasers as lowcost and compact monochromatic light sources for many applications.

We present and analyze a diffractive system for focusing polychromatic sources to near-diffraction-limited 1/ e ² spot widths.

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have a number of attractive properties for use in photonic switches. SOAs offer nanosecond switching times, extinction ratios in excess of 40 dB, and small signal gains of approximately 15 dB. In addition they can be monolithically integrated, and thus can potentially be fabricated in volume and used in large...

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have a number of attractive properties for use in photonic switches. SOAs offer nanosecond switching times, extinction ratios in excess of 40 dB, and small signal gains of approximately 15 dB. In addition they can be monolithically integrated, and thus can potentially be fabricated in volume and used in large...

A first-order discussion of convective heat removal from a hypothetical 3-dimensional computing system is presented. A textbook treatment indicates that our heat removal capability can be characterized by a quantity Q, the amount of power we can remove per unit cross-section. Thus the minimum length of the system is proportional to the square root...

The use of higher electromagnetic carrier frequencies for communication in a computing results in both increased spatial information density and larger available modulation bandwidth. However, assuming that the communication energies are dissipated, the heat that must be removed from unit volume per unit time increases quickly with higher frequenci...

Multiple space-division switches based on semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) can be cascaded to obtain larger switching fabrics. The authors present a general analysis of optical switching fabrics using SOAs, considering noise and saturation effects associated with amplified spontaneous emission. They find that the SOA saturation output power...

Heat removal, rather than finite interconnect density, is the major mechanism that limits how densely we can pack three-dimensional computing systems of increasing numbers of elements. Thus highly interconnected approaches can be employed without a further increase in system size. The use of optical interconnections for implementing the longer conn...

A new approach to optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion based on oversampling and interpolative coding techniques is described, and both interferometric and noninterferometric architectures based on this method are presented. This new approach combines the high resolution of classical oversampled A/D conversion with the high speed of optical p...

We describe a method for recording a beam-correcting holographic collimator for laser diodes in the presence of recording-to-readout wavelength shift. An astigmatism-correcting, beam-shaping hologram recorded with this method at 488 nm displays a high-efficiency, near-diffraction-limited collimation of a diode beam at 820 nm.

The application of optical amplifiers (OAs) to fiber-optic delay line signal processing is demonstrated. Both erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are applicable. Analytical results are presented for both amplified and unamplified fiber-optic recirculating delay lines (AFORDLs and UFORDLs). In the AFORDL...

The papers in this book stem from the Third Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching organized by the Optical Society of America and held in Salt Lake City in March of 1991. The papers in this book consist of extended and enhanced submissions from authors who participated at the meeting. The papers have been grouped into eight sections: Space-Division...

We discuss the importance of organizing information flow in computation in a manner enabling multiplexing of signal paths with distinct source and destination localities. This allows efficient use of high bandwidth interconnection media, leading to a decrease in system size and propagation delay for communication limited layouts. Among the three me...

A novel method for laser-power stabilization using a multiple quantum-well reflection electroabsorption modulator with a Fabry-Perot cavity is demonstrated. Stable operation of the modulator produces a linear relationship between control current and optical absorption which permits the realization of noninterferometric optical subtraction and the i...

Integrated optics - OEICs or PICs?, H.Kogelnik quantum opto-electronics for optical processing, D.A.B.Miller optics in telecommunications - beyond transmission, P.W.E.Smith microoptics, K.Iga holographic optical elements for use with semiconductor lasers, H.P.Herzig and R.Dadliker fiber optic signal processing, B.Culshaw and I.Adonovic optical memo...

A noninterferometric technique for optical subtraction is demonstrated that employs a multiple-quantum-well reflection–electroabsorption modulator and provides lower insertion loss, larger contrast ratio, and linearity over a larger dynamic range than similar techniques previously reported.

Previously, ¹ we introduced a new method of optical analog-to-digital conversion based on oversampling and error diffusion coding that offers the potential to extend resolution and conversion rates beyond that currently possible with other electronic or optical converters. In this new approach, the analog input signal is first optically sampled at...

High-quality collimation and focusing of laser diode beams is hindered by their asymmetric divergence and elliptical beam section. These result from the large aspect ratio of the source. In gain-guided diode lasers the beam also suffers astigmatism due to the lensing effects of the nonuniform current porofile. A holographic correcting and collimati...

Previously, we have presented a variational analysis method for the study of rectangular channel dielectric waveguides. ¹ The previous method determines the value of the propagation constant for the fundamental mode by using variational arguments based on the scalar wave equation, along with a Gaussian wave-field approximation. In this paper, we pr...

A novel approach to optical analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion based on oversampling and interpolative coding techniques is proposed. This approach incorporates the high resolution capabilities of classical oversampled A/D conversion with the high speed of optical processing technology to extend the resolution and conversion rates beyond those curr...

A method for designing and recording a holographic optical element that is used as a waveguide focusing grating coupler is presented. It is based on recording the holographic coupler with two predistorted wave fronts, derived from interim holograms, whose readout and recording geometries are different. The corrected holographic coupler has almost a...

The relationships between the synthetic discriminant function and the filters constructed from two eigenvector decompositions are developed and examined.

Handwritten-signature verification is treated as a two-class synthetic discriminant function (SDF) problem. Images of valid and casually forged signatures are collected and binarized, using an electronic digitizing camera. Performance of this approach with a small number of valid signatures in the training set is examined, and substantial improveme...

We present a three-dimensional optical interconnection architecture that can potentially approach the least possible system size of any architecture within a numerical factor of the order of ∼ 10. This architecture can provide an arbitrary pattern of connections among a three-dimensional array of points.

A method for designing a double grating for coupling a polychromatic wave out of a waveguide with negligible angular dispersion is presented. It is based on calculating analytically two different grating functions, such that the chromatic dispersion of the first grating function is compensated by the second grating function. It is shown that the us...

A method for recording Fourier-transform holographic lenses, in the presence of a recording–readout wavelength shift, is presented. The method is illustrated with a holographic lens recorded at 488 nm and reconstructed at 633 nm, with high diffraction efficiencies and low aberrations over a wide field of view of ±10°.

A method for recording a substrate-mode holographic interconnect system, composed of two identical holographic optical elements (HOEs) which were recorded on the same plate, has been developed. Since the possible recording wavelengths for efficient holograms are usually different from the readout wavelengths, the holographic elements must be record...

We present a complete theory for purely diffractive doublets corrected at two wavelengths. First we describe a class of diffractive doublets that can accomplish real imaging from one object point to one image point in two colors. The paraxial model of the design is also presented. Then we evaluate the performance of this class of doublets, comparin...

The experimental properties and a detailed model of a nematic liquid-crystal-tunable Fabry–Perot étalon with obliquely incident light are reported. As a single-wavelength switch, the étalon has an extinction ratio of 20.3 dB, an insertion loss of −1.7 dB, and a millisecond switching speed. As a filter, the étalon has a finesse of 15.1, a free spect...

We compare system sizes for some optical interconnection architectures and introduce the folded multi-facet architecture which can potentially approach the smallest possible system size of any two-dimensional optical architecture.

Citation Joseph W. Goodman, "4 decades of optical information processing," Optics & Photonics News 2(2), 11-15 (1991) http://www.opticsinfobase.org/opn/abstract.cfm?URI=opn-2-2-11

A new approach to the problem of handwritten signature verification is presented. This method exploits the regularity of length and curvature of a signature. Overall signature content at various angles is evaluated to form a slope histogram. Histograms are then passed to a classifier constructed from 10 valid signatures. Performance of the classifi...

We present a simple technique for obserυing and studying the onset of microstructure in silυer halide gratings, which can also be used to improυe processing chemistry.

Purely diffractive doublets are corrected on-axis at two wavelengths. The doublets are then optimized with respect to their design parameters to achieve wideband imaging on-axis. Completed extensions to this design are also described. 2.

We present a comparative analysis of optical, normally conducting, re-peatered and superconducting interconnection performance in a very large scale digital computing environment. We derive tradeoff relations between delay, bandwidth and system size for each technology based on communication (wiring) volume and heat removal considerations and discu...

We study the simple approximation for the fundamental mode of a rectangular channel waveguide by a Gaussian field distribution. This method is based on determining the value of the propagation constant for the mode by using variational principles, along with a wave field approximation. The propagation constant is an important quantity, because the...

We propose an alternative to classical interferometric optical analog-to-digital conversion based on oversampling and error diffusion coding techniques that employs optical threshold and arithmetic operators, and describe a noninterferometric realization using multiple quantum well SEED devices, photodetectors, common optical components, and a nove...

The astigmatism and asymmetrical divergence of gain-guided diode laser beams are major disadvantages in many uses. These characteristics are caused by asymmetry in the two traverse beam profiles: in the plane of the active junction confinement is effected by the electric current profile, whereas perpendicular to the junction the beam is trapped wit...

We present a method for implementing Boolean logic operations using MQW optical devices and a spatial pattern coding. Serially connected MQW devices such as an S-SEED have some advantages: high speed switching capability, a tolerance to fluctuation of power sources, and logic operation capability. Therefore, if cascadability of logic can be maintai...

A major advantage of optical and superconducting interconnections is their ability to transfer large amounts of information per unit cross section over long distances. Let the maximum information flux a given communication medium can support be denoted by I and be measured in bits/m ² sec. For the length scales involved in a computing system (< 10...