José Manuel Venzal

• PhD
• Laboratory Manager at Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay

Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Parasitiformes: Ixodidae) represents a species complex principally associated to birds belonging to the orders Ciconiiformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Piciformes, Pelecaniformes, Procellariiformes, Strigiformes, and Tinamiformes in both immature and adult stage...

Babesia species (Piroplasmida) are hemoparasites that infect erythrocytes of mammals and birds and are mainly transmitted by hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). These hemoparasites are known to be the second most common parasites infecting mammals, after trypanosomes, and some species may cause malaria-like disease in humans. Diagnosis and understanding...

Rickettsiales are obligate intracellular bacteria that need vertebrates and arthropods to maintain their life cycles. Some species of the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia are transmitted by ticks to both animals and humans and can cause mild to severe and even fatal cases. In the Americas, there is substantial data on rickettsial agents,...

During a molecular screening of rickettsial, borrelial and protozoal agents in ticks from rural areas of Panama, we detected DNA of Rickettsia amblyommatis in four Amblyomma mixtum collected from horses in a locality in Los Santos province. Ehrlichia minasensis and Anaplasma marginale were identified from three and two Rhipicephalus microplus, resp...

Amblyomma aureolatum (Pallas, 1772) se distribuye en Sudamérica y posee importancia médica y veterinaria. En Uruguay se encuentra ampliamente distribuida parasitando vertebrados silvestres y domésticos y se la relaciona a casos de rangeliosis canina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de organismos rickettsiales y piroplasmas e...

This study addresses the variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA (16S), and nuclear internal transcriber spacer ITS2 (ITS2) genes in a set of field-collected samples of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888), and in geo-referenced sequences obtained from GenBank. Since the tick is curren...

Ixodes chacoensis n. sp. is described based on males, females, nymphs and larvae collected from vegetation, ungulates and passerine birds in northeastern Argentina. Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899 is redescribed based on the original type specimens (females) from Leopardus pardalis, and from recently collected specimens from Costa Rica. Ixodes keirans...

Babesia spp. are tick-borne protozoans that involve birds and mammals in their transmission cycles and cause babesiosis, a severe hemolytic malaria-like disease. Opossums of the genus Didelphis are recognized hosts of tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, exploring tick-borne agents in Didelphis species is important to understand the circulation of path...

The Andean bear or spectacled bear, Tremarctos ornatus (Cuvier), inhabits the Andes and is considered an endangered species due to anthropogenic factors. The aim of this study was to identify the tick species parasitizing the Andean bears in the evergreen shrubland and paramo grassland ecosystem in the Andes Mountain Range of Ecuador. Twenty-six ti...

Soft ticks (Argasidae) of the Pavlovskyella Pospelova-Shtrom subgenus are important vectors of relapsing fever spirochetes, which are agents of disease globally. South American representatives of the Pavlovskyella subgenus include 3 species: Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) brasiliensis Aragão, Ornithodoros (Pavlovskyella) furcosus Neumann, and Ornitho...

The aim of this work is to report the first detection of Procyon cancrivorus naturally co-infected with Hepatozoon sp. cf. H. procyonis and a novel Anaplasma strain from South America and potential vector tick species associated. On August 30, 2016, a specimen of P. cancrivorus was found dead on the route in Chaco province, Argentina. A tick and a...

The aim of this study was to report tick infestations on wild birds from four Phytogeographic Provinces of Argentina. A total of 1085 birds was captured (124 species, 97 genera, 29 families and 13 orders), and ticks were collected from 265 birds (48 species, 40 genera and five orders). A total of 1469 ticks (1102 larvae, 363 nymphs and 4 females) b...

The aim of this work was to describe the tick community associated to domestic mammals in rural areas from the Yungas lower montane forest of Argentina. The circulation of tick-borne pathogens was also analyzed. Samples of ticks parasitizing cattle, horses, sheep and dogs were carried out in different seasons, and questing ticks were collected from...

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in dogs. It is characterized by the proliferation of neoplastic lymphocytes in the bone marrow, which are morphologically normal (mature), but non-functional. CLL in canines commonly originates in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (TCD8+), and although there is controversy reg...

We aim to provide a harmonized view of the factors that affect the survival and promote the spread of R. microplus in the Neotropics, approaching its different facets of biology, ecology, distribution, and control. We review the interactions among environmental niche, landscape fragmentation, vegetal coverage (abiotic traits), and the biotic aspect...

The major surface protein 1a (MSP1a) gene has been used to characterize Anaplasma marginale genetic diversity. This pathogen causes significant productivity and economic losses to the cattle industry. The objective of the present study was to report the first characterization of A. marginale genetic diversity in Uruguay based on MSP1a genotypes and...

This study addresses the variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA (16S), and nuclear internal transcriber spacer ITS2 (ITS2) genes in a set of purposely collected samples of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) introduced in the Nearctic-Neotropical range (Mexico to Argentina), and in g...

Bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis cause important economic losses in livestock production. In Uruguay, the main aetiological agents of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale. The aim of this work was to describe the outbreaks of bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in northern Uruguay between 2016 a...

The aim of this study was to determine the infection with Rickettsiales in ticks and birds from the main protected urban area of Buenos Aires City (Argentina). One Amblyomma aureolatum (0.2%) and one Ixodes auritulus (0.1%) were positive by PCR targeting Rickettsia 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer. Phylogenetic analysis shows to findings in A. aureola...

In this study two species of soft ticks belonging to the genus Ornithodoros were recorded in three areas in the province of Corrientes, Argentina. Four larvae were identified as Ornithodoros hasei (Schulze, 1935) on Molossus molossus (Molossidae) in Paraje Tres Cerros (Department of San Martín), while 56 larvae were identified as Ornithodoros sp. c...

Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that parasitize most groups of terrestrial or semiaquatic vertebrates. Humans are accidental hosts to the ticks; however, in humans the ticks can cause damages varying from simple irritation to severe allergies, toxicosis, paralysis, and the transmission of pathogens, some of which can be fatal. Central America re...

Tick bites in humans are associated with the transmission of pathogens, anaphylactic shock, paralysis, and secondary infections. In this work we described six cases of tick bites in patients from Panama and Costa Rica. These bites were provoked for adults of Ornithodoros puertoricensis, Amblyomma cf. oblongoguttatum, Amblyomma ovale, and Ixodes cf....

Human ehrlichiosis are scantily documented in Uruguay. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Ehrlichia spp. in Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and in a gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) from Uruguay. The presence of Ehrlichia DNA was investigated in free-living H. juxtakochi in five localities of southeast and northeast Uruguay, as...

In South America, apicomplexan parasites of the genus Hepatozoon have been sporadically detected in mammals. Previous studies in wild canids from Brazil and Argentina demonstrated infections by species genetically related to Hepatozoon americanum. The aim of the present work was to detect the presence of Hepatozoon in road-killed foxes encountered...

This study used a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cox1 gene for the reconstruction of the interrelationship of the adult and larval stages of Spirometra obtained from Cerdocyon thous, Leopardus munoai, Canis familiaris, Didelphis albiventris and Philodryas patagoniensis in Uruguay. The phylogenetic analysis showed that they were grouped with...

Aim Understanding the degree to which closely related taxa diverge in their niche traits could provide insight on their evolutionary patterns, as well as shed some light on the mechanisms underpinning broad‐scale biogeographic patterns. The evolution of ticks was thought to be driven by hosts. However, recent evidence suggests that tick evolution i...

Introduction: Ixodes tropicalis is a little-known tick species reported parasitizing wild rodents only in Colombia and Perú. Objective: To report a case of I. tropicalis infesting a human in the south of the metropolitan area of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia, and to report the molecular detection of Rickettsia bellii in this species. Mat...

The first molecular screening for Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Borrelia, Babesia and Hepatozoon was carried out in questing Ixodes cf. boliviensis and Ixodes tapirus from Talamanca Mountains, Panama, using specific primers, sequencing and phylogeny. Phylogenetic analyses for the microorganisms in Ixodes cf. boliviensis confirmed the presence o...

Based on tick specimens collected recently in Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Brazil, we provide morphological descriptions of the nymph and adults of Ornithodoros clarki Jones & Clifford, 1972 from the first three countries, and the larva and nymph of Ornithodoros rondoniensis (Labruna, Terassini, Camargo, Brandão, Ribeiro & Estrada-Peña, 2008) from...

Rangelia vitalii is a protozoan parasite that causes a hemorrhagic and hemolytic disease in dogs known as rangeliosis. Current reports of the disease are concentrated in the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, as well as in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay, and mainly concern domestic dogs. South American wild canids, such as the crab-eati...

Hepatozoonosis is a parasitic disease caused by Hepatozoon spp. In general, it has a subclinical progression, and its symptoms are associated with an induced immunodeficiency triggered by a concomitant disease. The aim of this study was to detect by PCR the presence of Hepatozoon spp. in domestic cats from Uruguay. A total of 230 blood samples were...

Ornithodoros tabajara n. sp. is described from laboratory-reared larvae and adult specimens collected in the Brazilian Caatinga. This new species shares the ecological niche with Ornithodoros rietcorreai and is likely associated with colonial rodents of genus Kerodon. However, O. tabajara n. sp. is morphologically easy to distinguish from O. rietco...

Ehrlichia are small intracellular Gram-negative bacteria transmitted by ticks. These microorganisms cause ehrlichiosis, a complex of life-threatening emerging zoonoses and diseases of global veterinary relevance. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Ehrlichia in free-living Ixodes auritulus collected in Uruguay. Ticks were colle...

Females, nymphs, and larvae of Ixodes silvanus n. sp. collected from birds and from the vegetation in northwestern Argentina (Yungas Phytogeographic Province) are described herein. The new species belongs to the subgenus Trichotoixodes (Acari: Ixodidae). The female is diagnosed by a combination of the following characters: scutum with setae moderat...

Introduction: Ixodes tropicalis is a little-known tick species reported parasitizing wild rodents only in Colombia and Perú. Objective: To report a case of I. tropicalis infesting a human in the south of the metropolitan area of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia, and to report the molecular detection of Rickettsia bellii in this species. Mat...

Detection of bovine Babesia spp. and Anaplasma marginale is based on the reading of Giemsa-stained blood or organ smears, which can have low sensitivity. Our aim was to improve the detection of bovine Babesia spp. and A. marginale by validating a multiplex PCR (mPCR). We used 466 samples of blood and/or organs of animals with signs and presumptive...

This report describes the finding of soft ticks (Ixodida, Argasidae) parasitizing two Andean flickers (Colaptes rupicola) from the Nuñoa district, Melgar province in Puno, Peru (14°31'11.77"S; 70°32'15.95''W; elevation 3967 m). A total of 29 larval ticks were collected directly from the birds and morphologically identified as Argas neghmei. Diagnos...

Introduction: Ixodes tropicalis is a little-known tick species reported parasitizing wild rodents only in Colombia and Perú. Objective: To report a case of I. tropicalis infesting a human in the south of the metropolitan area of the Valle de Aburrá, Antioquia, Colombia, and to report the molecular detection of Rickettsia bellii in this species. Mat...

Anaplasmataceae includes the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia and Wolbachia, comprising a group of obligate intracellular bacteria. The genus Anaplasma has pathogenic species transmitted by ticks of veterinary and human health importance. Wild ungulates such as deer represent important reservoirs and amplifiers of Anaplasmataceae. The int...

The aim of this work was to report the detection of a putative novel Ehrlichia strain associated with the tick Amblyomma triste. Free-living adult ticks determined as A. triste were collected by drag-sampling in Argentina and Uruguay. Molecular detection of Ehrlichia agents was performed targeting three different loci: 16S rRNA gene, dsb gene and a...

The aim of this study was to assess the presence of Rickettsia in soft ticks (Acari: Argasidae) collected from insectivorous bats (Chiroptera) in Santa Fe province, Argentina. First, a subset of ticks were mounted in Hoyer’s medium to be determined by morphological characters and then confirmed by sequencing the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Also ti...

To obtain information about rickettsial bacteria in ticks of the genus Ixodes from Argentina and Uruguay, specimens of I. fuscipes (previously named as I. aragaoi), Ixodes pararicinus, Ixodes sp. cf. I. affinis, and Ixodes sp. were tested targeting the rickettsial gltA and ompA genes. Rickettsial bacteria was detected in all of these species. Ricke...

El objetivo del siguiente trabajo fue confirmar la presencia de Ehrlichia canis por diagnóstico molecular, a partir de muestras de perros con diagnósticos presuntivos, oriundos de la ciudad de Concordia, provincia de Entre Ríos. ADN fue extraído de 14 muestras de sangre de perros con diagnóstico presuntivo de EMC. Para la detección de ADN de E. can...

Larvae of Ornithodoros knoxjonesi collected at five localities in three countries were studied using morphological and molecular methods to confirm this species’ taxonomic validity. The larva of O. knoxjonesi is characterized as having 14 pairs of dorsal setae, eight pairs of ventral setae, plus a posteromedian seta; an elongate dorsal plate, taper...

The soft tick Ornithodoros peruvianus Kohls, Clifford & Jones, 1969 was described as a parasite of bats in Peru upon the examination of engorged larvae only. Recently, larvae of this tick species were reported on bats from northern Chile. However, the adult and nymphal stages of O. peruvianus have remained undescribed. This study aimed to redescrib...

The purpose of this study was to perform a phylogenetic analysis of Hepatozoon spp. infecting Philodryas patagoniensis in Uruguay. Twenty-five road-killed specimens of P. patagoniensis from ten departments were obtained. Samples of blood and/or heart tissue were taken. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was carried out amplifying a specific targ...

A new argasid (Argasidae) tick is herein described based on morphology and molecular data obtained from larvae parasitizing Octodon degus and from ticks collected inside burrows in northern Chile. Unfed laboratory-reared larvae were mounted in slides for morphometrical and morphological analyses. Larvae of Ornithodoros octodontus n. sp. share morph...

The goal of this study was to clarify the taxonomic status of the Ixodes ricinus complex in the Southern Cone of America, by using morphological characters and molecular markers (mitochondrial 16SrDNA and cox1 genes). The morphological analysis indicates that three different taxa of the I. ricinus complex occur in this region: Ixodes pararicinus, I...

In the southern cone of South America different haplotypes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bbsl) have been detected in Ixodes spp. from Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. So far, Lyme borreliosis has not been diagnosed in Uruguay and the medical relevance of the genus Ixodes in South America is uncertain. However, the growing numbe...

Ticks and transmitted pathogens constitute a major burden for cattle industry in the Neotropics. To address this limitation, the Spanish Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology in Development office (CYTED) supported from 2018 a network of scientists named "LaGar" (CYTED code 118RT0542) aimed at optimizing the control strategies of cattle...

The datasets of records of the distribution of ticks and their hosts are invaluable tools to understand the phylogenetic patterns of evolution of ticks and the abiotic traits to which they are associated. Such datasets require an exhaustive collection of bibliographical references. In most cases, it is necessary the confirmation of reliable identif...

Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844, described from Brazil, has been considered a valid species with records from Brazil and Peru. Ixodes spinosus Neumann, 1899, also described from Brazil, has been considered a synonym of I. fuscipes. In 2014, Ixodes aragaoi Fonseca, 1935 was redescribed as a valid species for Brazil and Uruguay. Until the present study, o...

Introduction: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, is the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen in Europe, where it is mainly transmitted by Ixodes ricinus. This tick also circulates Borrelia miyamotoi, a member of the relapsing fever group of species. Objectives: A longitudinal study was performed to asses...

This study was aimed to know epidemiological aspects of Borrelia spp. in a protected urban area of Buenos Aires city, Argentina, where thousands of people visit this area for recreational purposes. Ticks were collected from vegetation, birds and dogs. Three hundred and forty birds belonging to 43 species, 41 genera, 18 families and six orders were...

Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by parasitic protozoan of genus Leishmania. The typical disease presentations are cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Lesions and progression of each disease vary depending of the Leishmania species. These parasites are transmitted by dipetera...

A new tick species of the genus Ornithodoros (Acari: Argasidae) was described from larvae collected on the toad Rhinella arenarum in a locality from Argentina belonging to the Monte Biogeographic Province. Ornithodoros montensis n. sp. was described based on morphological traits and sequences of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. The diagnostic chara...

Se presenta el primer reporte de Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946 parasitando equinos en Uruguay. Adultos de esta especie de garrapata fueron hallados en un equino junto a Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) en una localidad del departamento de Tacuarembó, con presencia de monte nativo denso y abundante fauna silvestre, como el ciervo g...

Longitudinal study of infection with Borrelia spp. in questing Ixodes ricinus from northwestern Spain

Ixodes ricinus, comprising the predominant tick species in Europe, can transmit important human pathogens, including Borreliella spp., the causal agent of Lyme borreliosis. One hundred and seventy five roe deer hunted in two areas (plateau and mountain) of Galicia (northwest Spain) were examined for the presence of ticks; all roe deer were infested...

Ticks are the major arthropod vectors of animal and human pathogens in Europe; thus, information of tick species and their phenology allows identifying those areas and periods involving a high risk of exposure to particular tick-borne pathogens. In order to assess the diversity of exophilic tick species in north-western Spain, questing ticks were c...

Background The goal of this study was to reassess the taxonomic status of A. maculatum, A. triste and A. tigrinum by phylogenetic analysis of five molecular markers [four mitochondrial: 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, the control region (DL) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1), and one nuclear: ribosomal intergenic transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2)]. In addition, the...

The aim of this work is to report two fatal autochthonous cases of canine trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi, a disease also known as surra, in cross breed dogs used for hunting from two sites of Artigas Department, Uruguay. The cases appeared in the months of September and November of 2017. The clinical signs were anemia, ocular, oral an...

Ornithodoros marinkellei was described from larvae collected on Pteronotus spp. bats in Colombia and Panama. More recently, this tick was reported in the Brazilian Amazon. Because some morphometric differences were observed between O. marinkellei larvae from Colombia and Brazil, it was proposed that further investigations were needed to assess whet...

The aims of this work were to re-describe all parasitic stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, to select and deposit a neotype, and to characterize some of its diagnostic molecular traits. A male of R. sanguineus s.s. collected in Montpellier, France, was designated as neotype. The diagnostic characters unique to the male of R. sanguineu...

Associations with environmental and host parameters were assessed to describe tick parasitism patterns in two medium-sized mammals of the Atlantic rainforest region of Argentina. Ticks found on 93 specimens of Nasua nasua and 26 specimens of Didelphis aurita captured at six sites in the Iguazú National Park were collected. Generalized linear models...

Amblyomma yucumense was recently described from specimens collected in the Turvo State Park, southern Brazil. In search of this tick species, free-living ticks were collected at the Moconá Provincial Park and the Yabotí Biosphere Reserve in Misiones province, Argentina. A total of 594 ticks were collected, of which 448 were Amblyomma brasiliense, 9...

The molecular biology era, together with morphology, molecular phylogenetics, bioinformatics, and high-throughput sequencing technologies, improved the taxonomic identification of Argasidae family members, especially when considering specimens at different development stages, which remains a great difficulty for acarologists. These tools could prov...

Two species of ticks, Rhipicephalus pusillus Gil-Collado and Ixodes ventalloi Gil-Collado are redescribed, their molecular features (16S rDNA) compared with near species, and neotypes named and deposited. The male of R. pusillus is characterized by a smooth dorsal surface, with relatively short marginal grooves, not reaching the eyes and reaching t...

Pulex irritans is the only cosmopolitan flea species and the most studied one within the genus Pulex. It has importance in public health since it commonly parasitizes humans causing dermatitis, and it has been also implicated in the transmission of bacterial pathogens. Pulex irritans has been confused with the closely related Pulex simulans species...

Rickettsia parkeri, a member of the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae, was first confirmed as an etiological agent of human rickettsiosis in 2004. Nearly all cases are characterized by an inoculation eschar, and no fatalities have been reported. In Uruguay, probable human cases of R. parkeri infection (confused initially with R. conorii infecti...

This study was performed to determine the tick species that infest cattle and humans throughout an altitudinal gradient in the Yungas Biogeographic Province of Argentina. The presence of tick-borne bacteria of the genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia and Borrelia in the collected ticks was also evaluated. Samples of ticks parasitizing cattle and humans wer...

An ecological analysis of a tick (Ixodida: Ixodidae) community across a landscape gradient presenting differential anthropogenic disturbance in the Atlantic Forest ecoregion in Argentina was performed. Ticks were collected from vegetation and hosts between September 2014 and August 2016. A total of 12 697 free-living ticks and 3347 specimens from h...

Background: Ixodes ricinus, the predominant tick species in Europe, can transmit the causative agents of important human diseases such as Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by Borrelia spirochetes. In northern Spain, LB is considered endemic; recently, a significant increase of the annual incidence of LB was reported in the northwestern (NW) region. M...

Canine rangeliosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Rangelia vitalii and transmitted by ticks. It affects domestic and wild canines, causing hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. In Uruguay it has been reported in the following counties: Artigas, Salto and Treinta y Tres. The present study describes a canine rangeliosis outbreak in the northwe...

Among the 251 described species of ticks from the genus Ixodes, only eight were previously reported in Brazil, Ixodes amarali, Ixodes aragaoi, Ixodes auritulus, Ixodes fuscipes, Ixodes loricatus, Ixodes luciae, Ixodes paranaensis and Ixodes schulzei. Of those species, I. loricatus is considered commonly found, whereas I. auritulus and I. aragaoi we...

Introducción. Las garrapatas son artrópodos ectoparásitos de mamíferos, aves, reptiles y anfibios, vectores de numerosos patógenos, incluso zoonóticos y emergentes. En Argentina se encuentran numerosas especies de garrapatas duras (familia Ixodidae), muchas de las cuales pueden parasitar al humano. Las áreas urbanas protegidas son ecosistemas prote...

High similarity of morphological traits has historically overshadowed the identities and distributions of poultry-associated soft ticks Argas (Persicargas) miniatus and Argas (Persicargas) persicus in America. In order to model the occurrence of both parasites in the continent, in the current study we performed morphological and molecular analyses...

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) complex includes the agents of Lyme disease/borreliosis in North America, Europe, and Asia, such Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia bavariensis, Borrelia spielmanii, Borrelia bissettiae, and Borrelia mayonii. In 2013 B. burgdorferi s.l. was reported for the first t...

Ticks of the Southern Cone of America: Diagnosis, Distribution and Hosts with Taxonomy, Ecology and Sanitary Importance focuses on the tick species prevalent in The Southern Cone of America, including their distribution, biology, associated pathogens, their effects on the host, and control methods. Based on review of the literature from more than f...