José Delgado Rodrigues

National Laboratory for Civil Engineering | LNEC

Swelling can be defined as the volume increase experienced by any solid body when wetted. Many lithotypes (carbonate rocks, sandstones, igneous rocks) have expansive components in their composition; anhydrite and clay minerals are the two best-known expansive components in stone materials. Swelling strain can be easily quantified and swelling press...

The determination of the drilling resistance of abrasive materials is strongly affec-ted by the continuous and progressive wear suffered by the drill bit tip. In order to have reliable and comparable results, the actual drilling resistance has to be correc-ted for the drill tip abrasion. The paper presents a new methodology to carry out these corre...

Four types of carbonate stones and three consolidation products were used in a systematic study to assess the influence of the application procedures on the amount of product applied, as a primary step to evaluate consolidation treatments. Microdrilling, ultrasonic velocity and flexural resistance were used as performance indicators. The amount of...

The authors propose a way of tackling the difficulty to deal with compatibility, namely on what concerns the aspects linked with the multiplicity of components involved and the diversity of criteria that can be called to integrate an assessment procedure. The paper aims at providing a management instrument having the compatibility model as its cent...

Deterioration patterns are the visible consequences of the impact of environment factors on the stone objects. They depend on the type and severity of the external agents and on the type of substrate and its vulnerabilities. When properly understood, they may serve as key-indicators of the decay processes and of the possible causes of the observed...

The azulejos are one of the most important art forms in the cultural heritage of Portugal. They are composite materials constituted of a ceramic body and a glaze layer where the painting that bears its artistic value is usually incorporated. In the last decades, a general accelerated decay of architectural glazed ceramics has been observed, namely...

Scientific production in stone consolidation and stone conservation in general is overwhelming, but there is a persistent feeling that it is too specific, complex or distant from reality to arouse the interest of professionals who work directly on conservation problems. This feeling is translated as a gap between science and practice, possibly an e...

The Arch of Septimius Severus, in richly decorated Pentelic marble, was erected in the Roman Forum in 203 CE by the Senate to celebrate the victories of its namesake Emperor against the Parthians. It consists of three arches, framed by Corinthian columns with plinths featuring Roman soldiers with Parthian prisoners; the campaigns of Septimius again...

The study of consolidation treatments is carried out under distinct contexts and perspectives that aim to achieve different objectives; therefore, it is logical that several working methodologies and reporting styles may exist. The development of a new product or a new treatment protocol should aim to prove its effectiveness and define, in general...

Assessing the suitability of a treatment to be applied to a stone surface with severe loss of cohesion is always a major challenge; few satisfactory options have been proposed and sufficiently demonstrated, and the guiding principles on how to test, evaluate and decide on a stone consolidation treatment are still insufficient to be of real help to...

Lioz is a listed heritage stone, widely represented in monuments, built heritage and ornamental objects in Portugal, especially in the Lisbon area. It is also abundantly found in Brazil in monuments from the colonial period. It is a very compact stone of very low porosity and high strength. The best varieties are carving quality and exhibit excelle...

This chapter deals with basic considerations about stone consolidation and aims to advance thoughts and clues to help professionals bridge the gap between science and practice. Scientific literature and personal experience serve to support and interpret the complex and intricate difficulties raised by practical consolidation needs. The reasons for...

RESUMO Os estudos preparatórios das intervenções em património são etapas essenciais que requerem investimentos significativos para identificar os problemas, para encontrar as causas que lhes deram origem e para definir as medidas que podem ajudar a resolvê-los, ou a minimizá-los. Esta fase pode revelar-se bastante complexa, pela diversidade de pro...

RESUMO O artigo apresenta uma breve explicação sobre o mecanismo de Liesegang, cujos pressupostos se verificam no sistema formado pela argamassa de cal aérea em fase de carbonatação, sustentando que essa carbonatação se processa segundo aquele mecanismo. O artigo é ilustrado com diversas situações de rebocos de cal com padrões de Liesegang caracter...

RESUMO A World Monuments Fund Portugal (WMFP) apoia intervenções em património desde a década de 1990. As suas acções têm sido dirigidas, embora não exclusivamente, a património classificado, de que são exemplos a Torre de Belém, o Mosteiro dos Jerónimos e a estátua equestre a D. José I, em Lisboa. A WMFP participa nestas intervenções como principa...

Stone consolidants have been extensively used for the preservation of historical structures since the 19th century. However, their true effectiveness in practice is often a source of debate, largely because of known cases where badly chosen treatments were unsuccessful, or even caused an accelerated degradation of the substrate. Researchers have th...

Liesegang rings have been noticed in laboratory experiments with lime mortars but very few references mention their presence in mortars exposed outdoors. To date, authors have linked the occurrence of Liesegang patterns to mortars prepared with long matured limes, but here we show that very coarse and poor quality lime mortars may also develop simi...

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is a decision-support tool that allows strategy comparisons without the need for monetising expected outcomes. Since benefits to be gained in heritage contexts are inherently difficult to price, a CEA may provide valuable support to the allocation of cultural heritage preservation resources. Nevertheless, its appli...

This volume is the result of three years of research and prototype activity performed in the framework of the Horizon 2020 STORM project. Together with twenty organisations comprising the final phase of the pilots, this book forms one of the last initiatives of the Consortium which is briefly presented in the poster reproduced in the last pages of...

The consolidation of soft limestones has since long been practiced by using various products applied by different procedures, both for laboratory conditions and as real conservation actions. However, the actual performances of these consolidants have always left doubts, mostly as regards to their long-term – and, in some situations, short-term – be...

Calcium ethoxide nanosuspension, a consolidating product developed during the European Nanomatch project, is here modified by adding two different solvents, 2-butanol and n-butylacetate, chosen for their different boiling points with respect to ethanol, the solvent employed in a previous work to dilute the original product. Fourier transform infrar...

This study compares the consolidation efficiency and compatibility of three selected alkoxysilanes on two porous carbonate and silicate substrates. Emphasis was given to artificially induced microstructural defects and subsequent restoration of mechanical and physical properties. Two newly engineered formulations (1) a TiO2 modified tetraethyl-orth...

The majolica technique is an Islamic heritage whose technology flowed from the Middle East to Iberia, then to Italy, where it evolved and flowered during the Renaissance, and from there back to Spain and to Antwerp from where it irradiated throughout Europe. In decadence as an art medium in the second half of the 16th century, majolica had a surpri...

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) may constitute a valuable decision-support tool to allocate cultural heritage preservation resources, allowing policy comparisons without the need to monetise the expected outcomes which, in heritage contexts, are largely made of non-use values and inherently difficult to price. Nevertheless, its application in the...

The manufacture of faience tiles was reproduced and replicas were fired in different conditions to recognize the morphology of the glaze and interface with the biscuit for comparison with 16th century Portuguese azulejos

Kandovan historical village, located in the vicinity of Osku town, is one of the most important attractive Geoheritage sites in East Azerbaijan province in Iran, thanks to the hewn-cut houses from Sahand Mountain. The rocky architecture of Kandovan, from a geological point of view, is on the surfaces of a thick Ignimbrite layer, which, due to natur...

The combination of multiple physical, chemical and biological factors causes the weathering of limestone used in the field of cultural heritage. To overcome the limitations of traditional consolidating products and to meet the requirements of the historical building substrates, during the European collaborative project NANOMATCH, alkaline earth alk...

The chapter deals with works of rehabilitation, conservation and restoration of the Convent of St. Francis in Évora Portugal between 2014 and 2015. All areas of the church and all the materials contained in it were intervened, including the building itself which underwent structural rehabilitation. A multidisciplinary team of researchers, technicia...

Two lime mortars were treated under laboratory conditions to assess the potential effectiveness of three consolidation treatments performed with: an ethyl silicate, a nanolime and a solution of barium hydroxide. The consolidation products were applied by direct contact capillarity. The duration and number of applications were adapted to the specifi...

Resumo:A conservação de monumentos é uma área de interesses profissionais múltiplos, lida com problemas de índoles muito diversas, exige abordagens muito versáteis e adaptativas para resolver problemas que frequentemente não encaixam em conceitos normalizados, e funciona com incertezas mal aceites pela legislação e práticas correntes em actividades...

ResumoOs calcários muito porosos estão presentes em muitos objectos e construções de valor cultural e os problemas que frequentemente apresentam são de muito difícil resolução. O artigo faz uma breve resenha sobre os problemas e sobre os principais métodos que têm sido propostos para repor a coesão em zonas muito afectadas pela deterioração. A cons...

ResumoO artigo faz um enquadramento da utilização das rochas graníticas na construção de património cultural, em especial na vertente das obras de arquitectura, e analisa algumas especificidades destes materiais que os tornam singulares em termos do seu comportamento em obra. Abordam-se os aspectos relativos ao seu carácter poliminerálico e às form...

The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, is a masterpiece of the sculptor Joaquim Machado de Castro. It weights over thirty eight tons and was made in a single casting by Bartolomeu da Costa in a copper alloy (brass). After over two centuries exposure, the statue presented an unappealing heterogeneous appearance and showed some deterioration...

The equestrian statue of D. José I, in Lisbon, Portugal, stands on an elegant and decorated plinth fashioned in a very dense limestone. The sculptor, Joaquim Machado de Castro, designed the pedestal with colossal stone pieces and selected one of the best Portuguese stones for this purpose, the Lioz limestone. The same stone was also used for the fl...

Resumo A conservação do património pode ser pensada como um processo de gestão da mudança que ocorre continuamente sobre um objecto patrimonial com o objectivo de manter e/ou aumentar a significância deste último. A mudança que afecta este tipo de objectos pode ser de natureza muito diversa e ocorrer de forma mais ou menos acelerada, consoante o co...

Tangible heritage is the support of some of the most relevant and perennial values of Mankind. It connects us with History, projects us to past environments and to lost cultural contexts, includes landmarks of our identity and constitute relevant economic assets. Therefore tangible heritage has intangible aspects inextricably associated to it, and...

O presente livro de actas reúne os resumos das comunicações apresentadas ao Congresso Ibero-Americano “Património, suas matérias e imatérias” realizado em Lisboa, nas instalações do LNEC, nos dias 2 e 3 de novembro de 2016. Os artigos completos estão disponíveis em formato electrónico. O extenso número de comunicações recebidas cobrem uma vasta gam...

Drilling resistance measurements made on soft mortars or other soft and very heterogeneous materials are difficult to interpret due to the extreme irregularity of values caused by the high contrast of strength between the binding matrix and the hard aggregates. Direct comparison of drilling graphs is usually difficult and even impossible. To overco...

Knowledge of current conservation materials and methods together with those adopted in the past is essential to aid research and improve or develop better conservation options. The infill and painting of tile lacunae are subjected to special requirements mainly when used in outdoor settings. A selection of the most commonly used materials was under...

Differential erosion is a deterioration pattern common in stone and mortars exposed to environmental agents. The differential morphology is usually determined by specific intrinsic characteristics. The case analysed here corresponds to a peculiar situation of rhythmic precipitation inside lime mortars following a physical process designated as Lies...

The restoration materials currently used to fill gaps in historical architectural tiles (e.g. lime or organic resin pastes) usually show serious drawbacks in terms of compatibility, effectiveness or durability. The existing solutions do not fully protect Portuguese faïence tiles (azulejos) in outdoor conditions and frequently result in further dete...

This paper presents some examples of recent experiences carried out with a portable instrument, the DRMS device (Drilling Resistance Measurement System), for the assessment of consolidation performance. This method has been utilized successfully on the study of consolidation effect of some commercial products when applied on carbonate stones and wa...

The paper focuses on the study of barium hydroxide applied to two high porosity limestones from Portugal (Ançã stone, with 27% porosity) and Italy (Lecce stone, with 37% porosity), both in the laboratory and on site. The results show that barium hydroxide acts both through carbonation with atmospheric CO2 and by replacing calcium for barium in the...

A procedure is proposed to assess the compatibility of cleaning actions to be carried out upon built heritage. This procedure was designed as a semi-quantitative (in)compatibility risk assessment, where the vulnerability of the substrate to cleaning, the aggressiveness of the cleaning method and the substrate/method synergies are factors considered...

Volumetric and chromatic reintegration is one of the most important but challenging treatments in conservation of in situ glazed tiles due to the need to protect them from water intrusion and further deterioration despise the demanding conditions and requirements needed in outdoor exposure. A set of six infill pastes based on aerial lime, hydraulic...

The evaluation of nano-particle based products to protect granite surfaces from water absorption is presented. Wettability, water absorption, drying behaviour and water vapour transfer were considered as the most relevant parameters for this evaluation. The effect of the application methods on the final performance was also tested. The results allo...

Nos processos exemplares de intervenções sobre o património, as estratégias de acção devem ter como referência os valores identificados sobre o objecto/sítio. Esta premissa, além de expressão do simples bom senso, tem conteúdo substantivo e expressão formal em documentos como as directivas da UNESCO o a Carta de Burra que a designam como "Declaraçã...

Moisture causes severe and recurring anomalies in the built heritage, but removing it from the solid and thick masonry walls of old constructions is not easy, especially when soluble salts are present. These salts crystallize during drying, may harm the materials and their aesthetics. Moreover, the salts themselves and the alterations they cause af...

Two carbonate stones and one granite in two alteration stages were treated with silanes and polysiloxanes to study the influence of the support, the relevance of the amount of product applied and the stability in time of the initial water repellent effect. This study shows that the support and the amount of product applied influence the initial eff...

The evaluation of nano-particle based products to protect granite surfaces from water income is presented in this paper. Wettability, water absorption, drying behaviour and water vapour transfer were considered as the most relevant parameters for this evaluation. The effect of the application methods on the final performance was also tested. The re...

Here, we investigated the potential of laser removal of iron-rich dark films from weathered granite substrates, which represents a very difficult conservation problem because of the polymineralic nature of the stone and of its complex deterioration mechanisms. As often occurs, biotite was the most critical component because of its high optical abso...

The aim of this research work was to test the influence of stone properties, consolidation product, and application procedure on the potential harmfulness of consolidation on carbonate stones as assessed 1 through the impacts on colour and water absorption kinetics. This article contributes to understanding the immediate and delayed impacts of cons...

Abstract This communication work reports the laboratory experiments with a nanolime product applied to the highly porous limestone currently used in Portuguese architectural heritage. The tests aimed at evaluating the short-term efficacy of the product to induce a mass consolidation effect. Other substrates were also tested for comparative purposes...

The PRODOMEA 8-phase model is a Decision Support System (DSS) that aims at tackling with the diversity of conditions, materials, methods and disciplines involved in monument conservation interventions by accompanying planners through conceiving, designing and execution phases, suggesting recommended actions and key actors for each phase. For most r...

CerAzul aims to study, evaluate and optimize the treatments used in the conservation and restoration of architectural tiles (azulejos). The interventions that will be considered in more detail are the consolidation of the ceramic matrix, the re-adhesion of the glaze and biscuit fragments, and the volumetric reintegration of azulejo lacunae. The sci...

Sumário: Com esta comunicação pretende-se dar uma visão geral sobre as principais técnicas e materiais utilizados para o restauro do património azulejar em Portugal. Pretende-se fazer o ponto de ligação da prática com a investigação científica que existe nesta ou em áreas afins. E por fim é objetivo introduzir o projeto CerAzul e o plano delineado...

Abstract This paper presents the results of an investigation of the action of water on granitic materials consolidated with commercial formulations of ethyl silicates. Three types of actions were tested in the laboratory: • cycles of temperature and humidity • long-term water immersion • cycles of absorption followed by drying of liquid water Ultra...

Le Palais national de Queluz a été construit entre le XVIIe et le XVIIIe siècle. Le Palais baroque comprend quelques constructions de grande qualité architecturale et est particulièrement connu pour la relation intime existant entre les bâtiments et les jardins contigus qui sont agrémentés d’une centaine de statues, bustes, socles et piédestaux, va...

This article demonstrates the importance of treatment application procedures on the consolidation effectiveness obtained by comparison of the results obtained using three different consolidants on four carbonate stone types, and proposes a general methodology for assessing the potential effectiveness of consolidants in laboratory conditions. It str...

ABSTRACT. The usual practice for eliminating biocolonization from stone statues in outdoor conditions has been the application of a biocide and subsequent cleaning. However, the cleaned condition is a transient state, and recolonization is inevitable. The recolonization rates can vary significantly as a function of the local and regional environmen...

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the action of water on granitic materials consolidated with commercial formulations of ethyl silicates. Three types of actions were tested in the laboratory: • cycles of temperature and humidity • long-term water immersion • cycles of absorption followed by drying of liquid water Ultrasound mea...