José-Miguel Fernandez-Dols

José-Miguel Fernandez-Dols
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid | UAM · Faculty of Psychology

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116
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Publications

Publications (116)
Article
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A pesar del creciente interés por la grima en los últimos años debido a su relevancia como una emoción culturalmente específica del ámbito español, aún desconocemos en gran medida su delimitación con respecto a la emoción del asco. En esta investigación abordamos la comprensión de las experiencias de grima mediante una metodología que combina enfoq...
Preprint
This is an unfinished version A series meta-analysis examined differences in moral foundations between men and women for the first time. A dataset involving 141 published and non-published articles (k = 232, N = 569,317) comprising samples from more than 45 countries, was built. Results show first that gender differences ranged from non-significant...
Article
Proxies should not be classified as failures or successes because, in most cases, they are impossible translations of abstract, polysemous goals to supposedly univocal concrete measures. The “success” or “failure” of a proxy does not depend on its actual accuracy as a valid indicator of goal attainment, but on a social system's willingness to maint...
Article
Full-text available
Past research has shown that disgust is a heterogeneous category and lacks unity in its defining features. In the two studies reported in this paper, we examined the internal structure of disgust in English, and its translation equivalents of asco in Spanish, Ekel in German, garaf in Arabic, and yanwu in Chinese. In Study 1, 517 participants listed...
Article
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Replies to the comments made by Witkower, et al. (see record 2023-63008-004) on the current authors original article (see record 2022-03375-001). A core assumption of Basic Emotion Theory is that the conscious experience of a basic emotion co-occurs with a facial expression signal of that same emotion. Our analysis of available evidence found co-oc...
Article
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That basic emotions produce a facial signal would-if true-provide a foundation for a science of emotion. Here, random-effects meta-analyses tested whether happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise each co-occurs with its predicted facial signal. The first meta-analysis examined only those studies that measured full expressions through...
Article
Full-text available
Pretendemos mostrar que uma ideia geralmente valorizada (“mundo justo”), nomeadamente no contexto financeiro, quando expressa por pessoas comuns, se torna paradoxalmente num sinal de imoralidade quando expressa pela elite financeira. Participantes de Portugal e Espanha leram o caso fictício (inspirado em acontecimentos reais) de “George M.”, um mem...
Article
The Spanish term grima refers to the aversive emotional experience typically evoked when one hears, for example, a scratch upon a chalkboard. Whereas Spanish speakers can distinguish between the concepts of grima and disgust, English and German speakers lack a specific word for this experience and typically label grima as disgust. In the present re...
Article
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Significance Humans often use facial expressions to communicate social messages. However, observational studies report that people experiencing pain or orgasm produce facial expressions that are indistinguishable, which questions their role as an effective tool for communication. Here, we investigate this counterintuitive finding using a new data-d...
Article
On the assumption that shame is a universal emotion, cross-cultural research on shame relies on translations assumed to be equivalent in meaning. Our studies here questioned that assumption. In three studies (Ns, 108, 120, 117), shame was compared to its translations in Spanish (vergüenza) and in Malayalam (nanakedu). American English speakers used...
Preprint
Do emotions result in their predicted facial expressions? A meta-analysis examined the indices of coherence of the six most studied expressions of emotion (happiness or enjoyment, surprise, disgust, sadness, anger and fear) using a random effects model. Effect sizes were low on both of the two most popular measurements of coherence: correlations be...
Article
Full-text available
No abstract available for this commentary.
Article
Although almost everybody has experienced the unpleasant sensation evoked by hearing a scratch on a board or plate, surprisingly little research has been devoted to it. Whereas this emotional experience is known in Spanish as grima, it is typically labeled as disgust by English and German speakers. We hypothesized that grima and disgust would diffe...
Article
Full-text available
People experience an unpleasant sensation when hearing a scratch on a board or plate. The present research focuses on this aversive experience known in Spanish as ‘grima’ with no equivalent term in English and German. We hypothesized that this aversive experience constitutes a distinctive, separate emotional concept. In Study 1, we found that the a...
Article
Full-text available
Significance Humans interpret others’ facial behavior, such as frowns and smiles, and guide their behavior accordingly, but whether such interpretations are pancultural or culturally specific is unknown. In a society with a great degree of cultural and visual isolation from the West—Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea—adolescents interpreted a gasping...
Article
Full-text available
We report 2 studies on how residents of Papua New Guinea interpret facial expressions produced spontaneously by other residents of Papua New Guinea. Members of a small-scale indigenous society, Trobrianders (Milne Bay Province; N = 32, 14 to 17 years) were shown 5 facial expressions spontaneously produced by members of another small-scale indigenou...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
As a highly social species, humans regularly exchange sophisticated social signals to support everyday life and the functioning of wider society. One of the most important aspects of social interaction is communicating negative (i.e., pain) and positive (i.e., pleasure) internal states. Although pain and pleasure are diametrically opposite concepts...
Article
Full-text available
That all humans recognize certain specific emotions from their facial expression-the Universality Thesis-is a pillar of research, theory, and application in the psychology of emotion. Its most rigorous test occurs in indigenous societies with limited contact with external cultural influences, but such tests are scarce. Here we report 2 such tests....
Article
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Since Darwin, emotions have been defined as adaptive reactions that increase the probability of survival. In this framework, a situation in which individuals fight for their life with an imposing, aggressive animal should be an ideal elicitor of emotions and their corresponding facial expressions. We tested the correspondence between the facial exp...
Chapter
This chapter focuses on the recognition of basic emotions through facial expression, challenging some of the commonsense assumptions related to this research para- digm. In the first section, we review the concepts that constitute this field: “emo- tion”, “recognition”, “facial expression”, and “universality”. In the second section, we discuss the...
Article
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Which is the strongest predictor of Duchenne smiles? Is it emotion or sociality? Two field studies on the production of facial behavior by winning judo fighters (N = 174) are presented, testing if judo fighters smiled while being happy or while they were engaged in social interaction with the audience. Our studies simultaneously meet important meth...
Article
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The recognition of emotion in children poses one of the most interesting problems for researches in this field. Current results provide a contradictory pattern on the development of the use of expressive and contextual cues to recognize emotions. The solution probably lies on a better charaterization of the contexts in which the expression takes pl...
Article
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Resumen Tres grupos de estudiantes universitarios se enfrentaron a un caso escrito en el que debían juzgar algunos de sus personajes. Dichos casos escritos representaban una situación justa (Grupo Control 1), una situación injusta (Grupo Control 2) y una situación con los rasgos definidos por Fernández-Dols (1992) como «norma perversa»: una norma e...
Article
Full-text available
El presente informe analiza la expresión emocional de los ciegos congénitos mediante una codificación muscular de los movimientos faciales. Esta expresión, de carácter más voluntario, es semejante a la de los videntes. En cambio, los sujetos invidentes tienen una expresividad menor y menos diferenciada en las poses voluntarias. Los resultados, que...
Article
Resumen La literatura clásica sobre control social ha insistido en que la aplicación de la ley en ambientes complejos se enfrenta a numerosos problemas prácticos y contradicciones que pueden llevar a decisiones arbitrarias y el incumplimiento de ciertas normas. Basándose en las hipótesis del Modelo) de Norma Perversa (Fernández-Dols, 1992), hemos c...
Article
Individuals can follow their moral norms, or opt for a means-end, consequentialist reasoning, in which a valuable consequence (e.g., to save the lives of five people) justifies the tolls incurred even if they clash with basic moral principles (e.g., to kill one person). Psychological distance gives rise to an abstract representation of actions that...
Article
Full-text available
Do basic emotions produce their predicted facial expressions in nonlaboratory settings? Available studies in naturalistic settings rarely test causation, but do show a surprisingly weak correlation between emotions and their predicted facial expressions. This evidence from field studies is more consistent with facial behavior having many causes, fu...
Article
For more than a century expressions have been approached as bidimensional, static, instantaneous, self-contained, well-defined, and universal signals. These assumptions are starting to be empirically reconsidered: this special section of Emotion Review includes reviews on the physical, social, and cultural dynamics of expressions, and on the comple...
Presentation
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Three hundred and thirty three Spanish, North American, British and Argentinean students were requested to define “procedure” after reading one of three vignettes (Tyler and Caine, 1981; Brockner, et al., 2007; Van den Bos et al., 1998) that described fair and unfair procedures in academic grading, job salary payment, or housing assignment. A conte...
Article
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Changes in dictionary definitions over time reflect the way in which the degree of centrality of the features of the everyday concepts shame and vergüenza has changed, hence presenting different degrees of overlap between the categories at different times. We present a lexicographic analysis of the concepts shame and vergüenza in English and Spanis...
Chapter
Social platforms such as MySpace, Facebook and Twitter have rekindled the initial excitement of cyberspace. Text-based, computer-mediated communication has been enriched with face-to-face communication such as Skype, as users move from desktops to laptops with integrated cameras and related hardware. Age, gender and culture barriers seem to have cr...
Article
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We analyzed the facial behavior of 100 volunteers who video-recorded their own expressions while experiencing an episode of sexual excitement that concluded in an orgasm, and then posted their video clip on an Internet site. Four distinct observational periods from the video clips were analyzed and coded by FACS (Facial Action Coding System, Ekman...
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicología Básica, Social y Metodología, 1992 Bibliografía: p. 163-178
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, 1988 Bibliogrfía: p. 170-184
Article
We question two conceptual assumptions made by Niedenthal et al.: the dichotomy between true and false smiles and the close tie between recognition and experience of emotion. An excessive dependence on everyday language suggests overly parsimonious accounts of a complex set of relations between smile, experience, and context.
Article
Classic literature on social control has emphasised that law-enforcement in complex social environments is plagued by practical problems and contradictions that can lead to arbitrary decisions and to breaking some norms. The aim of the study was to test Perverse Norm Model's (Fernandez-Dols, 1992) hypotheses in a law-enforcement professional group....
Article
Full-text available
We conducted three studies aimed at showing that one-to-one translations between emotion terms might be comparing independent or barely overlapping categories of emotional experience. In Study 1 we found that the speakers' most accessible features of two supposedly equivalent emotions terms (shame and vergüenza) were very different. In Study 2, Ame...
Article
Full-text available
The failure to recognize the influence of two distinct forms of moral norms can lead to the misattribution of moral behavior to egoistic motives. This is illustrated in the research of Batson and his colleagues (e.g., Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997). They reported the appearance of moral failure and hypocrisy motivation in...
Article
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This article examines the importance of semantic processes in the recognition of emotional expressions, through a series of three studies on false recognition. The first study found a high frequency of false recognition of prototypical expressions of emotion when participants viewed slides and video clips of nonprototypical fearful and happy expres...
Article
Many everyday collective emotions are shared emotional conventions, that is, social practices with an attributed emotional meaning (e.g., complimenting as a sign of conventional love). Emotional conventions lead to a collective priming of some categories of emotion. For example, New Year Eve's emotional conventions prime words such as “happy.” We d...
Article
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The authors investigated the structure of goal contents in a group of 1,854 undergraduates from 15 cultures around the world. Results suggested that the 11 types of goals the authors assessed were consistently organized in a circumplex fashion across the 15 cultures. The circumplex was well described by positioning 2 primary dimensions underlying t...
Article
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Culture of peace is an exciting and important political proposal, but the extent to which it might be a coherent and fruitful concept in the realm of social sciences is arguable. In our view, there are three basic problems for the development of empirical studies on culture of peace. First, the concept takes for granted that culture is static and c...
Article
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A flurry of theoretical and empirical work concerning the production of and response to facial and vocal expressions has occurred in the past decade. That emotional expressions express emotions is a tautology but may not be a fact. Debates have centered on universality, the nature of emotion, and the link between emotions and expressions. Modern ev...
Article
Kraut and Johnston (1979) found surprisingly few smiles in large samples of bowlers and hockey fans during happy events--unless they were simultaneously engaged in social interaction. A limitation of their studies is that there was no direct test of subjects' actual emotional experience at the moments in which they were observed. This article repor...
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita leida en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicología Social y Metodología. Fecha de lectura : 27 de junio de 2003 Bibliogr.: h. 233-246
Article
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Observers are remarkably consistent in attributing particular emotions to particular facial expressions, at least in Western societies. Here, we suggest that this consistency is an instance of the fundamental attribution error. We therefore hypothesized that a small variation in the procedure of the recognition study, which emphasizes situational i...
Chapter
This book contains essays in honour of Melvin J. Lerner, a pioneer in the psychological study of justice. The contributors to this volume are internationally renowned scholars from psychology, business, and law. They examine the role of justice motivation in a wide variety of contexts, including workplace violence, affirmative action programs, help...
Article
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This chapter examines the relation between the Five-Factor Model of personality and momentary affect in five languages, based on a pooled sample of 2070 (Ns = 535 for English, 233 for Spanish, 487 for Chinese, 450 for Japanese, 365 for Korean). Affect is described with a two-dimensional space that integrates major dimensional models in English and...
Article
In four experiments, 120 subjects had to judge and reward the performance of players in a game. When no player fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects gave rewards arbitrarily or favored their friends among the players; when some players fulfilled the norm of the game, subjects made fair judgments, rewarding the players who fulfilled the norm, and...
Article
Hemos estudiado como cuatro variables ("probabilidad percibida de castigo formal", "desaprobación social", "legitimidad" y "convencionalismo") determinan el cumplimiento o la transgresión de las normas. Se analizó la percepción de cumplimiento de seis normas específicas en 298 hombres y mujeres de tres países (España, Estados Unidos y Chile). Se co...
Article
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Describes the development of a tool to measure momentary affect in a Spanish speaking population, evaluated the generalizability of an integrated structure of momentary affect found with English-speaking Canadians to Spanish-speaking Ss, and conducted a cross-language comparison on the connections between affect and personality. The authors develop...
Article
We measured facial behaviors shown by participants in a laboratory study in which a film was used to elicit intense emotions. Participants provided subjective reports of their emotions and their faces were recorded by a concealed camera. We did not find the coherence claimed by other authors (e.g., Rosenberg & Ekman, 1994) between the displayed fac...
Article
This reference work provides broad and up-to-date coverage of the major perspectives - ethological, neurobehavioral, developmental, dynamic systems, componential - on facial expression. It reviews Darwin's legacy in the theories of Izard and Tomkins and in Fridlund's recently proposed Behavioral Ecology theory. It explores continuing controversies...
Chapter
This reference work provides broad and up-to-date coverage of the major perspectives - ethological, neurobehavioral, developmental, dynamic systems, componential - on facial expression. It reviews Darwin's legacy in the theories of Izard and Tomkins and in Fridlund's recently proposed Behavioral Ecology theory. It explores continuing controversies...
Chapter
This reference work provides broad and up-to-date coverage of the major perspectives - ethological, neurobehavioral, developmental, dynamic systems, componential - on facial expression. It reviews Darwin's legacy in the theories of Izard and Tomkins and in Fridlund's recently proposed Behavioral Ecology theory. It explores continuing controversies...
Article
Full-text available
All facial behavior displayed by 22 Olympic gold medalists during their awards ceremonies was codified. The awards ceremony contains one stage in which the medalist interacts with others and two noninteractive stages. Observers (including 10 other gold medalists) judged the emotional experience of the gold medalists to be intense happiness througho...
Chapter
In the 1970’s, when the study of nonverbal behavior was having its “renaissance”, field studies on spontaneous facial expressions had some audience (e.g., Birdwhistell, 1970), but they were soon substituted by experimental studies (see Ekman, 1972). Since then, field studies on spontaneous facial expressions of emotion have been very rare. To the b...
Book
In Everyday Conceptions of Emotion, prominent anthropologists, linguists and psychologists come together for the first time to discuss how emotions are conceptualised by people of different cultures and ages, speaking different languages. Anger, fear, jealousy and emotion itself are concepts that are bound up with the English language, embedded in...
Article
Según el concepto de «norma perversa» (Fernández-Dols, 1993), la importancia de los amigos y los conocidos en la sociedad española no es debida a un mayor colectivismo sino a graves disfunciones en las organizaciones burocráticas que impulsan a buscar conocidos cuando debemos gestionar una cuestión formal pero no en contextos informales. El present...
Article
We report two studies which attempt to explain why some researchers found that neutral faces determine judgments of recognition as strongly as expressions of basic emotion, even through discrepant contextual information. In the first study we discarded the possibility that neutral faces could have an intense but undetected emotional content: 60 stu...
Article
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El presente informe analiza empíricamente uno de los efectos más importantes de las normas perversas (Fernández-Dols, 1992): su capacidad para crear una mayor tolerancia a la corrupción entre las personas que la sufren. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo un cuestionario en el que un grupo de 123 sujetos (66 conductores y 57 no conductores) evaluaban el...
Article
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Ekman, Friesen and Ellsworth's (1982b) influential review on emotional expression and context prescribed the current standard criteria for selecting clear and comparable faces and contexts. These recommendations might not pay enough attention to the peculiarities of contextual information. Criteria of clarity for contextual stimuli should be ground...
Article
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El presente artículo trata sobre las hipótesis teóricas que se derivan de un nuevo concepto: el de norma perversa. Una norma perversa es una norma social explícita, y sujeta a sanciones, que no es respetada. Se presentan una serie de casos y datos empíricos que ilustran los efectos psicosociales de este fenómeno: por una parte procesos de influenci...
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, 1992 Bibliografía: p.196-215
Article
Previous research has shown that harmony-enhancing procedures for conflict resolution are endorsed more in collectivist than in individualist societies, whereas the reverse is true for confrontational procedures. However, this result is derived from comparing Western with Eastern societies, leaving the possibility that it may be caused by a variety...
Article
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INTRODUCCION «Escabroso» significa áspero, lleno de tropiezos, peligroso, al borde de lo inconveniente. El término «escabroso» es, indudablemente, atractivo. Parece su-gerir el anuncio de transgresiones que no suelen dejarnos indiferentes. Esa opi-nión no ha sido, sin embargo, el motivo de este título. Lo que trato de subrayar aquí es una dimensión...
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Psicología, Departamento de Psicología Social,, 1992
Article
This paper explores the feasibility of three possible causes for the higher influence of expressive information compared to context information on the ascription of emotions: lack of biographical experience in situations described by the contextual information (Experiment 1), lack of instruction on categorizing contexts in terms of words that descr...
Article
Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Psicología, 1990
Article
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En el presente estudio se examinan las contribuciones relativas de la expresión facial y el contexto situacional al reconocimiento de emociones. Tras la evaluación independiente de ambas fuentes de información, los sujetos juzgaron distintas combinaciones que variaban en su grado de congruencia. Aunque los resultados indican una preponderancia de l...
Article
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Since the Asch experiments, the study of the relationship majority vs. minority has been focus ed in terms of the compliance with or deviance from the norm. In this papera interactional point of view for the study of the group is proposed; the group, such as is posed in Asch paradigm, would he a social microestructure in which individuals struggle...
Article
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This article analyses the implication of James�s theory with the perspective of a century and widely studies the concept of emotion and its psychologic and epistemologic significances. The article presents also the main principles of the theory of James-Lange and the theory of Canon, opossed to the James-Lange one, as well as those theories placed...
Article
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Se realizó una observación controlada de las conductas motoras y pautas posturales de individuos en una situación experimental desagradable (paradigma de Milgram modificado) e individuos en una situación neutra (grupo de control). Los resultados muestran diferencias entre ambos grupos tanto en posturas como en pautas motoras. Se indica el interés d...
Article
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Desde los estudios pioneros de Asch en la década de los cincuenta, el interés por la conformidad y la influencia social ha suscitado varias líneas de investigación y nuevas concepciones dentro del ámbito de la Psicología Social. En los años sesenta los estudios sobre los procesos de conformidad sienten la necesidad de explicar la bidireccionalidad...

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