Jose MIguel Martin-Martinez

• University of Alicante

Dynamic non-covalent interactions between polycarbonate soft segments have been proposed for explaining the intrinsic self-healing of polyurethanes synthesized with polycarbonate polyols (PUs) at 20 °C. However, these self-healing PUs showed insufficient mechanical properties, and their adhesion properties have not been explored yet. Different PUs...

Polyurethanes (PUs) synthesized with blends of polycarbonate and polyester polyols (CD+PEs) showed intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. The decrease in the polycarbonate soft segments content increased the self-healing time and reduced the kinetics of self-healing of the PUs. The percentage of C-O species decreased and the ones of C-N and C=O species i...

Polyurethanes (PUs) with self-healing at 20 °C, acceptable mechanical properties and high adhesion were synthesized by using blends of polycarbonate polyols of molecular weights 1000 and 2000 Da (CD1000 + CD2000). The structural, thermal, rheological, mechanical and adhesion (single lap-shear tests) properties of the PUs were assessed. The length o...

Different polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized with polycarbonate polyols of molecular weights 500, 1000 and 2000 Da. Their self-healing abilities at 20 °C were tested and their structural, thermal, and mechanical properties were analyzed. The PUs made with polycarbonates of molecular weights 500 (YC500) and 1000 Da (YC1000) exhibited self-healing...

Two polyurethanes (PUs) were similarly synthesized by reacting a cycloaliphatic isocyanate with 1,4 butanediol and two polyols of different nature (polyester, polycarbonate diol) with molecular weights of 1000 Da. Only the PU synthesized with polycarbonate diol polyol (YCD) showed intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. For assessing the mechanism of intr...

Two polyurethanes (PUs) were similarly synthesized by reacting a cycloaliphatic isocyanate with 1,4 butanediol and two polyols of different nature (polyester, polycarbonate diol) with molecular weights of 1000 Da. The PU made with polycarbonate diol polyol (YCD) was the only showing intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. For assessing the mechanism of in...

Two polyurethanes (PUs) were similarly synthesized by reacting a cycloaliphatic isocyanate with 1,4 butanediol and two polyols of different nature (polyester, polycarbonate diol) with molecular weights of 1000 Da. The PU made with polycarbonate diol polyol (YCD) was the only showing intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. For assessing the mechanism of in...

There are no previous studies on the interactions between polyols of different nature as a model for understanding the interactions between soft segments in PUs. In this study, different blends of two polyols of different natures (polyester—PE, and polycarbonate diol—CD) and similar molecular weights were prepared and their structural, thermal, sur...

Good dispersion of nanosilica particles in waterborne polyurethane was obtained by mild mechanical stirring when 0.1–0.5 wt.% nanosilica in aqueous dispersion was added. The addition of small amounts of nanosilica produced more negative Z-potential values, increased the surface tension and decreased the Brookfield viscosity, as well as the extent o...

In this study, physical and electrostatic interactions existing between poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber were proved as a promising strategy for preparing novel lightweight PLA/PET fiber composites, without the need of adding compatibilizer or carrying out chemical/physical treatments to the fiber. The impact res...

Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were synthetized with blends of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) and poly(1,4-butylene adipate) (PAd) polyols, diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4-butanediol (BD) chain extender; different NCO/OH ratios were used. The structure and viscoelastic properties of the TPUs were assessed by infrared spectroscopy,...

Waterborne poly(urethane urea)s (PUDs) containing graphene derivatives with different morphologies and surface polarities were synthesized via in situ polymerization by using the acetone method. Small amounts (0.04–0.30 wt.%) of graphene oxide (GO), graphite nanoplatelets (GP) or milled graphite (MG) were mixed with polyadipate of 1,4-butanediol po...

Small amounts—0.04 wt.%—graphene oxide derivatives with different surface chemistry (graphene oxide—GO-, amine-functionalized GO—A-GO-, reduced GO—r-GO) were added during prepolymer formation in the synthesis of waterborne poly(urethane urea) dispersions (PUDs). Covalent interactions between the surface groups on the graphene oxide derivatives and...

Mixtures of polyadipate of 1,4-butanediol polyol and different small amounts (0.01–0.10 wt%) of graphene oxide (GO) were added during the synthesis of waterborne polyurethane urea dispersions (PUDs) carried out with the acetone method. The addition of 0.02–0.04 wt% GO increased the T-peel strength of plasticized poly (vinyl chloride)/PUD/plasticize...

This chapter is one of the very few reviews in the existing literature on shoe bonding and is mainly focussed in providing an updated overview of the upper-to-sole bonding by means of adhesives. Because the previous chapter of this book on shoe bonding (Martín-Martínez, 2005 [1]) dated from 2005, it is timely to give an updated revision in which th...

Dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) internal emulsifier has been added before, during and after prepolymer formation in the synthesis of waterborne poly(urethane-urea)s (PUDs) and their structure–properties relationships have been assessed. PUDs were characterized by pH, viscosity and particle size measurements, and the structure of the poly(urethane-u...

New thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane) (TPUs) pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) have been synthesized with the prepolymer method by reacting methylene diisocyanate, different blends of polyether diols—poly(propyleneglycol) (PPG) and poly(tetramethylene ether glycol) (PTMEG)—and 1,4-butanediol chain extender; different NCO/OH ratios have been used...

New thermoplastic poly(ether-urethane)s (PUs) with different hard segments (HS) contents (13.9–24.4% by weight) intended for pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) have been synthesized by reacting different blends of polyether diols of different molecular weights – poly(propyleneglycol) (PPG) of molecular weight 2000 Da and poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTH...

Coatings made of waterborne polyurethane dispersions are a promising alternative to solvent-borne ones but their mechanical and thermal properties under harsh outdoor conditions such as high temperature and humidity are somewhat limited. In this work saturated polyesters (PBA) with different molecular weights (800–2600 g/mol) were synthesized by re...

The structure and properties of poly(ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate)s (pECNs) cured at 25 °C during 24 hours, and post-cured at different temperatures (45-90 °C) and times (2-6 hours) were studied. Irrespective of the post-cure conditions, pECN was not fully polymerized and two different structures of different molecular weights and topographies were obtain...

Several hot-melts (HMAs) were prepared by using blends of ethylene-co-n-butyl acrylate (EBA) and ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers - EBA/EVA. HMAs were prepared with mixtures of EVA copolymers with 18 (EVA18) and 27 (EVA27) wt% vinyl acetate contents and EBA copolymer with 27 wt% n-butyl acrylate, polyterpene resin and mixture of microcrys...

New more simple and easier strategy for synthesizing thermoplastic polyurethane pressure sensitive adhesives (TPU PSAs) has been proposed. Thus, the properties of the TPU PSAs were adjusted by fixing the NCO/OH ratio to 1.1 and varying the content of the hard segments by mixing high molecular weight and low molecular weight polyether polyols during...

Biocompostable composites based of ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer were prepared by using a twin‐screw extruder. The compatibility between EVA/starch composites were improved either by addition of polyethylene‐grafted maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MA), or by reactive extrusion with maleic anhydride (MA) and benzoyl peroxide. The crystallinity of...

For improving the adhesion property of ethylene-co-n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) at ambient temperature, binary blends of EBA with 27 wt% n-butyl acrylate and different amounts (20–62 wt%) of low molecular weight hydrogenated glycerol rosin ester (ECH) resin have been prepared. The addition of glycerol rosin ester resin decreased the crystallini...

Ar:O2 low pressure plasma (Ar:O2 LPP) surface treatment is proposed for increasing the surface energy and improve the adhesion of wood-polyethylene composite. The treatment time was varied between 20 and 90 s and the configuration of the shelves inside the plasma chamber (direct and secondary downstream) was also changed. Ar:O2 LPP treatment during...

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) have poor adhesion properties due to their high surface concentration in non-polar polymers. In this work, two different plasma surface treatments, low pressure plasma (LPP) and atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ), are proposed to increase the surface energy and adhesion property of WPC made with polyethylene (PE-W...

Several waterborne polyurethane urea dispersions (WPUUs) were prepared by mixing different amounts of two waterborne polyurethane urea dispersions made with polyester (WPUU-Polyester) and polycarbonate diol (WPUU-PCD). Their crystallinity, thermal, rheological, viscoelastic and adhesion properties depended on the segmented structure and degree of p...

Due to the good strength and similar toughness of epoxy resins, vinyl ester resins are widely used as thermoset adhesives in structural adhesive joints and as composites for different industrial applications. However, vinyl ester adhesives are difficult to cure completely under environmental conditions, even after long periods of time because of ge...

New hybrid waterborne polyurethane/acrylate (WPUA) dispersions were synthesized by grafting with bi-sphenol-A-glycidyl dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) in order to create chemical bonds between polyurethane and polyacrylate chains. WPUAs were prepared by using prepolymer self-emulsifying method with isophorone dii-socianate, poly(tetramethylene ether) glyc...

Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) coatings with pressure sensitive adhesion property were synthetized by reacting 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with 1,4-butanediol and mixtures of polypropylene glycols (PPGs) of different molecular weights (1000 and 2000. Da). Good tack at 10-37. °C was obtained in PU coatings prepared with PPG2000 + PPG100...

Waterborne polyurethane urea dispersions (WPUUs) intended for coatings and adhesives were synthesized with mixtures of polyester polyol (PE) and polycarbonate diol (PCD) for combining the advantages of the polyurethane ureas made with pure polyols. WPUUs made with mixtures of polyols had higher mean particle size and lower viscosity than the ones m...

The paper deals with the improvement of adhesion, abrasion resistance, and aging of polyurethane coatings made with polycarbonate diol (PCD) intended for internal pipelines. The influence of the polyol nature on the properties and aging resistance of polyurethane coatings synthesized at laboratory scale using polyether glycol and PCD is determined....

The paper deals with the improvement of adhesion, abrasion resistance, and aging of polyurethane coatings made with polycarbonate diol (PCD) intended for internal pipelines. The influence of the polyol nature on the properties and aging resistance of polyurethane coatings synthesized at laboratory scale using polyether glycol and PCD is determined....

Because of the surfaces of wood-plastic composite (WPC) materials are enriched in polymers of low surface energy, they exhibit low adhesion properties. UV/ozone is proposed as surface treatment for increasing the surface energy and adhesion of WPC materials made with different polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride). UV lamp-W...

Because of the low polarity of the polymers used for manufacturing wood plastic composites (WPCs), they have low surface energy and their adhesion properties are limited. In this study, the surface modification with atmospheric pressure rotating plasma jet (APPT) of several WPCs made with different polymers is proposed as an environmentally friendl...

Several thermoanalytical methods were used to assess the compatibility of EBA (copolymer of ethylene and n-butyl acrylate) hot melts containing tackifiers of different nature (pentaerythritol rosin ester, polyterpene resin, aliphatic hydrocarbon resin, aromatic hydrocarbon resin, and cycloaliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbon resin). The influence of the...

Different amounts (0.1–5wt%) of graphite nanoplatelets (GNs) were added to vinylester (VE) for improving the properties of the composites cured at 25°C. The addition of 0.1wt% GN only increased the Tg and the thermal stability of the composite cured at 25°C. Furthermore, the addition of GN increased both the tensile strength and elongation-at-break...

The surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were modified by treatment with an atmospheric pressure rotating plasma jet (APPJ) and the surface modifications were studied to assess its hydrophilicity and adhesion to acrylic adhesive tape intended for medical applications. Furthermore, the extent of hydrophobic recovery under different stor...

Recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber has been used as reinforcing filler for unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) in order to obtain UPR/PET fiber composites. Different loadings of PET fibers (5-18 phr-parts per hundred parts of resin) of different average lengths (2-3 to 20 mm) were added to the UPR. The mechanical properties of the UPR/PE...

Comparative performance of suture and cyanoacrylate adhesives of different alkyl chain length for wound healing were compared in-vivo in New Zealand White rabbits. The alkyl chain length of the cyanoacrylate adhesive determines its effectiveness in tissue repair. The n-butyl cyanoacrylate (BCN) adhesive is very aggressive on the rabbit skin due to...

Solar selective paints, with the addition of Co3O4 as a pigment, are used to improve energetic efficiency in solar collectors. Although Co3O4has been obtained by different methods, references about combustion synthesis are scarce. Co3O4 powders have been synthesized by stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric routes using aspartic acid (Asp) or tri-hy...

Different aliphatic waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were synthesized by using different polyols (Mw: 1000 Da) of randomly copolymerized polycarbonate diols with hexamethylene and pentamethylene (C6–C5), tetramethylene (C6–C4) and trimethylene (C6–C3); these copolymers differed in the length of the methylene groups and the structural regu...

Ethylene n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) instead of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) can be used as the base polymer for hot melts. The lower polarity of EBA should affect differently the compatibility with the wax and the tackifier as compared to EVA. In this study the compatibility, tack and viscoelastic properties of EBA copolymer-pentaer...

Surface treatment of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a rotative nozzle atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was reported. Operating conditions were optimized by statistical design of experiments, using water contact angle and XPS as response variables; OES (optical emission spectroscopy) was used for plasma diagnosis. The nozzle-PDMS distance an...

Vulcanized rubber (L3 rubber) containing intentionally noticeable excess of processing oils in its formulation was treated with Argon–Oxygen (Ar–O2) (2:1, vol/vol) low-pressure (LP) plasma for achieving a satisfactory level of adhesion to waterborne polyurethane adhesive. The effectiveness of the Ar–O2 LP plasma treatment of L3 rubber depended on b...

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film was treated with RF low-pressure plasmas (LPPs) made of mixtures of oxygen and argon for increasing surface polarity, minimizing hydrophobic recovery (i.e. retard ageing) and increasing adhesion to acrylic adhesive tape for medical use. Statistical design of experiments has been used for determining the most influen...

Different mixtures of thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) with different amounts of nanometric carbon black (CB) were prepared by mechanical stirring in organic solvent, and their thermal, rheological, viscoelastic and mechanical properties were investigated. The rheology of the PU-CB mixtures in methyl ethyl ketone was optimized, allowing good dispers...

Sutures and cyanoacrylate high strength tissue adhesives are commonly used for wound closure in several surgical applications. Although effective for closing simple and small incisions, cyanoacrylate adhesives were limited by compromising adhesion and stiffness, i.e. cyanoacrylates with short alkyl chain length showed higher adhesion but lower flex...

Wax determines the compatibility of tackifier and polymer in hot melt adhesives. Although the influence of the addition of microcrystalline and Fischer-Tropsch waxes on the properties of ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) hot melts has been studied, the addition of polypropylene wax has not been considered yet. In this study, different polypropylene w...

Vinyl ester (VE) resins are widely used as thermoset adhesives in structural joints and composites, but complete curing under environmental conditions is not produced. The existing literature dealing with the effect of post-curing on the structure, viscoelastic, mechanical, and adhesion properties of VE resin is scarce. Therefore, in this study, VE...

An excess of processing oil was intentionally added in the formulation of vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber for analyzing the effect on the treatment with UV radiation combined with ozone (UV-ozone) in improving the adhesion to waterborne polyurethane adhesive in footwear. Due to the excess of processing oil in the rubber, poor adhesion was expec...

Cyanoacrylate adhesives have been widely used in surgery and general material adhesion from a long time and their polimerization and adhesion mechanisms have been widely studied. However, degradation and biodegradation mechanisms of the cyanoacrylates have not been sufficiently studied making necessary the generation of biodegradation and bioassimi...

Four carbon blacks with different specific surface areas and surface chemistries (C32, C71, C159 and C178) were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K. Their surface chemistries were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal gravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (...

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) - calcium carbonate interactions were studied using flow micro-calorimetry (FMC) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). FMC enabled the determination of adsorption and desorption energies; in this study a model compound approach was used to acquire insight in to the effect of calci...

Several nanosilicas with different degree of hydrophobicity were prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) by using the sol-gel method. Two modifiers, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) and 1,1,1,3,3,3–hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), were added during the synthesis. The nanosilicas were added to commercial biopolymer (Hexamoll Dinch, BASF) intend...

Sutures have traditionally been considered the preferred choice for the mechanical closure of tissue injuries. However, suturing implies an additional trauma to the wound. The search for a quick, painless method with good aesthetic results has prompted a number of publications and studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of synthetic tissue ad...

Interactions between nano-scale filler particles (precipitated calcium carbonate, carbon black and fumed silica) and model compounds (dimethyl adipate and butan-2-one) are quantified using flow micro-calorimetry (FMC) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRFTIRS). Carbonyl groups of dimethyl adipate interact strongly wit...

Three waterborne polyurethane dispersions derived from polyester, polyether and polycarbonate diols with molecular weight of 1000 Da were synthesized by the acetone method and used as coatings on stainless steel 304 plates. The properties of the dispersions and the polyurethane films were influenced by the polyol nature. The polyurethanes obtained...

Waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were synthesized with polycarbonates of 1,6-hexanediol of different molecular weight (500–3000 Da) and their properties, adhesion (Hatch adhesion) and coatings on stainless steel properties (Pencil hardness, Persoz hardness, gloss at 60°, chemical resistance, yellowness index) were characterized. The hatch...

The properties of composites depend mainly on the interfacial interactions between filler and matrix that can be related to the adhesion between filler and polymer matrix. In this study the work of cohesion between the carbon black particles - Wcoh - and the thermodynamic work of adhesion - Wa - between four carbon blacks of different specific surf...

Different polyurethane sealants were prepared by reacting methylene dyísocyanate and polyadipate of 1,4 butane diol (Mw : 2500 daltons) by using the prepolymer method and different mixtures of rosin and 1,4 butane diol were used as chain extenders. The polyurethanes were characterized by plate-plate rheology, molecular weight distribution, Differen...

The properties of ethyl, n-butyl, and n-octyl cyanoacrylate (OCN) monomer and polymer intended as adhesives for wound closure have been studied and compared. The cyanoacrylate adhesives were characterized by IR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By increasing the length of the alky...

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers intended for sport sole manufacturing may contain noticeable amounts of polyethylene (LDPE) for improving abrasion resistance and decrease cost; however, this blend (EVA–PE) had low polarity and showed poor adhesion. In this study an effective environmentally friendly and fast surface treatment based on UV–oz...

Hydrogels are considered promising for disc regeneration strategies. However, it is currently unknown whether the destruction of the natural interface between nucleus and surrounding structures caused by nucleotomy and an inadequate annulus closure diminishes the mechanical competence of the disc. This in vitro study aimed to clarify these mechanis...

Two fumed silicas, one hydrophilic and another hydrophobic, were added to a two-component polyurethane (PU) adhesive and their properties compared. The filled polyurethanes were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and water and diiodomethane contact an...

Three ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with different vinyl acetate (VA) contents (28-40 wt%) were mixed with rosin ester and polyterpene resin tackifiers in a 1 : 1 (weight/weight) ratio. The rheological and thermal properties of the tackifiers were determined and the use of rheological measurements as a precise way to measure the softening...

Two ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers (12 and 20 wt% of vinyl acetate,VA, content) have been treated with low pressure RF plasmas from non-oxidizing gases (Ar, N2) and oxidizing gases (air, a mixture of 4N2: 6O2 (v/v), O2 and CO2). The formation of polar moieties on both EVAs was more noticeable by treatment with plasmas from non-oxidizing ga...

Because of the low molecular weight of some additives (e.g., antiozonants) in the vulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) formulation, they are able to migrate and diffuse to the surfac creating a weak boundary layer which is deleterious to adhesion. However, the factors favouring or inhibiting the migration of antiozonants to the vulcanized SBR...

Waterborne polyurethane adhesives are an interesting alternative to the current solvent-borne polyurethane adhesives used in the industry. Different aliphatic waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) with different solids content were synthesised by reacting isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with a polycarbonate derived from hexanediol via the aceto...

Precipitated calcium carbonate filler (PCC) was added to a thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive (TPU). The addition of PCC produced a moderate increase in the rheological and viscoelastic properties of TPU due to the poor dispersion of filler (i.e. found to be clusters) and the weak interactions between the PCC nanoparticles and the polymer chains....

The objective of this work was to synthesize nanosilicas with different degree of hydrophobicity by the sol-gel method, using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a precursor. For this purpose, 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) and 1,1,1,3,3,3 - hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), were added during synthesis as modifiers. A commercial biopolymer (Hexamoll Dinch,...

Three different configurations of RF low-pressure oxygen plasmas were used to modify the surface of vulcanized styrene-butadiene rubber. Direct, etching and downstream oxygen plasma treatments of the rubber were carried out for length of treatment between 1 and 10min. The oxygen plasma treated rubber surfaces were characterized by ethylene glycol c...

In this study, a novel approach based on ATR-IR spectroscopy consisting in the combined use of two prisms of different nature and refraction index (germanium—about 1μm depth and zinc selenide—about 3μm depth) was proposed to study the polyurethane–rubber interface. More precisely, the migration of paraffin wax additive in as-received and MEK cleane...

Adhesives have been used in the footwear industry as an alternative to sewing or application of nails, staples or tacks to bond several parts of the shoes, the most critical bonding is the upper to sole bonding. However, as a limitation, the bonding with adhesives in shoe industry needs a severe control of all steps involved in the formation of the...

Three waterborne polyurethane dispersions derived from polycarbonate of hexanediol (PCD) with molecular weight of 1000Da were synthesized by the acetone method and used as coatings for stainless steel plates. Different hard segments content in the polyurethanes were obtained by varying the isocyanate/macroglycol (NCO/OH) molar ratio. A decrease in...

In this study, an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) thin coating containing styrene monomer has been used to consolidate Brown Emperor natural stone pieces. Different amounts (0.5–2 wt%) of nanoclay was added to reduce shrinkage during cure and to impart both stiffness and toughness. The uncured UPR–nanoclay hybrids were characterized by rotational...

Three nanosilicas with different particle sizes were added to a polyurethane adhesive (PU). The filled adhesives were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and contact angle measurements. Adhesive strength was evaluated...

The rheological, mechanical and adhesion properties of thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive (TPU) containing natural ultramicronized or precipitated nanometric calcium carbonate filler were compared. Precipitated calcium carbonate addition did not noticeably improve the rheological properties of filled TPU with respect to the effect produced by addi...

Vulcanized rubbers contain different low molecular weight additives in their formulation, including antiozonants, plasticizers, oils, etc. These moieties – mostly paraffin wax – often migrate to the surface causing a weak boundary layer of non-rubber contaminants which is deleterious for adhesion of rubber to adhesives (such as polyurethane and pol...

This chapter constitutes one of the very few reviews in the existing literature on shoe bonding, and it gives an updated overview of the upper to sole bonding by means of adhesives. The surface preparation of rubber soles and both the formulations of polyurethane and polychloroprene adhesives are described in more detail. The preparation of adhesiv...

The formulation of commercial rubbers contains different additives. Because of the low molecular weight of some additives (antiozonants, plasticizers, soaps, etc), they often migrate and diffuse to the rubber surface. As a consequence, a weak boundary layer of non-rubber contaminants is produced which is deleterious for adhesion. This work was cond...

Two solutions in ethyl acetate (EA) containing 3wt% trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCI) from two different suppliers having different active chlorine contents were used as chemical surface treatment of a vulcanized styrene–butadiene (SBR) rubber. The amount of active chlorine in the TCI solutions was evaluated by iodine titration. The changes produced...

Waterborne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs), with possible use as adhesives, derived from polycarbonate diols (PCDs) were evaluated. The influence of the NCO/OH ratio and particle size distribution on the properties of both the aqueous dispersions and dry films were evaluated.The polydispersity of the PUD was increased by increasing its hard segment...