José Carlos Rodríguez Alcantud

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José Carlos verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• PhD in Mathematics
• Professor at University of Salamanca

The voting rule considered in this paper belongs to a large class of voting systems, called "range voting" or "utilitarian voting", where each voter rates each candidate with the help of a given evaluation scale and the winner is the candidate with the highest total score. In approval voting the evaluation scale only consists of two levels: 1 (appr...

The philosophy of soft sets is founded on the fundamental idea of parameterization, while Pawlak's rough sets put more emphasis on the importance of granulation. As a multivalued extension of soft sets, the newly emerging concept called N-soft sets can provide a finer granular structure with higher distinguishable power. This study offers a fresh i...

This paper introduces and investigates ranked hesitant fuzzy sets, a novel extension of hesitant fuzzy sets that is less demanding than both probabilistic and proportional hesitant fuzzy sets. This new extension incorporates hierarchical knowledge about the various evaluations submitted for each alternative. These evaluations are ranked (for exampl...

Sufficientarianism is a prominent approach to distributive justice in political philosophy and in policy analyses. However, it is virtually absent from the formal normative economics literature. We analyze sufficientarianism axiomatically in the context of the allocation of 0–1 normalized well‐being in society. We present three characterizations of...

This paper introduces complemental fuzzy sets, explains their semantics, and presents a subclass of this model that generalizes intuitionistic fuzzy sets in a novel manner. It also provides practical results that will facilitate their implementation in real situations. At the theoretical level, we define a family of $\mathfrak {c}$ -complemental...

Soft set theory builds on the idea of a parameterized family of subsets of a universal set, where for each pertinent characteristic, any specific member of the universe either satisfies it or not. The concept of an N-soft set sharpens this model with the aid of multinary parameterized descriptions; that is, N-soft sets categorize the options in ter...

This paper introduces a novel numerical characteristic of hesitant fuzzy soft sets called their scored-energy. We introduce this concept as a combination of two very different tools, namely, scores of hesitant fuzzy elements and singular values of a (not- necessarily square) matrix. The latter idea replicates the concept of energy or nuclear norm o...

Occupational noise is one of the most significant disadvantages of industrialization. The impact of noise pollution on workers results in hearing loss and a variety of other problems. Precautions should be taken to protect workers from the harmful effects of occupational noise. In this study, we propose a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM...

This article produces a blend between the fields of time discounting and fuzzy integrals. By exploiting the mathematical properties of the Sugeno capacities, we can produce a Choquet integral that simultaneously is subadditive and coincides with either the exponential or hyperbolic discounting additive formulas in the evaluation of individual time...

The topic of mixing the weighted average means (WAM) and ordered weighted average (OWA) operators has been studied in agonizing detail. It has become one of the most prominent ways to extend OWA operators. Mixed indices using both approaches must use two vectors of weights. Whereas the focus of weights associated with WAM is on the values, the weig...

Presented at the 2024 edition of the conference "Mathematical Modelling in Engineering & Human Behaviour" The Book of Abstracts is freely available

The topic of mixing the weighted average means (WAM) and ordered weighted average (OWA) operators has been studied in agonizing detail. It has become one of the most prominent ways to extend OWA operators. Mixed indices using both approaches must use two vectors of weights. Whereas the focus of weights associated with WAM is on the values, the weig...

This paper synthesizes and analyses relevant data at multiple levels (i.e., multi-scale information systems or MSIS) by fusing social network (SN) and three-way decision (TWD). It enables us to effectively address the complexity and uncertainty intrinsic to rich decision making environments. In addition, in group decision making (GDM) it is likely,...

Soft set theory, initially introduced through the seminal article “Soft set theory—First results” in 1999, has gained considerable attention in the field of mathematical modeling and decision-making. Despite its growing prominence, a comprehensive survey of soft set theory, encompassing its foundational concepts, developments, and applications, is...

These slides present the use of two operational transformation techniques –that represent each interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number by two intuitionistic fuzzy numbers– for the smooth aggregation of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs), and for multi-attribute decision making. Prioritizations are made by comparison laws th...

We describe a bounded rationality approach for indecisive choice behavior, in which all, some or none of the items in a menu may be selected. Choice behavior is s-pluralist if there is a population of voters —encoded by arbitrary binary relations— such an item is selected from a menu if and only if it is endorsed by a share of voters larger than s....

This article investigates the use of two operational transformation techniques –that represent one interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number by two intuitionistic fuzzy numbers in a constructive manner– for the smooth aggregation of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, and for multi-attribute decision making in this framewok. Decisions a...

Granular computing, an attractive branch of artificial intelligence, focuses on constructing, processing and communicating information granules. Although various useful structures involving fuzzy sets, rough sets and their extensions have been discussed in relation to this literature, there is still a research gap regarding the connections between...

This paper proposes a multi-attribute group decision-making methodology that takes advantage of a new weighted geometric mean aggregation operator on intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs). To this purpose, first, we define the intuitionistic fuzzy direct weighted geometric operator on IFNs, then we prove that it is a representable intuitionistic aggr...

The proliferation of extensions of intuitionistic fuzzy sets makes it difficult to compare properties between different models for decision making. We shall approach this topic in the framework of interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. In this respect, the aim of this work is twofold. At a theoretical level, we prove two theorems that transform...

This paper revolves around the notion of score for hesitant fuzzy elements, the constituent parts of hesitant fuzzy sets. Scores allow us to reduce the level of uncertainty of hesitant fuzzy sets to classical fuzzy sets, or to rank alternatives characterized by hesitant fuzzy information. We propose a rigorous and normative definition capable of en...

Multi-criteria decision analysis with multiple agents provides tools for the research and development of intelligent applications. The solution strategy depends largely on the structure of the data. In this paper we propose a decide-then-merge approach to the problem of multi-agent multi-criteria decision-making when each individual data comes in t...

In fuzzy large group decision making methods, an effective clustering method can greatly reduce the complexity of decision making, and it is an important ingredient for reaching a group consensus. In this paper, a novel fuzzy large group decision making method is established using three-way clustering and an adaptive exit-delegation mechanism. Trad...

Interesting insights into uncertain multi-attribute decision-making systems have come from the theory of hesitant fuzzy sets. Outputs become more reliable when a decision-maker is not forced to produce one single assessment in the presence of hesitation. Hesitancy in fuzzy environments grants more flexibility to the decision-maker, therefore enhanc...

This chapter presents 2-tuple linguistic bipolar fuzzy sets, a new strategy for the modelization uncertainty that incorporates a 2-tuple linguistic term into bipolar fuzzy sets. This model will enable us to provide new insights in decision making. Their operational rules will be used to define the 2-tuple linguistic bipolar fuzzy weighted averaging...

In this chapter, we consider bipolar fuzzy numbers for the expression of bipolar, non-exact data. In order to impose some structure on them, we focus our attention on trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers and the particular case of triangular bipolar fuzzy numbers. However some experts opt for submitting linguistic expressions of their assessments in s...

The previous chapters have been dedicated to extend the scope of two known Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques, namely, TOPSIS and ELECTRE methods. This chapter deeply explores another well-known technique for solving the same problem, namely, the VIKOR method. In order to analyze the bipolar model from a different viewpoint in this mo...

This chapter aims to deliver a new multiple-criteria decision making model, namely, the bipolar fuzzy ELECTRE II method, by combining the traits of bipolar fuzzy sets with the ELECTRE II technique. The proposed approach can successfully address the imprecision of bipolar fuzzy information. This method examines the strong and weak outranking relatio...

The theory presented in this chapter, incredibly provides a multi-skilled framework for the bipolar fuzzy modeling of inconsistent human interpretations. This remarkable model addresses the bipolar abstruseness of two-dimensional inexact data. Moreover, some fundamental and elementary concepts relevant to the presented theory are introduced. The pr...

A new version of the PROMETHEE method using bipolar fuzzy information is presented in this chapter. Consequently, it is named as the bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method. The proposed method accepts the initial assessments via bipolar fuzzy linguistic terms expressed by trapezoidal bipolar fuzzy numbers.

In this chapter, we present various methods for solving multi-criteria decision making problems involving bipolar measurements with positive and negative values. They are attractive because we focus on two fundamental methods in the broad field of multi-criteria decision making, namely, Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solut...

This monograph examines some theoretical and practical advancements in multicriteria decision making. The primary objective of multicriteria decision making is to establish organized approaches for optimizing feasible options and to provide rationale for designating certain alternatives as "optimal". However, decision-making often occurs in uncerta...

This article presents the circular Pythagorean fuzzy set (C-PFS) model, a generalization of the circular intuitionistic fuzzy set model that improves its performance thanks to the acclaimed extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets to Pythagorean fuzzy sets. Then, we generalize C-PFSs to produce the novel disc Pythagorean fuzzy sets (D-PFSs). The cons...

This article defines ranked soft sets and establishes their fundamental theory. This new model of uncertain knowledge is a non‐numerical yet powerful improvement of soft sets. The model relies on a qualitative improvement of the basic parameterized description posed by soft sets. We define relations between ranked soft sets and some existing models...

This paper fosters both uniform spaces and way below relations with an innovative analysis of their mutual relationships. A new concept of uniform spaces based on a way below relation (LB-fuzzifying uniform space, or LBFU space, for short) will be introduced and investigated. With this aim, first some fundamental concepts in L-fuzzifying topologica...

Many scholars have been challenged by multi-attribute group decision-making problems that have stimulated the appearance of increasingly general models. Pythagorean fuzzy sets were a reaction by Yager who in 2013, suggested this model to improve the performance of intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Another hybrid model-soft expert sets-deals with uncertain...

The role of experts in decision-making is highly significant. The soft expert set (SES) is yet another milestone, as it plays a vital role in generalizing soft set theory. Soft expert set is creative and original because it involves more than one expert. This served as a driving force behind the creation of the current work. The present paper gener...

Connectivity is among the most essential concerns in graph theory and its applications. We consider this issue in a framework that stems from the combination of m-polar fuzzy set theory with graphs. We introduce two measurements of connectedness of m-polar fuzzy graphs that we call their connectivity and average connectivity indices. Examples are g...

The generalized three-way decision (G3WD) theory is featured by a trisecting-acting-outcome paradigm. Experiments in psychology and economics have indicated that risky decision-making problems should take into account the psychological characteristic of agents. Moreover, the loss of information acts as a serious challenge in G3WD. Thus, exploring v...

This paper contributes to the field of supra-soft topology. We introduce and investigate supra pp-soft Tj and supra pt-soft Tj-spaces (j=0,1,2,3,4). These are defined in terms of different ordinary points; they rely on partial belong and partial non-belong relations in the first type, and partial belong and total non-belong relations in the second...

The primary goal of this research article is to apply ELECTRE I, a fundamental multi-criteria group decision-making technique, in an m-polar fuzzy N-soft environment. This new methodology helps us to pinpoint the best alternative(s) in the presence of multi-polar options with N-graded qualities. Its basic operational idea entails the comparison bet...

Many models of uncertain knowledge have been designed that combine expanded views of fuzziness (expressions of partial memberships) with parameterization (multiple subsethood indexed by a parameter set). The standard orthopair fuzzy soft set is a very general example of this successful blend initiated by fuzzy soft sets. It is a mapping from a set...

This paper extends the literature on fuzzy PROMETHEE, a well-known multi-criteria group decision-making technique. The PROMETHEE technique ranks alternatives by specifying an allowable preference function that measures their deviations from other alternatives in the presence of conflicting criteria. Its ambiguous variation helps to make an appropri...

We describe a model that explains possibly indecisive choice behavior, that is, quasi-choices (choice correspondences that may be empty on some menus). The justification is here provided by a proportion of ballots, which are quasi-choices rationalizable by an arbitrary binary relation. We call a quasi-choice $s$-majoritarian if all options selected...

These slides refer to the authors' ongoing research about a bounded rationality model (majoritarian balloting). Particularly, the slides are concerned with a presentation at Saarbrucken (Germany) that explains these ideas and poses questions for future research.

The need for multi-attribute decision-making brings more and more complexity, and this type of decision-making extends to an ever wider range of areas of life. A recent model that captures many components of decision-making frameworks is the complex $ q $-rung picture fuzzy set (C$ q $-RPFS), a generalization of complex fuzzy sets and $ q $-rung pi...

This paper addresses a foundational aspect of imprecision in information and knowledge. It makes a convincing case that convexity can take part in the progress of rough set theory in finite settings. To this purpose we resort to convex geometries, which constitute a special type of coverings that abstract many combinatorial features of convexity. W...

Fuzzy orders, especially T-preorders, can express the vague priority over a list of alternatives. The cardinal consistency of such relations is achieved through the T-transitivity condition, while the ordinal consistency of the final decision at a given threshold α∈(0,1] is not guaranteed by the T-consistency. This paper investigates the problem of...

Slides for a webinar held at UOKAJK, Pakistan

Despite the importance of divergence measures, the literature has not provided a satisfactory formulation for the case of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS). This paper criticizes the existing attempts in terms of respect of the basic axioms of a divergence measure. Then, new improved, axiomatically supported divergence measures for IFSs are proposed....

This article contributes to the advancement and evolution of outranking decision-making methodologies, with a novel essay on the ELimination and Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE) family of methods. Its primary target is to unfold the constituents and expound the implementation of the ELECTRE II method for group decision making in complex Pythago...

This paper presents the first detailed analysis of the semantics of N-soft sets. The two benchmark semantics associated with soft sets are perfect fits for N-soft sets. We argue that N-soft sets allow for an utterly new interpretation in logical terms, whereby N-soft sets can be interpreted as a generalized form of incomplete soft sets. Application...

This work improves the theoretical basis of N-soft sets and insists on their practical applications in a multi-agent context. N-soft sets characterize the alternatives in terms of multinary descriptions by attributes. We argue that unlike the basic example of soft set theory, N-soft sets are amenable to various interesting approaches in relation to...

Hesitant Pythagorean fuzzy sets represent a successful generalization of Pythagorean fuzzy sets that embeds the benefits of hesitation. As such they enable the practitioner to incorporate vague data and information very effectively. We take advantage of this feature in the procedure of risk evaluation in failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). T...

This paper attempts to forward both soft topology and fuzzy soft topology with a pioneering analysis of their mutual relationships. With each soft topology we associate a parameterized family of fuzzy soft topologies called its t -pushes. And each fuzzy soft topology defines a parameterized family of soft topologies called its t -throwbacks. Differ...

Decision-making methods play an important role in the real-life of human beings and consist of choosing the best options from a set of possible choices. This paper proposes the notion of complex Fermatean fuzzy N-soft set (CFFNSf S) which, by means of ranking parameters, is capable of handling two-dimensional information related to the degree of sa...

This paper introduces convex soft geometries. The import of this model is that it extends a successful field of research, namely, convex geometries, to account for alternatives characterized by a multiplicity of attributes. Related concepts include soft convex hulls and a notion of extreme elements. Some fundamental results are proven. Among them,...

With the rapid growth of population, the global impact of solar technology is increasing by the day due to its advantages over other power production technologies. Demand for solar panel systems is soaring, thus provoking the arrival of many new manufacturers. Sale dealers or suppliers face an uncertain problem to choose the most adequate technolog...

The networks of various problems have competing constituents, and there is a concern to compute the strength of competition among these entities. Competition hypergraphs capture all groups of predators that are competing in a community through their hyperedges. This paper reintroduces competition hypergraphs in the context of Pythagorean fuzzy set...

The theory of three-way decision is built on the philosophy of thinking in threes. The essence of three-way decision is trisecting the whole and taking different strategies for different parts accordingly. The theory of three-way decision has been successfully implemented to diverse fields since it provides an elegant and efficient solution for sol...

This paper introduces the concept of softarison. Softarisons merge soft set theory with the theory of binary relations. Their purpose is the comparison of alternatives in a parameterized environment. We develop the basic theory and interpretations of softarisons. Then, the normative idea of ‘optimal’ alternatives is discussed in this context. We ar...

Traditional association rule extraction may run into some difficulties due to ignoring the temporal aspect of the collected data. Particularly, it happens in many cases that some item sets are frequent during specific time periods, although they are not frequent in the whole data set. In this study, we make an effort to enhance conventional rule mi...

The notions of the fuzzy β-minimal and maximal descriptions were established by Yang et al. (Yang and Hu, 2016 and 2019). Recently, Zhang et al. (Zhang et al. 2019) presented the fuzzy covering via ℐ,T-fuzzy rough set model (FCℐTFRS), and Jiang et al. (Jiang et al., in 2019) introduced the covering through variable precision ℐ,T-fuzzy rough sets (C...

The compromise solution of the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem by the existing VIKOR method for Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PyFSs) is not closest to the positive ideal solution. This is because the defining function for VIKOR does not obey the axioms for a dissimilarity measure. Thus in this context, the existing notion of dissimilarity m...

Nowadays, attribute reduction has become a significant topic in relation decision systems. Their applications come from different domains of the computer sciences, including machine learning, data mining and pattern recognition, which often involve a large number of attributes in data. Several attribute reduction methods are presented in the litera...

The main objective of this article is to lay the foundations of a novel multi-criteria optimization technique, namely, the complex Pythagorean fuzzy N-soft VIKOR (CPFNS-VIKOR) method that is highly proficient to express a great deal of linguistic imprecision and vagueness inherent in human assessments. This strategy provides a versatile decision-ma...

This paper formalizes a novel model that is able to use both interval representations, parameterizations, partial memberships and multi-polarity. These are differing modalities of uncertain knowledge that are supported by many models in the literature. The new structure that embraces all these features simultaneously is called interval-valued multi...

In this paper, we contribute to the growing literature on soft topology. Its theoretical underpinning merges point-set or classical topology with the characteristics of soft sets (a model for the representation of uncertain knowledge initiated in 1999). We introduce two types of axioms that generalize suitable concepts of soft separability. They ar...

The goal of this paper is to introduce a novel hybrid model called multi-fuzzy N-soft set, and to design an adjustable decision-making methodology for solving problems where the inputs appear in this form. The new model enhances the virtues of multi-fuzzy set theory with the benefits of N-soft sets, two models that have been extensively investigate...

Multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) is an approach to tackle different decision-making situations, where the criteria that drive the decision are considered by different experts. Research regarding MCGDM is quite challenging due to both the structure of the problem and the existence of complex uncertain information. The goal of this articl...

There is a substantial strand of literature about ranking the subsets of a set of alternatives, usually referred to as opportunity sets. We investigate a model that is dependent on the preference of a grand set of alternatives. In this framework, the indirect-utility criterion ranks the opportunity sets by the following rule: a subset A is weakly p...

This paper contributes to the expanding literature on soft topology. We first prove that soft topologies can be characterized by crisp topologies. This takes advantage of two connected constructions that produce soft topologies from crisp topologies and vice versa. Both constructions are explicit and amenable to mathematical manipulations. Various...

In the modelization of frameworks for multi-attribute decision-making, hesitancy embodies a convenient attitude toward undetermined or vague knowledge provided by distinct experts from a group. Hesitant fuzzy N-soft sets are a functional improvement in hesitant fuzzy sets with the practical spirit of N-soft sets. This analytical model accommodates...

Despite the importance of divergence measures, the literature has not provided a satisfactory formulation for the case of q‐rung orthopair fuzzy set. This paper criticizes the existing attempts in terms of respect of the basic axioms of a divergence measure. Then new improved, axiomatically supported divergence measures for qROFSs are proposed. Add...

This article proposes two novel modified techniques, namely Pythagorean fuzzy hybrid Order of Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (PFH-TOPSIS) method and Pythagorean fuzzy hybrid ELimination and Choice Translating REality I (PFH-ELECTRE I) method, in order to measure risk rankings in failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). These method...

Complex spherical fuzzy set, an extended version of spherical fuzzy set, is a very powerful tool to capture fourfold information (typically yes, no, abstain and refusal), in which the range of degrees occurs in the complex plane with unit disk. Through this prominent feature, complex spherical fuzzy sets outperform earlier concepts of fuzzy sets an...

q-rung picture fuzzy sets can handle complex fuzzy and impression information by changing a parameter q based on the different hesitation degree and yield a flexible framework that captures imprecise information involving different views (typically but not exclusively: yes, abstention, no, and rejection). The Einstein operators perform well for the...

This paper presents the novel concept of complex spherical fuzzy N-soft set (CSFNSfS) which is capable of handling two-dimensional vague information with parameterized ranking systems. First, we propose the basic notions for a theoretical development of CSFNSfSs, including ranking functions, comparison rule, and fundamental operations (complement,...

This paper contributes to the expanding literature on VIKOR, a well-known multi-criteria decision-making technique. It is abundantly used to find the compromise solution regarding some significant criteria under different models. The general VIKOR methodology implements the principle that a recommended response must be a feasible solution which is...

Path finding models attempt to provide efficient approaches for finding shortest paths in networks. A well-known shortest path algorithm is the Dijkstra algorithm. This paper redesigns it in order to tackle situations in which the parameters of the networks may be uncertain. To be precise, we allow that the parameters take the form of special pictu...

The notion of covering based multigranulation fuzzy rough set (CMGFRS) models is a generalization of both granular computing and covering based fuzzy rough sets. Therefore it has become a powerful tool for coping with vague and multigranular information in cognition. In this paper we introduce three kinds of CMGFRS models by means of fuzzy β-neighb...

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is an effective framework that is extensively utilized to determine and eradicate the possible failures from substances, structures, designs, services or organizations. The traditional risk evaluating methods have been criticized because of reasons that include disregard for correlative significance of risk...

Oligarchic majority rules bring the voice but no vote principle into effect. We prove characterizations of the oligarchic majority rules for both fixed and unrestricted societies and a binary agenda. This is a general class of rules that includes the simple majority rule as well as dictatorships. Suitable sets of axioms identify a subsociety whose...

In medical diagnosis, how to select an optimal medicine from some medicines with similar efficacy values to treat diseases has become common problems between doctors and patients. To solve this problem, we describe it as a multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) in a finite fuzzy covering approximation space. This paper aims to propose two pairs of...

Parameter reduction is an important operation for improving the performance of decision‐making processes in various uncertainty theories. The theory of N ‐soft sets is emerging as a powerful mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties beyond the standard formulation of the soft set theory. In this research article, we extend the notion of para...

In multiple attribute decision-making in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment, the decision information is sometimes given by intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets. In order to address intuitionistic fuzzy decision-making problems in a more efficient way, many scholars have produced increasingly better procedures for ranking intuitionistic fuzzy values. In...

Attribute reduction methods constitute a very important preprocessing step for artificial intelligence and pattern recognition. It has been investigated in contexts ranging from rough sets to soft sets. In this study, firstly we propose the ideas of bipolar fuzzy relation systems and bipolar fuzzy relation decision systems. They constitute intuitiv...

In this paper we study collective identity functions that deal with formation of clubs. Usually the choice offered to individuals is to cast a vote in favor of qualification or not, and the final outcome is qualification or non-qualification. In this context we show that independent collective identity functions are naturally characterized by votin...

This paper presents a novel model that combines several interesting features in relation with rough sets, namely multi-granularity (which extends Pawlak’s single-granular approach), soft rough sets (where the granulation structure is defined by soft sets), and coverings that induce rough sets. Optimistic and pessimistic multi-granular models are th...

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is arguably the most popular and factual approach for computing the weights of attributes in the multi-attribute decision-making environment. The Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) is an outranking family of multi-criteria decision-making techniques for evaluating...

Discovering interesting and useful association rules from the collected data is an issue of great importance in pattern mining. Although a myriad of association rules can be extracted with traditional rule mining techniques, some of the obtained rules might be redundant or even meaningless in many cases. To overcome this difficulty, logical formula...

Soft topology studies a structure on the collection of all soft sets on a given set of alternatives (the relevant attributes being fixed). It is directly inspired by the axioms of a topological space. This paper contributes to the theoretical bases of soft topology in various ways. We extend a general construction of soft topologies from topologies...

Slides for the paper "Simple Majorities with Voice but No Vote". Versions of these slides were used for seminars delivered at Catania, Valladolid and Murcia.