Joris Hoekstra

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• PhD
• Professor (Assistant) at Delft University of Technology

Rising energy prices across Europe have increased concerns over energy poverty. Despite significant scholarly focus on financial relief measures instituted by national governments, locally tailored crisis measures have remained overlooked. This study delves into the Dutch context, where part of the government's response to the energy crisis was dec...

Decisions made by social housing providers (SHPs) profoundly affect their tenants' energy affordability, a group characterised by above-average energy poverty rates. Concentrated deprivation in this tenure has intensified due to policy-driven ‘residualisation’, compelling SHPs to serve almost exclusively low-income and marginalised households. Desp...

This report addresses energy poverty in social housing, proposing solutions to aid an inclusive energy transition. It highlights the disproportionate impact of rising prices on vulnerable tenants, suggesting short-term measures like energy advice and energy-saving kits, along with long-term strategies such as prioritising renovations for those in n...

This policy brief builds on the work of a pan-European study on youth inequality called the UPLIFT project. It addresses some of the key findings from local UPLIFT research in Amsterdam, focusing on the implications for the Amsterdam municipality and the other municipalities of the Metropolitan Region, as well as housing associations, local communi...

Deze notitie voor beleidsmakers bouwt voort op de resultaten van een pan-Europees onderzoek naar ongelijkheid onder jongeren: het UPLIFT-project. We gaan in op de belangrijkste bevindingen van het lokale UPLIFT-onderzoek in Amsterdam, en de implicaties hiervan voor de gemeente Amsterdam, de andere gemeenten van de Metropoolregio, de woningbouwcorpo...

In this policy brief, we provide relevant guidelines and recommendations for each of these phases, based n our evaluation of the UPLIFT co-creation process in the four different cities. These guidelines and recommendations are meant to inspire and provide support to governments and/or service providers that want to start a similar co-creation proce...

Van bruin naar rood: het bouwen van woningen op veehouderijlocaties vormt een uitweg uit de stikstofproblematiek die Nederland in de greep houdt. Uiteraard is deze stap complex en gevoelig, maar op bepaalde locaties is het toch heel goed mogelijk. TU Delft-afstudeerder Samuel Orobio de Castro deed onderzoek naar de kansen en randvoorwaarden, met ee...

This Guidebook is the final deliverable of the work package 4 (WP4) of the UPLIFT project. The overall aim of this work package was to explore how young people’s voices can be put at the centre of youth policy. In order to do this, we carried out four parallel policy co-creation processes with young people in four different locations across Europe,...

For young adults on the Amsterdam housing market the accessibility of housing has been decreasing for years, due to soaring house prices and rents, the shrinkage and residualization of the social rental sector, and the precarization of the labor market. Consequently, many young people struggle to secure an affordable and adequate dwelling and are s...

The current document is the result of the research activities carried out in Work Package 3 (WP3) of the UPLIFT project1 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It aims to understand which micro, meso and macro level factors influence vulnerable young people's decisions in education, employment and housing, and how these young people create their own strate...

Worldwide, housing is increasingly unaffordable for young people, many of whom rely on intergenerational transfers of assets to enter home ownership. This paper aims to qualitatively analyze the impacts of welfare state and family reciprocity on young people’s opportunity to access home ownership. Evidence from in-depth interviews with parents and...

This video is about social rental housing, with a particular focus on the Netherlands. It starts with a brief overview of social housing within Europe, in order to put the Dutch social rental housing model into a broader perspective. After that, the characteristics and the historical development of the Dutch social rental housing system are discuss...

This report examines the scales and dimensions of inequality in the functional urban area (FUA) of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Our purpose is to understand how the drivers of socio-economic inequality, and the policies responding to these, operate in this local context. Particular attention is paid to the room for action of local policies and the w...

This report examines the scales and dimensions of inequality in the functional urban area (FUA) of Leuven, in the Flemish region of Belgium. Our purpose is to understand how the drivers of socio-economic inequality, and the policies responding to these, operate in this local context. Particular attention is paid to the room for action of local poli...

This deliverable is titled ‘Updated Action Plans for the co-creation process’ and it consists of a common methodological approach, the state of the art of the Local Action Plans of the four WP4 implementation sites, and a reflection on the co-creation process. This deliverable is the formal update of D4.1, which is taken as the starting point to fu...

The ageing of European societies, the mounting pressure on pension systems, the rise of home ownership and the growth in house prices have sparked interest in housing equity release options and strategies. Much of the available literature approaches this topic through a financial lens, focusing on equity release schemes as a way to free up housing...

Access to homeownership for young adults is becoming more and more difficult. Italy – where homeownership rates for young adults are steadily decreasing – is a case in point. In the recent past, becoming homeowner was an obvious housing pathway for Italian young adults, even from lower-middle class families. If your parents were homeowner, you beca...

National housing systems increasingly combine three main types of housing: the private property sector (home ownership and private rental), social and public rental (public and non-profit sectors) and cooperative (social or civil economy). The dominant private type has facilitated housing speculation, which in many countries has become a critical s...

The 2014 hukou reform introduced by the Chinese central government was a turning point in China's policies towards migration. Different from the previous hukou policies, which were largely exclusionary, the reformed policy encouraged migrants to permanently settle in their destination cities and make use of the public services available there. Howe...

Worldwide, housing is increasingly unaffordable for young people, many of whom rely on intergenerational transfers of assets to enter home ownership. This paper aims to qualitatively analyze the impacts of the welfare state and family reciprocity on young people's opportunity to access home ownership. Evidence from in-depth interviews with parents...

This report is part of deliverable 4.1 of the H2020 UPLIFT project. It outlines the theoretical and methodological principles of the process of reflexive policy-making that will take place in four UPLIFT implementation sites. In the first part of this report (chapters 2 and 3), these principles are outlined in more detail. After that, a brief synth...

This paper makes a plea for a new form of international comparative housing research, in which not countries (national housing regimes) but cities or regions (local housing regimes) are the unit of analysis. Why do we need such a new comparative research approach? How can a local housing regime be conceptualised? By answering these questions, the p...

A perusal of the literature on housing debates reveals that the term ‘value’ is mostly applied to express the financial value of a house and is dealt with in economic literature. However, an alternative meaning of the word ‘value’ in the housing literature can be found in research into the values underlying housing preferences, applying research me...

In China's past decades of marketization reforms, original urban dwellers and early settlers in the home ownership sector enjoyed a drastic improvement in living conditions and family wealth stored in properties. Despite their significant contribution to the urban economy, rural migrants benefited far less from the housing market growth. Institutio...

In China's past decades of marketization reforms, original urban dwellers and early settlers in the home ownership sector enjoyed a drastic improvement in living conditions and family wealth stored in properties. Despite their significant contribution to the urban economy, rural migrants benefited far less from the housing market growth. Institutio...

Conference paper is available on request.

International comparative housing research usually takes countries as a unit of analysis. Studies in the field typically connect housing outcomes at the national level to national welfare state and housing regimes. However, as a result of both supranational developments (globalization, financialization, neoliberalization, European Union integration...

Case study of the EU funded (H2020) Relocal project: https://relocal.eu/case-studies/

Asset-building policies are used worldwide to reduce state welfare commitments. In the Global South, including South Africa, asset-based housing development is thought to help reduce poverty. This study investigated asset building and homeownership in a sample of South Africa’s emerging black middle class. Interviews with 244 black middle-class hou...

After three decades of housing reform in China, housing assets constitute a sizable share of family wealth but are distributed unevenly, as registered homeowners are predominantly male. This is partly because males generally have higher incomes than females and can therefore contribute more to the financing, but also because males receive more inte...

Under apartheid, black African households could not own land or homes in most major urban centres in South Africa. This limited residential mobility and locked many households into state rental accommodation in townships. Homeownership for all South Africans was restored in the mid-1980 s and the Group Areas Act was repealed in 1991. Democracy open...

This chapter analyses the shortage of affordable housing in Spain and bottom-up, collaborative initiatives to address this problem.

This article examines the determinants of home ownership among young people in China. More specifically, it aims to shed light on the shifting importance of the state (through ‘redistributive power’) and the ability of young people to compete in housing markets (‘market ability’) after more than three decades of market transition. Through an analys...

This paper explains the development of the urban housing system in P. R. China from 1949 to 2011 with an emphasis on the factors driving housing inequality in each policy period. We argue that the logic underpinning the housing policy had shifted from socialist redistribution to the stimulation of growth in the process of market economy reform and...

The ageing of European societies and increasing pressure on collective pension arrangements has sparked interest in alternative, more individualised forms of pension provision. Home ownership is regarded as one of these alternatives. Home owners can release housing equity by moving to a smaller owner occupied dwelling or a rental dwelling. Moreover...

According to basic economics, when vacancy rates rise, house prices should decrease and vice versa, responding to supply and demand mechanisms. However, previous studies have observed that, before the economic crisis, this was not the case in Spain and Malta. It has been questioned whether this paradox is a Mediterranean phenomenon or simply the re...

This report and its Annex present the results of the research project “Promoting the contribution of private savings to pension adequacy: Integrating residential property with private pensions in the EU” led by iff, institute for financial services, Hamburg. Financial support by the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion i...

This Annex together with the final report present the results of the research project “Promoting the contribution of private savings to pension adequacy: Integrating residential property with private pensions in the EU” led by iff, institute for financial services, Hamburg. Financial support by the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs...

De gasboringen in Groningen hebben de laatste 20 jaar geleid tot een toename in zowel het aantal als in de sterkte van aardbevingen in dit gebied. Deze bevingen leiden tot schade aan woningen en gebouwen zoals scholen, zorginstellingen en historisch erfgoed. Bewoners in het gebied kunnen gecompenseerd worden voor schade aan hun woning. Daarnaast ku...

The Spanish home ownership sector has been hit hard by the economic crisis. Repossessions stand at around half a million in the period from 2008 to 2014. This article investigates how the authorities, both at the level of the Spanish state and of the autonomous communities (regions), have responded to this problem. We investigated whether they assi...

The extraction of natural gas in the north of The Netherlands has led to soil subsidence and the occurrence of earthquakes. Residents worry about the safety of their families and the saleability of their dwelling and might want to move. The goal is to examine whether the earthquakes are related to the intention to move. A survey among residents in...

The Dutch social rental sector often serves as an example for other countries as a result of its large share and good quality housing. However, many things have changed in the sector in recent years. After 2011, the central government has regained its control over the housing associations. This was needed after the unacceptable amount of scandals t...

ABSTRACT This paper explains the development of the urban housing system in China from 1949 to 2011 with an emphasis on the factors driving housing inequality in each policy period. We argue that the logic underpinning the housing policy had shifted from socialist redistribution to the stimulation of growth in the process of market economy reform a...

Subsidised housing often creates a segmented housing market, with some home owners falling into a gap between the subsidised and non-subsidised types. This gap particularly affects middle-income buyers, whose income may be too high to qualify for subsidy but too low to buy a non-subsidised house. Western Europe has policies and affordable products...

This article examines the determinants of homeownership among young people in China. More specifically, it aims to shed light on the shifting importance of the state (through ‘redistributive power’) and the ability of young people to compete in housing markets (‘market ability’) after more than three decades of market transition. Through an analysi...

This paper reflects on the different faces of asset-based welfare from both a theoretical and an empirical perspective. It shows that asset-based welfare can be perceived as a lever for welfare state restructuring but also as an instrument for poverty eradication. In most countries, asset-based welfare policies focus on stimulating home-ownership....

Conventional wisdom holds that South African housing policy is mainly based on neoliberal principles although some scholars have noted the hybrid nature of welfare programmes. This is because most authors interpret the country’s housing landscape within the dichotomous framework of political economic theory (neoliberalism vs. critical lenses). Thes...

This article aims to study the determinants of young Chinese people's homeownership. More specifically, it aims to compare the ups and downs of 'redistributive power' and 'market ability', as well as the influence of 'ascribed' and 'achieved' social status, in the Chinese social stratification after more than three decades of market transition. Fir...

The Dutch social rental sector is known for its large size and its broad target group. It houses not only lower income groups, but also households with a middle or higher income. However, recent regulations have restricted access to the social rental sector for middle-income households (gross annual income above €34,229). This paper explores the ho...

This paper reviews the housing policy of China from 1949-2013. It examines the housing tenure change, policy instruments, and impacts social structures in different time periods. After the welfare period of 1949-77, the dual provision period of 1978-1998, and the market dominant period of 1999-2011, China's housing policy was again reformed after 2...

Many governments encourage home ownership and try to find ways to make this tenure more affordable for lower income groups. Well-known examples are Shared ownership and Home buy in the UK and Land Community Trust and Shared Equity Home Ownership in the USA. In the Netherlands, these types of products are popular among housing associations, which ar...

After a real estate boom the housing market took a dramatic turn in Spain, where repossessions and evictions are now a big social problem. Hundreds of thousands have lost their home since 2008 and many more are at risk. This paper provides a qualitative analysis of the Spanish experience and puts it into a comparative West European perspective. The...

This work analyses the residential boom, its collapse and the consequences of this collapse. As far as these consequences are concerned, we particularly pay attention to the phenomena of repossessions and evictions since these have a strong impact on the lives of people. The paper uses a welfare system perspective to explain how the importance of r...

This paper assesses the relationship between infrastructure development and housing market development, thereby focusing on major new infrastructure linking previously separate housing markets. This is often the case when bridges or tunnels provide for new connections in island regions or delta areas. Empirical evidence is presented for a case in t...

Abstract The relationship between housing and the welfare state is a heavily researched topic in international comparative housing research. This exploratory paper provides a historical overview of the academic debate. For a long time, the discussion primarily focused on the degree and the nature of government intervention within the field of housi...

This article analyses the changing role of the private rental sector in (Western) Europe. It shows that after decades of decline, the private rental sector is now again gaining ground in at least some European countries. This apparent revival of the private rental sector is often enhanced by government interventions, such as rent deregulation and t...

Despite the close relation between housing and government policy, housing policy forms quite a specific element of the welfare state. Moreover, the position of housing within the welfare state is far from obvious and has provoked a good deal of discussion. This article pays attention to the way housing could be incorporated in the welfare state the...

This article discusses the different dimensions of the concept ‘institution’ and the influence that institutions may have within the field of housing. A distinction is made between institutions as organisations, institutions as laws and rules, and institutions as values and norms. In addition to this, the drivers and impediments of the process of i...

Rent control, or rent regulation, aims to keep private rental housing affordable and accessible for tenants. Rent controls are also motivated by a desire to assist the disadvantaged in what are believed to be imperfectly competitive markets. However, from a traditional economic point of view, rent regulation will not achieve these aims. The costs s...

Every few years the planning agencies in the Netherlands draw up a prognosis for the future housing needs on the basis of economic and demographic scenarios. It is our contention that, in applying this approach, the agencies neglect to take sufficient account of the influence of cultural dynamics. Against this background, a recent recommendatory re...

Current data from South European countries, especially Malta, indicates the existence of some contradictory forces in the housing market that defy the law of supply and demand and require explanation. In a ‘normal’ housing market, it can be expected that a high dwelling vacancy rate would help keep down the price of housing. In Malta, however, both...

Verantwoording op basis van de methodiek van de Stichting Visitatie Woningcorporaties Nederland.

The paper will argue that the meaning and definition of private renting varies from country to country, and this presents a series of challenges for comparative research. It will demonstrate a lack of equivalence between 'private rented housing sectors' in western Europe and show that this arises from variations in definitions, property rights, the...

This book explores the relationship between the characteristics of the welfare state and the characteristics of the housing system (housing policies, housing outcomes and housing market developments) in different European countries. It consists of a theoretical framework, six published articles and a concluding chapter. All six articles use the wel...

In a ‘normal’ housing market, one would expect that rising house prices go together with low vacancy rates and vice versa. However, in Spain, this has not been the case. Until very recently, Spain was characterised by strongly rising house prices as well as by a high rate of vacant dwellings. This is the Spanish paradox. This exploratory paper atte...

The conventional model of social housing in Spain is a peculiarity within European housing policy, in that it is almost entirely owner-occupied. Subsidized owner-occupancy housing maintains the status of social housing for a set number of years, during which time it cannot be sold against market prices. After that period, its status changes, and th...

About 40% of jobs and 36% of activities in cities take place in residential areas. Three quarters of the new entrepreneurs start their business activities from home. Within cities, the employment growth of small businesses in the neighbourhood exceeds employment growth of large companies on industrial estates. Neighbourhood economic development sti...

Although Dutch housing policies seem quite developed in terms of money and instruments, the Dutch housing market is not functioning effectively. Housing shortages are prevalent in areas of economic growth, property prices are high, and substantial segments of the population are experiencing accessibility and affordability problems. We think that th...

This paper will set out the concept of a 'gap' between the social rented and market rented housing sector. This will be examined with respect to one aspect of competition between the two sectors in England, France, the Netherlands and Germany: substitutability. The analysis will involve an examination of the extent to which tenants can choose betwe...

The organisation of the rental market varies from country to country. Kemeny draws a distinction between societies with an integrated rental system (relatively minor differences between the non-profit and the profit rental sectors) and societies with a dualist rental system (relatively major differences between the non-profit and the profit rental...