Jorge Atria

Jorge Atria
Universidad Diego Portales · School of Sociology

PhD

About

57
Publications
27,343
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189
Citations
Citations since 2017
43 Research Items
170 Citations
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Introduction
Jorge Atria works at the Department of Sociology, Universidad Diego Portales. He is also associate researcher at Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES). Jorge does research in Economic and Fiscal Sociology, including issues such as Inequality, Taxation, and Elites. His current projects are "Tax Culture: Knowledge and morale in the tax payment in Chilean society" and "Wither democratic capitalism? Transformations, struggles, and imaginaries of the future economy in Europe & LatAm"
Education
February 2011 - February 2015
Freie Universität Berlin
Field of study
  • Sociology

Publications

Publications (57)
Article
We analyze economic elites’ perceptions and beliefs about meritocracy from a moral economy perspective. A moral economy perspective considers how norms and beliefs structure socioeconomic practices through the constitution and expression of what is considered acceptable, proper, and legitimate. Our study explores how economic elites make sense of t...
Article
Socio-natural disasters remain underexplored events in economic history, even though they stress societies in several ways and are known for their relationship with institutional change. In this paper, we explore this issue showing that major earthquakes in Chile have become a window of opportunity for important fiscal reforms. Our findings indicat...
Article
Full-text available
Inheritance represents a conflict between the individual and society. On one hand, the intergenerational transmission of resources favors the reproduction of privilege. On the other hand, contemporary individualization processes prioritize individual achievement. This paper addresses this conflict through a sociological approach by analyzing percep...
Article
Even though a vast literature has addressed perceptions and beliefs on taxes, progressivity and redistribution, few studies have specifically studied the perceptions of economic elites in this regard. This group is relevant for its affluence and influence, and therefore elites’ ideas and preferences have a major impact on tax-policy configuration....
Book
Full-text available
Impuestos justos para el Chile que viene: Diagnósticos y desafíos tributarios para un nuevo pacto fiscal Jorge Atria y Cristóbal Otero (Editores). Los impuestos son la clave del financiamiento del estado, pero también revelan nuestra condición de ciudadanos, las contribuciones que hacemos como parte de una comunidad política y el rol que le otorgam...
Article
Full-text available
https://revistauniversitaria.uc.cl/dossier/el-consumo-ya-nos-consume/18731/ REVISTA UNIVERSITARIA UC En la última década, nuevos mercados y alternativas crean interrogantes respecto de cómo se podría reconfigurar la experiencia de adquirir bienes. A través de iniciativas para compartir autos o arrendar uno por horas, hospedarse en el hogar de un d...
Article
Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities have had to announce health, economic, financial, and social measures. The way in which these actors communicate is crucial and points to the collective meanings that are transmitted when dealing with the pandemic. The discourses used are designed with different frameworks and narratives to have broad a...
Article
Este artículo aborda la construcción y reproducción de privilegios en la mirada de hombres y mujeres de élite en Santiago de Chile. Basándose en 24 entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a madres y padres de cinco prestigiosos colegios, se presentan tres dimensiones del privilegio que configuran distintas actitudes hacia la riqueza: remisión al p...
Article
Full-text available
What do the wealthiest groups in society think about tax payment? What is their view of the role of the state? How do these perceptions influence the ways in which the government collects taxes and provides social spending? This paper addresses these questions focusing on the case of Chile. Although Chile is considered one of the countries with the...
Article
Full-text available
Este artículo analiza la tributación desde una perspectiva de sociología económica y fiscal. Se argumenta que del mismo modo como la sociología ha explicado la racionalidad de los agentes, la naturaleza de las transacciones económicas y el funcionamiento de los mercados examinando los fundamentos sociales, culturales y políticos de la economía, una...
Preprint
Full-text available
La opinión pública y las preferencias redistributivas de los ciudadanos han ganado una renovada atención en el estudio de reformas institucionales. Ellas aparecen como un termométro social que indica la temperatura de la sociedad respecto de la temática de la desigualdad y la demanda ciudadana por bienestar (Soroka & Wlezien, 2009). Junto a ello, l...
Preprint
Economic and social inequalities have generated growing concerns and crises across contemporary societies. One of the mechanisms proposed by social sciences to explain the persistence of inequality is the belief in meritocracy, which would legitimize economic disparities based on differences in effort and talent. Despite its wide use as a concept,...
Article
Full-text available
Chile experimentó recientemente un estallido social, que se explica en gran medida por la desconexión entre elite y ciudadanía. Para demostrar la validez empírica de esta tesis, se presentan datos de un estudio que permite analizar brechas de opinión entre la elite y la sociedad, como así también discrepancias y concordancias entre las distintas el...
Article
Full-text available
En una época en que parece quedar cada vez más claro que la meritocracia como esquema social de asignación de recompensas no es un ideal ni tampoco es un proyecto realizable, planteo la pregunta sobre el propósito y utilidad del mérito en las sociedades contemporáneas. Mi argumento es que si bien la meritocracia debe ser descartada, el mérito es un...
Article
te chilena ha sido examinada críticamente en los últimos años. Acusada de endogámica (Hausmann), de generar un conveniente capitalismo jerárquico (Schneider), de monopolizar el poder político (Bro, Murillo) y de disfrazar como mérito lo que es privilegio (Khan, Araujo), no son pocos los investigadores que atribuyen el estallido social a su incapaci...
Article
Full-text available
La elite chilena ha sido examinada críticamente en los últimos años. Acusada de endogámica (Hausmann), de generar un conveniente capitalismo jerárquico (Schneider), de monopolizar el poder político (Bro, Murillo) y de disfrazar como mérito lo que es privilegio (Khan, Araujo), no son pocos los investigadores que atribuyen el estallido social a su in...
Article
La idea de que el mérito puede prevalecer por sobre las ventajas adscritas ha adquirido creciente relevancia en las sociedades actuales a través de un fuerte apoyo a la meritocracia. Aunque este concepto fue concebido por Michael Young (1958), como una descripción distópica de una sociedad en la que triunfaban los más talentosos, creando a su vez n...
Article
Full-text available
What do the wealthiest groups in society think about tax payment? What is their view of the role of the state? How do these perceptions influence the ways in which the government collects taxes and provides social spending? This paper addresses these questions focusing on the case of Chile. Although Chile is considered one of the countries with hig...
Article
Full-text available
Resumen Este artículo aborda los fenómenos de construcción y persistencia de las élites desde una perspectiva de prácticas sociales, enfocándose específicamente en los procesos de distinción, justificación y reproducción. Con base en 53 entrevistas en profundidad a miembros de la élite económica en Santiago de Chile, se analizan distintas prácticas...
Article
Full-text available
(English below) Este artículo explora las interrogantes y posibilidades asociadas al estudio sociológico de los impuestos en diálogo con la propuesta sobre artesanía intelectual desarrollada por Charles Wright Mills. Partiendo de la suge- rencia de Mills de valorizar y potenciar la contribución de la sociología a la interpretación de las sociedades...
Article
Full-text available
Although the idea of meritocracy is widely present in social research, few studies analyze and discuss this concept. This research note shows the results from a first stage of a wider research project on meritocracy and distributive preferences in Chile, which is based on 9 interviews with social science scholars whose research is related to these...
Article
We present a novel series of Chilean top‐income shares covering half a century, mainly based on income‐tax declarations and the National Accounts. Such a time frame of analysis is still rare in the literature of developing countries. We distinguish between a fiscal‐income series (1964–2017) and an adjusted series (1990–2017). The former covers indi...
Article
Full-text available
In this article, we explore the associations of people’s valuations of universal healthcare with risk exposure and humanitarianism across diverse institutional contexts. We argue that both micro-level factors increase the valuations. Furthermore, interactions between material interests and humanitarians are expected. This work also hypothesizes tha...
Article
Full-text available
Tax systems in Latin America are characterized by low collection, a higher incidence of regressive taxes and mechanisms, little redistribution, and poor compliance. Policymakers and international organizations have proposed reforms across the region with the aim of increasing revenue for social expenditures and sustainable growth. These challenges,...
Article
Full-text available
La idea de meritocracia está relacionada con la distribución de bienes y beneficios basada en el talento y esfuerzo individual, constituyendo un principio que legitima la distribución desigual de los recursos en sociedades modernas. Pese a las constantes referencias a la meritocracia en la investigación de desigualdad y estratificación social en so...
Article
This paper analyzes elite tax compliance from a sociological perspective in order to examine how different tax behaviors are justified or how they embody different taxpayers’ subjectivities. Drawing from the case of Chile and using a qualitative approach based on 32 interviews conducted with members of the economic elite, it is argued that forms of...
Article
La discusión sobre los impuestos ha añadido en la última década un nuevo elemento. Junto a temas tradicionales estudiados por la economía, como los cálculos de tasas óptimas o de estructuras tributarias que no desincentiven la actividad económica, o por la ciencia política, como las reformas tributarias y su economía política, ha emergido con creci...
Chapter
El presente artículo estudia el ámbito tributario en la sociedad chilena partiendo de la constatación de su creciente tematización en el periodo 2010-2015, después de un extenso letargo en que parecía un asunto circunscrito a un círculo técnico, mayormente omitido en el ámbito político y vetado para la ciudadanía. Para esto, se examinan dos aspecto...
Article
Full-text available
La herencia constituye un campo de conflicto entre individuo y sociedad. Por un lado, representa un factor crucial en la transmisión intergeneracional de recursos, incidiendo en la reproducción de la concentración de ingreso. Por otro lado, el impuesto a la herencia constituye uno de los instrumentos más concretos en favor del mérito, controlando l...
Chapter
This chapter introduces three dimensions of taxation frequently neglected in the analysis of tax systems in Latin America. The relational, historical, and transnational dimensions of taxation presented in this chapter enable us to explore the social, political, and economic embeddedness of taxation. This perspective is of great importance as tax re...
Chapter
What are the implications of this book for the research on taxation in Latin America? This chapter highlights that a new perspective, based on the relational, transnational, and historical dimensions of taxation, can influence our understanding not only by overcoming a traditional division of disciplines dealing with the topic of taxation, and the...
Research
Full-text available
This paper presents a historical series of Chilean top income shares over a period of almost half a century, mostly using data from tax statistics and national accounts. We distinguish between adjusted (1990-2015) and unadjusted (1964-2015) series. The latter only includes personal income, while the former includes the imputation of corporate undis...
Preprint
Full-text available
When asked whether the government should take money from the rich and give to the poor, most Latin American individuals answer affirmatively. Therefore, countries in the region have been portrayed as welfare supporters. Although the political economy literature has largely addressed the determinants behind these preferences, little has been said re...
Chapter
Full-text available
Este trabajo busca contribuir al debate sobre desigualdad y desarrollo en América Latina analizando a los grupos de altos ingresos, entendidos en este trabajo como elites económicas. Esto se realiza observando su posición de ingresos, pero también sus posibilidades de influencia en ámbitos centrales de cada sociedad, como son el sector público, el...
Article
Full-text available
The idea of meritocracy is related to the distribution of goods and rewards based on individual talent and effort, being a principle that legitimizes the unequal distribution of resources in modern societies. Despite the constant references to meritocracy in inequality and stratification research, there are still few conceptual and empirical attemp...
Preprint
SocArxiv Preprint: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/qkpu4/ The idea of meritocracy is related to the distribution of goods and rewards based on individual talent and effort, being a principle that legitimizes the unequal distribution of resources in modern societies. Despite the constant references to meritocracy in inequality and stratification...
Book
Jorge Atria is Researcher at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and Adjunct Researcher at Centre for Social Conflict and Cohesion Studies (COES), Chile. Constantin Groll is Researcher at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Maria Fernanda Valdés is a program coordinator for the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bogotá, Colombia. This study of tax...
Article
Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between income and egalitarian values and attitudes towards healthcare policy. Study design: Cross-sectional and cross-national study. Methods: Data for 29 countries from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2011 were used. The dependent variables are a general attitude towards government in...
Article
Full-text available
Este artículo estudia los aprendizajes y desafíos que se desprenden de la investigación empírica sobre élites en Chile en las últimas dos décadas, con énfasis en la élite económica. Utilizando doce entrevistas semiestructuradas a expertos que han investigado a este grupo en Chile y una operacionalización específica para diferenciar los criterios y...
Chapter
Primero, se revisan algunos aspectos teóricos y conceptuales para entender el sistema tributario en su capacidad de producir conflicto e incidir en la desigualdad. Segundo, se proveen algunos antecedentes sobre las disparidades de ingreso en Chile. A continuación, se analizan tres casos específicos, vinculados con diferentes aspectos tributarios, p...
Article
Although theory and practice have made significant progress in the recognition of slums as an essential category of spatial inequality and urban growth in developing countries, there are still major challenges in their characterization and understanding regarding its territorial and social dimension. This article seeks to contribute to this discuss...
Book
Full-text available
Aunque son motivo de discusión en todas las épocas, con distintos significados y usos, los impuestos han adquirido en los últimos años una relevancia especial, en tanto dimensión central desde la cual abordar asuntos como el financiamiento del gasto social, el rol de Estado en la provisión de bienes y servicios y las formas de concretar las diferen...
Article
Full-text available
Entre la enorme cantidad de publicaciones dedicadas al estudio de la desigualdad, La sociedad de los iguales tiene dos características distintivas. En primer lugar, contra el abordaje específico –tan propio de las investigaciones actuales del tema– consagrado a estudiar el problema de la desigualdad en relación con una variable (género, raza) o áre...
Article
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To identify residential parameters that characterize the physical and social environment in Chile's irregular settlements, and to construct typologies that will allow to develop profiles with those distinctive residential attributes. The study examined the universe of irregular settlements (n = 122) in Chile's Metropolitan Region, based on the 2007...
Article
Full-text available
Access to social networks and health care among extremely poor people Background: Extremely poor people have more problems to have access to social networks and health care. Aim: To evaluate the access to health services and the perception about these services of adults living in conditions of extreme poverty. Material and methods: A survey was app...
Article
Extremely poor people have more problems to have access to social networks and health care. To evaluate the access to health services and the perception about these services of adults living in conditions of extreme poverty. A survey was applied to 361 people living in slums aged 15 to 77 years (83% females), that were living in these conditions fo...
Article
Full-text available
Aunque en las últimas dos décadas las políticas habitacionales en Chile han introducido mejoras destacables en la comprensión y tratamiento del problema de la vivienda en los sectores más desprotegidos, aún existe una cifra importante de pobreza e indigencia, caracterizada por una evidente exclusión de distintos ámbitos de la sociedad. Esto es espe...

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Projects

Projects (3)
Project
This project examines citizens' perceptions and beliefs about tax policy in Chile, considering the levels of information available in daily life, which lead to adherence or rejection of the state and the tax system as well as different levels of tax compliance. At a broader level, this project aims to reflect on the role and potential of taxation as a key area to tackle inequality. In addition, it contributes to the sociological study of taxation, understood as a privileged entry point to the history of countries and their social structure, bringing into play the legitimacy of the state and the network of reciprocity underlying the institutional architecture of social cooperation. -Keywords: Tax culture, Tax morale, Tax knowledge, Inequality, State, Elites -Method: quantitative and qualitative data analysis -Funding: Conicyt/Fondecyt No 11181223 Cultura Tributaria: Conocimiento y moral en el pago de impuestos en la sociedad chilena Este proyecto examina las percepciones y creencias ciudadanas sobre política tributaria en Chile, considerando los niveles de información disponibles en la vida cotidiana, que levan a la adhesión o rechazo a su desempeño y al cumplimiento o incumplimiento de las obligaciones impositivas. Con esto, se inserta en el debate internacional sobre los impuestos como una esfera fundamental en el enfrentamiento de la desigualdad. Al mismo tiempo, contribuye al estudio sociológico de la tributación, entendida como un punto de entrada privilegiado a la historia de los países y a su estructura social, poniendo en juego la legitimidad del estado y una red de reciprocidad que sustentan el entramado institucional de cooperación social. -Palabras clave: Cultura tributaria, Moral tributaria, Conocimiento tributario, Desigualdad, Estado, Elites -Método: Análisis de datos cuantitativo y cualitativo -Financiamiento: Conicyt/Fondecyt Nº 11181223
Project
This project is funded by the chilean scientific agency CONICYT (Grant FONDECYT 3160705), from 2015 to 2018 and offers a sociological approach to redistributive conflicts. It analyzes the social meanings of taxes and it examines the specific institutions through which taxation is developed. The latter is relevant not only to evaluate the Chilean tax regime, but also to explore the role of state to tacke inequalities and the degree of political sovereignty, which is materialized in the capacity to offer a model of social cooperation in which high-income taxpayers are involved.
Project
Beliefs and perceptions of meritocracy emphasize effort and/or talent as a main criteria for distribution of resources. In this project we propose that this kind of beliefs tend to be stronger in contexts where social policies are characterized by a high degree of privatization, as is the case of neoliberal regimes, affecting in turn the support for redistribution. ​