Jonathon Timothy Newton

• PhD
• Professor at King's College London

Objectives: This study examines the mediating role of nutritional intake in the relationship between tooth loss and healthy ageing in older American adults. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a longitudinal survey of American older adults aged 50 years and over. Data from six waves from 200...

Background: The MDAS questionnaire is one of a number of scales available to assess dental anxiety. It is widely used and translated into many world languages; however, it lacks an explicit theoretical backdrop to the content and structure of the measure. This paper draws upon original expositions of dental anxiety: how it develops, is maintained,...

Objectives: To examine the longitudinal relationship between edentulism, nutritional intake, and the progress of multimorbidity among older Americans. Methods: We used data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006–2018), a longitudinal survey of older Americans that has collected data biennially since 1992. Edentulism was assessed in 2006 while n...

Objectives: To examine the relationship among edentulism, nutritional intake, and the progress of multimorbidity among older Americans. Methods: We used data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2018), a longitudinal survey of older Americans that has collected data biennially since 1992. Edentulism was assessed in 2006 while nutritional inta...

Objectives Dental behaviour support (DBS) describes all specific techniques practiced to support patients in their experience of professional oral healthcare. DBS is roughly synonymous with behaviour management, which is an outdated concept. There is no agreed terminology to specify the techniques used to support patients who receive dental care. T...

Background:In 2020, CariesCare International (CCI) -derived from ICCMS- was plannedto be tested for caries-control effectiveness in children by means of a multicenter randomized clinical trial (RCT). Nevertheless, due to the pandemic, RCTs proved unfeasible and aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) were associated with a spread of COVID-19. Consequen...

To assess the effectiveness of a stage-matched intervention on adherence to mandibular advancement appliance (MAA) in participants with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).A randomised parallel-arm, Hospital-based, clinical trial was undertaken at the Royal London Dental Hospital, UK. Fifty-six participants (Adults ≥ 18 years) with newly diagnosed OSA w...

Background: Maxillary incisor and canine teeth are commonly impacted and require multidisciplinary treatment to accommodate them in the dental arch. Objectives: To assess the periodontal outcomes of impacted maxillary central incisor and canine teeth, which have been successfully aligned in the arch following surgical exposure and orthodontic tr...

Background People with dental phobia often present with more active dental caries and fewer teeth. Minimally Intervention oral Healthcare offers a possible solution to address the high care needs of this group. The aim was to determine this patient group’s eligibility and willingness to participate and the effect of MIOC, compared to treatment as u...

Introduction: There is no agreed taxonomy of the techniques used to support patients to receive professional oral healthcare. This lack of specification leads to imprecision in describing, understanding, teaching and implementing behaviour support techniques in dentistry (DBS). Methods: This review aims to identify the labels and associated desc...

Introduction: A failure of maxillary incisor eruption is commonly attributed to the presence of a supernumerary tooth. This systematic review aimed to assess the percentage of impacted maxillary incisors that successfully erupt after surgical removal of supernumerary teeth with or without other interventions. Methods: Systematic literature searc...

A fear of dental treatment is found among approximately 10% of children and young people and may be related to behavior problems within the dental operatory. This article outlines various approaches to assessing and managing dental phobia in children and young people based on four key areas: the creation of a warm and welcoming environment conduciv...

Aim: To explore the priority given by researchers working in the field of behavioural, epidemiological and health services research to key aspects of research in oral health and inequalities. Method: Survey of registrants at the Behavioural Epidemiological and Health Services Research group of the International Association for Dental Research (B...

Background Globally, around 13% of children experience dental anxiety (DA). This group of patients frequently miss dental appointments, have greater reliance on treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) and have poorer oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) than their non-dentally anxious peers. Recently, a low-intensity cognitive behavioural...

Background People who experience homelessness have poor oral health and face significant barriers to accessing care. Recommendations have been outlined for health services to address their needs - termed Inclusion Health. The Smile4Life report recommended dentistry for this group should have three ‘tiers’ of service: emergencies, ad hoc treatments...

Objective: To explore through focus groups (FGs) the perceptions of dental practitioners (DPs) from different countries of the challenges of implementing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related biosafety measures, especially personal protection equipment (PPE), during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: DPs from Colombia, Germany, the Uni...

Objective To ascertain the effects of priming to consider tooth appearance (i.e. exposure to a ‘tooth whitening television advert’) versus control (a ‘non-dental’ television advert) on social judgements of tooth colour in a group of Caucasians. Methods Two groups of Caucasians randomly assigned to watch either a tooth-whitening advert (experimenta...

Background Failure of eruption of the maxillary permanent incisor teeth usually presents in the mixed dentition between the ages of 7 and 9 years. Missing and unerupted maxillary incisors can be regarded as unattractive and have a potentially negative impact on facial and dental aesthetics. The presence of a supernumerary tooth (or odontoma) is com...

Pre-operative anxiety may adversely affect post-operative recovery and treatment satisfaction. This systematic review assessed the impact of social support on pre-operative anxiety in elective surgery patients. MEDLINE via Ovid, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, Emcare and LILACS were searched for publications (1950–2021). Fourteen stu...

The aims of this commentary are threefold; firstly, we summarize changes in oral health behaviour change research and practice; secondly, we identify key barriers and challenges proposing practical ways to overcome them; and finally, we showcase key developments on the global and local stage outlining key opportunities for the future of oral health...

Background: The aim of this systematic review of published literature was to answer the research question, "What is the difference in the level of plaque quantity, in adults and children who chew sugar-free gum (SFG), compared with those who do not chew SFG, who do not chew gum, or who use alternatives such as probiotics or fluoride varnish?". Me...

Objective: The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMS™), a comprehensive, evidence-informed, best clinical practice system, comprises a 4D cycle: 1D-Determine risk; 2D-Detect and assess lesions; 3D-Decide on a personalized care plan; and 4D-Do preventive and tooth-preserving care. The aim of this study was to establish ho...

In this article, we will seek to provide an overview of dental anxiety and fear, including its most extreme manifestation, dental phobia. We will explore the prevalence of different levels of dental anxiety and outline some broad principles for the management of dental anxiety based on an approach that suggests that management should be proportiona...

The behavioral and social sciences are central to understanding and addressing oral and craniofacial health, diseases, and conditions. With both basic and applied approaches, behavioral and social sciences are relevant to every discipline in dentistry and all dental, oral, and craniofacial sciences, as well as oral health promotion programs and hea...

Background Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder characterised by the repeated episodic collapse of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in sleep deprivation, giving rise to apnoeas and hypopnoeas. Based on the severity of OSA, there are two primary treatment modalities, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)...

Objective: Psychological research has established that the presence of dental anomalies negatively impact social judgements. This study sought to determine the effects of tooth colour on the subjective ratings of social judgements in a group of Caucasian adults. Methods: A cross sectional experimental analogue design comprised fifty Caucasian adult...

Background Recent advances in the psychological understanding of health-related behaviour have focused on producing a comprehensive framework to model such behaviour. The Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) and its associated Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) allow researchers to classify psychological and behavioural constructs i...

Background Comprehensive caries care has shown effectiveness in controlling caries progression and improving health outcomes by controlling caries risk, preventing initial-caries lesions progression, and patient satisfaction. To date, the caries-progression control effectiveness of the patient-centred risk-based CariesCare International (CCI) syste...

Working with patients to support them in maintaining and improving their oral health is a critical skill for all clinicians. This chapter seeks to assist the clinician in planning and implementing behaviour change.

Aims To share the need for agreement in terminology around how people are supported to receive dental care. Method In this position paper, we make the case for a shift in behavior support in dentistry from an art to a science. Results We outline why we need agreement on the definition of behavior support across dentistry, agreement on underlying...

Background: The Children’s Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM-14) is a child-centred measure of dental anxiety which assesses a range of behaviours, thoughts and feelings/physical symptoms related to dental anxiety. A short form of the CEDAM-14, which places less time burden on patients and clinicians, could promote the feasibility and ap...

Background The numerous health risks of excessive alcohol consumption are well documented. Individuals at risk of harm from alcohol consumption can be identified through alcohol screening tools; however, there is limited research regarding their use in general dental practices. Methods Data were collected as part of a feasibility trial evaluating d...

Background Preventive strategies targeting Streptococcus mutans may be effective in reducing the global burden of caries. The aim of the current systematic review of published literature was to determine the difference in level of Streptococcus mutans in adults and children who chew sugar-free gum (SFG), compared with those who did not chew gum, wh...

Study objectives: The review aimed to identify the factors influencing adherence to oral appliance therapy (OAT) in adults with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: The protocol was initially registered with the International Register of Systematic Reviews (Prospero: CRD42019122615), prior to, undertaking a comprehensive electronic search of databa...

Dental treatment provided under general anaesthesia (DGA) is an expectation for many children and young adults (CYA) diagnosed with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Planning and delivery of DGA requires consideration of morbidity and mortality risks and implications for families and healthcare services. One hundred patient records of CYA with spec...

Objective: To determine the psychometric properties of a pre-existing orthodontic satisfaction questionnaire and to assess patient satisfaction of their orthodontic treatment. Design: Psychometric assessment of a pre-existing orthodontic satisfaction questionnaire. Setting: Two sites at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Participan...

Introduction: The aim was to compare patients’ and parents’ orthodontic treatment expectations at the Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester (EIOH) in the United States. Secondary aims were to assess the association between socio-demographic factors and EIOH participants’ expectations; and compare participants’ expectations betw...

Background Orthodontic treatment is a common health care intervention; treatment duration can be lengthy (2-3 years on average), and adherence to treatment advice is therefore essential for successful outcomes. It has been reported that up to 43% of patients fail to complete treatment, and there are currently no useful predictors of noncompletion....

The protection of the rights and dignity of human participants in research is of paramount importance. The ethical conduct of research is founded upon a set of principles which have their origins in concerns raised by historical research. These are identified within the Declaration of Helsinki as: Respect for the individual, beneficence, justice an...

Aim To obtain a consensus on the domains of cariology for undergraduates in dental schools in the Caribbean. Materials and Methods Dental school deans from the Dominican Republic (DR) and Puerto Rico (PR) were invited to participate. Afterwards, 24 cariology faculty members from the dental schools in the DR received a 40‐hour workshop on the curre...

Effective communication forges the dentist-patient treatment alliance and is thus essential for providing person-centred care. Social rank theory suggests that shame, trust, communication and anxiety are linked together, they are moderated by socio-economic position. The study is aimed to propose and test an explanatory model to predict dental atte...

Dental phobia is relatively common among adults and often associated with poorer oral health as a consequence of delaying dental treatment until advanced disease has caused intolerable symptoms. The increased rates of active disease may also have an impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHR QoL). Minimum intervention oral healthcare (MIOC)...

Objectives To identify an empirical method for identifying patients with ‘high expectations’ of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances using a questionnaire-based approach. Design Secondary analysis of data from four studies which collected data on patients’ expectations of orthodontic treatment using the same questionnaire. Setting Secondar...

Introduction The objective of this randomised controlled trial (RCT) is to investigate the effect of a social networking site (SNS) on body dissatisfaction, facial and smile dissatisfaction, and face-related discrepancy, and whether these effects differ from the use of appearance-neutral Instagram images. We also aimed to investigate whether there...

Background: Dentists need training in the management of children's anxiety (DA), fear (DF) and behaviour management problems (DBMP) but little is known of their competence on this topic. Aim: To report dentists' opinions and attitudes about protective stabilisation and pharmacological techniques for the management of children with DA/DF/DBMP; to...

BACKGROUND Orthodontic treatment is a common health care intervention; treatment duration can be lengthy (2-3 years on average), and adherence to treatment advice is therefore essential for successful outcomes. It has been reported that up to 43% of patients fail to complete treatment, and there are currently no useful predictors of noncompletion....

Objective To establish whether the appearance of malocclusion affected dating prospects. The secondary objective was to identify any significant predictors relating to likelihood of dating. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting King’s College London. Participants A total of 232 undergraduate students. Methods Participants were shown images of e...

Objectives To qualitatively explore, and analyse, patients’ expectations before the start of fixed appliance orthodontic treatment and determine whether typologies exist. Design A prospective cross-sectional qualitative study, which involved 13 patients (aged 12–15 years). Setting NHS Hospital Orthodontic Department (UK). Materials and methods I...

Objective To determine the difference in level of dental caries in adults and children who chew sugar-free gum (SFG), compared with those who do not chew SFG or use alternatives such as lozenges, candies, rinses, tablets, and other nonchewing controls. Methods Systematic review of published literature. Results Twelve studies of interventions of S...

Introduction Dental phobia has been widely studied but there is limited research on the effect of dental phobia on oral health. This research is an analysis of the 2013 Child Dental Health Survey, to explore the impact of dental anxiety on factors relating to oral health in the adolescents. Aim To examine if dental anxiety predicts poor oral health...

Introduction Dental anxiety and fear is widely prevalent in the population, including children. This research is a further analysis of the Child Dental Health Survey 2013, to explore the impact of dental anxiety on factors relating to oral health. Aim To explore the relationship between dental anxiety and oral health and the impact dental anxiety h...

Introduction Members of the dental profession in the UK are legally required to create and maintain patient records. In 2016, the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) published the third edition of its good practice guidelines on clinical examination and record keeping. Aim To identify a core set of items which should be recorded in three clinic...

Aim: To assess the feasibility and acceptability of screening for alcohol misuse and delivering brief advice to eligible patients attending NHS dental practices in London. Methods: A two-arm cluster randomized controlled feasibility trial was conducted. Twelve dental practices were recruited and randomized to intervention and control arms. Parti...

Free sugars intake plays a major role in dental caries formation and other general health issues such as obesity. Therefore, interventions, which assist individuals or populations in the control of their free sugars intake, are of central importance in caries prevention strategies. There is good evidence that behavioral interventions benefit from a...

Introduction Little research has been conducted into the relationships between dental anxiety and factors relating to oral health in small children. This research takes advantage of data from the Child Dental Health Survey 2013 to perform a secondary analysis for the five- and eight-year-old age groups. Aim To compare the oral health of groups of c...

Introduction A high percentage of people with dental phobia have poor oral health. This may be the result of delayed treatment or differences in care planning by the oral health care team. Aim This study sought to determine the effect, if any, of dental phobia and complexity of dental care on the proposed care plan devised by clinicians for patient...

Introduction Dental anxiety has been shown to be related to poorer oral health. Limited data exist exploring the relationship between oral health status and dental anxiety in non-clinical populations in children. Aim To compare the oral health of phobic and non-phobic children aged 12 and 15 years. Design Secondary analysis of data from 12-year-old...

In this article we will seek to provide an overview of dental anxiety and fear, including its most extreme manifestation, dental phobia. We will explore the prevalence of different levels of dental anxiety and outline some broad principles for the management of dental anxiety based on an approach which suggests that management should be proportiona...

Objective To explore family and clinical factors for usage of an online serious game designed to prepare children with ECC for dental treatment under general anaesthesia. Design Observational study. Secondary data of 60 children, aged 5‐to‐7, randomised to the intervention group in a phase‐III randomised controlled trial [NIHR Portfolio 10006, ISR...

The oral health-related behavior of patients with periodontal disease is a critical determinant of their health. Psychological models of behavior provide a framework for the design of interventions to enhance oral health-related behavior. This article reviews published manuscripts on interventions to enhance oral health-related behavior, classifyin...

Objectives To explore the feasibility of measuring quality of endodontic care provided by general dental practitioners (GDPs), using clinical, radiographic and patient-related outcomes, as well as understanding practitioner views and estimating financial costs. Methods Multi-faceted mixed-methods two-part study involving retrospective analysis of...

Background There is a paucity of evidence about cognitive behaviour therapy in the management of dentally anxious children. Aim To systematically review evidence of the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for children with dental anxiety or dental phobia. Design Clinical trial registries, grey literature, and electronic databases, inc...

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder in which the individual has a disproportionate concern about a particular body part. With the increasing demand for aesthetic treatments, it is likely that individuals with BDD may present for orthodontic or combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment. In this review, we shall outline the...

Objectives: To compare patients' acceptability of a hypodontia-specific interactive computer-based education material (ICB-EM) versus a British Orthodontic Society (BOS) hypodontia leaflet. Trial design: Two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, 1:1 allocation ratio. Methods: The study was conducted at a specialized secondary care facility...

In this paper the origins and philosophy of Motivational Interviewing are described. Also, what the method seeks to do and the basic processes involved in delivering a consultation based on Motivational Interviewing principles are explained. Then research that has reviewed the evidence for the efficacy of the technique in dentistry is outlined, fol...

Introduction Individuals with dental anxiety and phobia have poorer oral health. This study sought to evaluate the extent to which service level restrictions are perceived to exist in the provision of dental treatment, through a survey of the frequency of dental treatments believed to be offered for patients with dental phobia by the dentists who p...

Objective: The principal aim was to establish whether dental appearance affects employment prospects, and if so a secondary aim was to ascertain whether there is a difference between public-facing and non-public-facing jobs. Design: A prospective cross-sectional experimental analogue study. Participants: Ninety undergraduates studying at London Met...

Objective/Aims: To determine the barriers and enablers to behavioural change to reduce free sugar intake related to dental caries in a sample of UK adults who identify their ethnicity as White. Materials and methods: Qualitative study comprising semi-structured interviews of 27 participants. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using...

Background Patient adherence in orthodontic treatment is extremely important as it is linked with better treatment outcomes. Despite its importance, however, there is no shared definition of the concept. This makes the recording of adherence-related behaviors in patient notes difficult. The current study explored how, and to what extent adherence i...

Background Recruitment and retention are documented as two of the most difficult elements of conducting clinical trials. These issues are even more challenging in paediatric trials, particularly when the families being recruited and retained are deemed ‘hard to reach’. Methods Through the authors’ own reflection on the conduct of the trial this pa...

Background Paediatric dentists often report using positive reinforcement to encourage their young patients to show co-operative behaviour. For effective reinforcement to take place the reward should be salient to the individual. To date, there is little research into what reward a young patient will choose when attending the dentist. Aim To identi...

Introduction: Recommended curricula in Special Care Dentistry (SCD) outline learning objectives that include the domain of attitudes and behaviours, but these are notoriously difficult to measure. The aims of this study were (i) to develop a test battery comprising adapted and new scales to evaluate values, attitudes and intentions of dental stude...

Enhancing patients' oral health related behaviour is a critical component of the preventive approach which is central to the practice of minimally invasive dentistry. The first step in the process of behaviour change is creating capability to change behaviour through the provision of information and guidance. The second step involves enhancing the...

Background Theories of behavior change are essential in the design of effective behaviour change strategies. No studies have assessed the effectiveness of interventions based on psychological theories to reduce sugar intake related to dental caries. The study assessed the effect of interventions based on Social Congition Models (SCMs) on sugar inta...

Background: Existing measures of children's dental anxiety have not been developed with children or based on a theoretical framework of dental anxiety. Aim: To develop the children's experiences of dental anxiety measure (CEDAM) and evaluate the measure's properties. Design: The measure was developed from interviews with dentally anxious child...

Objectives: In a three-arm randomized control trial, this study compared the efficacy of dental health education (DHE) with or without a planning intervention on adherence to oral health-related behaviours. Methods: Women (N=154) in their second trimester of pregnancy attending three maternal healthcare clinics in Kuwait completed an assessment...

Aim To establish the perceived acceptability of the use of the Denplan/Previser Patient Assessment tool (DEPPA) by patients. The secondary aim was to examine dental practitioners' views about the effects of a DEPPA consultation on patients' future oral health behaviours. Method Two questionnaire surveys: 365 patients attending general dental practi...

Background Adults with dental phobia have been reported to have poorer oral health and oral health-related quality of life. The aim of this study is to explore the social and demographic correlates of oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OH-QoL) of people with dental phobia compared to the non-phobic population in the United Kingdom...

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the influence of social comparison on social judgments of dental malalignment in a sample of females. Method: In a Repeated measures design, N=218 female participants of which N=128 were orthodontic patients (mean age 31.4) and N=90 controls (mean age 26.1) rated their satisfaction with their...

Background: Paediatric specialist dental practitioners are often faced with the challenge of disruptive behaviour or refusal to comply with treatment. Behaviour management skills are an essential component of their role. However, little is known of the confidence or competence of practitioners in these approaches. Aim: To identify paediatric den...

Knowledge Transfer Statement: This article will provide a brief overview of the methods in finding barriers and enablers in doing oral health research in India. This mixed-methods approach can be used by researchers in finding barriers and enablers in doing oral health research in other developing countries and building oral health research capacit...

Objective: To investigate patients' expectations of lingual orthodontic treatment. Design: In-depth interviews were conducted. A framework analysis was carried out to identify themes, concepts and a typology. Setting: Two secondary care hospital departments and four primary care orthodontic practices, UK. Materials and methods: Fifteen new orthodon...

Objectives: To identify the determinants of OHRQoL among older people in the United Kingdom. Methods: A subset of elderly (≥65year) participants from the UK Adult Dental Health Survey 2009 data was used. OHRQoL was assessed by means of the OHIP-14 additive score. The number of missing teeth; presence of active caries, dental pain, root caries, t...

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an evidence-based treatment for dental anxiety; however, access to therapy is limited. The current study aimed to develop a self-help CBT resource for reducing dental anxiety in children, and to assess the feasibility of conducting a trial to evaluate the treatment efficacy and cost-effectiveness of such an int...

Good oral hygiene is known to prevent maternal gingivitis, but little is known about Kuwaiti pregnant women’s understanding and beliefs about maintaining and improving oral health during pregnancy. This qualitative study investigated perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about oral health among Kuwaiti pregnant women and explored beliefs about mainta...

Objectives: To devise and assess the psychometric properties of a measure that investigates hypodontia patients' expectations of the process and outcome of combined orthodontic/restorative treatment. Setting: Specialised secondary care facility for individuals with hypodontia. Materials and methods: Mixed research design with three phases: (a)...

Background: Dental anxiety is common among children. Although there is a wealth of research investigating childhood dental anxiety, little consideration has been given to the child's perspective. Aim: This qualitative study sought to explore with children their own experiences of dental anxiety using a cognitive behavioural therapy assessment mo...

Aim: To devise measurement instruments for 'quality' of root canal treatment to assess training and outcome of general dental practitioners working within primary care settings. Method: Scoring systems relating to quality of root canal treatment were developed using expert consensus and published literature. Domains scored included the Treatment...

Objective: This study evaluated social inequalities in adult oral health across several low- and middle-income countries. Methods: We used data from 40 countries that participated in the World Health Surveys. Participants' socio-economic position was assessed using the wealth index. Oral health was assessed using two perceived measures, namely t...

Purpose: The aim of this secondary data analysis was to investigate the effect of four different analytical strategies: Model Based Analysis (MBA), Design Based Analysis (DBA), Multilevel Model Based Analysis (MMBA), and Multilevel Design Based Analysis (MDBA), on the model estimates for complex survey data.Methods: Using data from the World Health...

Background: Childhood dental anxiety is very common, with 10-20 % of children and young people reporting high levels of dental anxiety. It is distressing and has a negative impact on the quality of life of young people and their parents as well as being associated with poor oral health. Affected individuals may develop a lifelong reliance on gener...

Background To explore the factors predicting preventive behaviours among NHS dentists in Camden, Islington and Haringey in London, using constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Methods A cross-sectional survey of NHS dentists working in North Central London was conducted. A self-completed questionnaire based on the theoretical framework o...

The purpose of this study was to compare 3 methods designed to enhance adherence to oral hygiene instructions in orthodontic patients: mind map, if-then plan, and leaflet. The study was a 3-arm parallel trial involving 90 orthodontic patients. The 3 groups were mind mapping, if-then planning, and patient information tools (leaflet). Group allocatio...