No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Quality of clinical photographs taken by orthodontists, professional photographers, and orthodontic auxiliaries
Abstract
A survey of the members of the Angle Society of Europe showed that 60% of orthodontists took their own clinical photographs, 35% assigned the task to an auxiliary, and 5% hired professional clinical photographers. It is always useful to ensure that orthodontists' time is used to maximum effect. Clinical photography could be delegated to auxiliary staff. In this study, we assessed the quality of photographs taken by orthodontists to see whether those taken by orthodontic auxiliaries and clinical photographers are of comparable quality.
Fifty sets of orthodontic photographs were collected from each of 3 types of photographers: orthodontists, orthodontic auxiliaries, and professional clinical photographers. Four assessors scored each set for quality and detailed errors. The results were compared to determine whether there were differences between the quality of the photographs taken by the different groups.
Most of the photos taken by the 3 groups of photographers were judged to be good or acceptable. The results for extraoral photographs showed no statistically significant differences between the 3 groups for good (P = 0.398) and acceptable (P = 0.398) images. The results for intraoral photographs did not differ significantly for acceptable and unacceptable photographs, but orthodontists produced significantly more good-quality intraoral photographs (P = 0.046).
... [6,11] e photograph is useful to study the face harmony [1] and orthodontists should strive for the gold standard of clinical photographs. [12] e divine proportion can be used for analyzing the facial balance on photographs. [13] Kepler argued that geometry has two great treasures: e Pythagoras' theorem and the section of a line into extreme and common ratio. ...
... is may be useful to assess facial harmony on photographs. [6] A degree of bias is expected, due to errors in photographs [12] and difficulties to locate points and distances. [11] First, a gold standard is needed for clinical photographs [12] and, second, potential bias should be carefully judged. ...
... [6] A degree of bias is expected, due to errors in photographs [12] and difficulties to locate points and distances. [11] First, a gold standard is needed for clinical photographs [12] and, second, potential bias should be carefully judged. One way to control this factor is to capture consecutive shots in every recording. ...
Objectives
The objective of this study was to analyze the divine proportion of lips position related to the overall face.
Material and Methods
Normative proportions were sketched in seven patterns of face on milimeter graph paper, where specific anatomical points were determined. No subjects participated in the study. The facial length was segmented into the golden ratio at point Phi (Divine proportion). Specific distances within the minor inferior subsection of the face, involving the lower and upper lips, were studied. The one-sample t -test was used to compare the means to the normative constant.
Results
The distance from Phi to the lower lip was 52% of the minor inferior facial section. The means of quotients relating lower and upper lips with point Phi were not statistically different to constant 1.618.
Conclusion
The lower lip stands in the midpoint of the minor inferior facial section and the divine proportion was found in the position of lips within the overall face. In a time when much importance is given to lips condition, it is suitable to the orthodontist and general dentists to recognize its natural positions on a regular basis.
... The Bland-Altman plot confirmed no systematic error between the methods and a random error of 0.3 with intraoral photography method when compared to visual clinical assessment. Once it is not possible to manipulate such photographs, certain details are lost due to the difficulty of reaching some parts of the mouth and because of unwanted shadows [37]. This methodology is actually used within a clinical practice setting to monitor tooth wear in many patients, with different etiologies [8,18]. ...
... However, these methods have some inherent limitations that may compromise the accurate assessment of tooth wear measurements [18,19], and among them, four important variables greatly affect the quality of intraoral photographs. These include training in photography, both for the dentist and the dental staff, experience in taking photographs, time taken to obtain the photos, and characteristics of the camera, accessories and equipment [37]. Some errors related to the process of taking a photograph include camera failure positioning, poor focusing, and over-or underexposure. ...
... In the search for innovative technologies that can produce more efficient clinical and scientific results, the intraoral scanner shows an advantage at capturing highly realistic 3D images. This method allows the operator to generate and manipulate the image as soon as it is obtained, eliminates the steps of cleaning, disinfecting, and casting used in the traditional alginate impressions [39], presents the possibility of obtaining reliable measurements of the dental arches [21,40] and offers better performance than ordinary photography in terms of image capture, especially in areas considered difficult to reach (Fig 1), like the distal aspects of the molars [37]. Additionally, the shortest time spent on the laboratory steps is an advantage since it is possible to immediately send the file model obtained through scanning [21]. ...
Dental wear analysis through the use of an intraoral scanner is a reality of modern dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of qualitative tooth wear evaluation through three-dimensional images captured with an intraoral scanner and compared to clinical and photographic examinations. Eighteen adult volunteers of both genders (18 to 55 years old) were submitted to clinical exams, intraoral photographs and intraoral scanning protocol using an optical scanner (TRIOS® Pod, 3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Occlusal tooth wear, from second to second premolars, was measured by two evaluators and reevaluated after 30 days, according to a slight modification of the method described by Mockers et al. Weighted Kappa was used to measure intra and inter-examiner agreement. The Friedman test was used to verify the differences among methods. Random and systematic errors were assessed using Bland-Altman plots. All statistical analysis was performed with p<0.05. There was a substantive agreement for clinical (K = 0.75) and photographic exams (K = 0.79) and a moderate agreement for intraoral scanner analysis (K = 0.60) for inter-examiner evaluation. A substantial intra-examiner agreement was obtained for both evaluators. No significant difference between the methods was observed (p = 0.7343 for examiner 1 and 0.8007 for examiner 2). The Bland-Altman plot confirmed no systematic errors between the methods and a random error of 0.25 with the scanner method when compared to clinical assessment. All three methods showed reliability in qualitative occlusal tooth wear evaluation. Intraoral scanning seems to be a sound and reliable tool to evaluate tooth wear when compared to traditional methods, considering the lower inter-examiner agreement and the inherent limitations of this pilot study. Further research will be necessary in order to achieve more robust evidence.
... 4 This standard is widely accepted as the general guideline for intraoral photography in the United States and in some areas outside the US. [5][6][7] Recent advances in imaging techniques, including CBCT and digital intra-oral surface scans of the teeth, 8 have created new means for recording information that intraoral photographs have historically captured. New treatment methods, including teledentistry techniques, rely increasingly on photographs, video-based interaction, and other records for diagnosis, rather than in-person examinations. ...
... Standardized variations in camera angulation were used to simulate actual clinical conditions where photos may be taken at less than ideal angulation. 5,13 To standardize the photographs at the specified angles, an apparatus was constructed to orient the camera and models in an accurate and reproducible position. A rotating plinth was constructed as the platform on which the dental casts were photographed (see Figure 1A). ...
Objective
The aims of this study were (1) to investigate how relevant intraoral photographs are to contemporary orthodontic diagnosis and (2) to assess orthodontists' ability to accurately diagnose angle classification and dental midlines using standardized intraoral photographs.
Methods
Study participants were orthodontists who completed a survey regarding photography protocols and their use of intraoral photographs for diagnosis. Each participant was randomized to complete 1 visual diagnostic task regarding either angle classification or midlines. Accuracy was compared across groups and camera angulations.
Results
In all, 80% of 192 respondents reported using photographs and clinic notes to plan orthodontic treatment; 50% also included dental casts. For the angle task, accuracy judging molar and canine classification was 79.9% and 51.3%, respectively with ideal standardized photographs. As camera angulation deviated, accuracy decreased significantly (P < 0.0001). For the midline task, accuracy judging the direction of deviation decreased with a small camera angulation change yet increased with a large change (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
When using ideal intraoral photographs alone to diagnose angle classification and midline relationships, accuracy is not likely to be greater than 80%. As camera angulation becomes less ideal, by 15 degrees when judging angle classification or 4 degrees when judging midlines, accuracy is likely to significantly decrease.
Clinical significance
For the clinician who wants to have the most accurate and complete records, our results suggest that intra‐oral photos alone may not be adequate when it comes to judging occlusal relationships such as angle classification and esthetic parameters like midlines. When using ideal intraoral photographs to diagnose angle classification and midline relationships, accuracy is not likely to be greater than 80%. As camera angulation becomes less ideal, by as little as 15 degrees when judging angle classification or 4 degrees when judging midlines, accuracy is likely to decrease significantly. Understanding these limitations will allow clinicians to improve both their clinical photography technique and their diagnostic skills.
... Telemedicine is increasing in popularity, particularly for dermatologists and other specialities where a clinician is not always onsite for direct patient care [1]. With the increasing availability of cheap, simple, high quality digital cameras for the non-professional photographer, often a clinician or auxiliary [2,3], the appeal of utilising digital images to diagnose or monitor treatment progress is growing. An extension of this application is the use of digital images of cutaneous disease to assess outcomes for intervention studies including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) [4]. ...
... Strengths of the described methodology include the quality control check and more than 98% of captured images being interpretable. The gold standard for needing to retake orthodontic photographs for poor quality was set at 90% [3] and our findings of adequacy were at this level, but when 'suboptimal but still able to be interpreted' was included exceeded this gold standard. In addition, the described method was followed by more than 20 study staff in remote contexts resulting in ,0.2% of images being unavailable for assessment. ...
With the increasing availability of high quality digital cameras that are easily operated by the non-professional photographer, the utility of using digital images to assess endpoints in clinical research of skin lesions has growing acceptance. However, rigorous protocols and description of experiences for digital image collection and assessment are not readily available, particularly for research conducted in remote settings. We describe the development and evaluation of a protocol for digital image collection by the non-professional photographer in a remote setting research trial, together with a novel methodology for assessment of clinical outcomes by an expert panel blinded to treatment allocation.
... When planning an orthodontic treatment, cephalometric and posteroanterior radiographs, dental models, and intraoral and extraoral photographs are primarily used. Clinical intraoral and extraoral photographs are useful and necessary for orthodontists (16,17). However, most of the artificial intelligence (AI) studies related to orthodontics have focused on 2-dimensional (2D) or 3D digital radiographs (18)(19)(20). ...
Maxillary protraction procedure with an orthopedic face mask is a method frequently used in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion due to maxillary retrognathia. Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in the parameters measured in two-dimensional frontal and profile photographs taken at the beginning (T0) and at the end (T1) of orthopedic face mask (FM) treatment in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, using artificial intelligence (AI). Material and methods. A total of 23 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion receiving orthopedic FM treatment were included in the study. Eight parameters were evaluated in this study: Nasolabial Angle, Mentolabial Angle, Chin Projection Angle, Frankfurt Horizontal–A'B' angle, Upper Lip/Lower Lip Ratio, Midface/Lower Face Ratio, Upper Lip–E-Line, Lower lip – E-line. Results. Except for the Nasolabial Angle, significant changes were observed in all parameters between the T0 and T1 measurements. A moderate negative correlation was found between the angle formed by the Frankfurt Horizontal– A'B' angle and the Upper Lip/Lower Lip Ratio and Upper Lip–E-line distance. A moderate positive correlation was found between the distance of the Lower Lip to the E-line and the Midface/Lower Face Ratio and Upper Lip to E-line distance. Conclusion. The use of analysis with AI is an effective, easy, and inexpensive method to evaluate changes in facial structures caused by treatment in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion. (Soylu S, Coban G, Ozturk T, Cengiz SM. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Orthopedic Face Mask Treatment Using Artificial Intelligence on Two-Dimensional Photographs. Orthod Forum 2023; 19 (3): 77-83).
... taking intraoral occlusal photographs, intraoral mirrors are used for a better view, which causes shortening of the teeth, varying with the mirror and tooth angulations. However, the photos used in this study were taken under clinical standards and formats by experts, enabling the attenuation of such errors to make results consistent 45 . Nevertheless, care should be taken when gathering images for AI models and interpreting their results. ...
Determining the severity of dental crowding and the necessity of tooth extraction for orthodontic treatment planning are time-consuming processes and there are no firm criteria. Thus, automated assistance would be useful to clinicians. This study aimed to construct and evaluate artificial intelligence (AI) systems to assist with such treatment planning. A total of 3,136 orthodontic occlusal photographs with annotations by two orthodontists were obtained. Four convolutional neural network (CNN) models, namely ResNet50, ResNet101, VGG16, and VGG19, were adopted for the AI process. Using the intraoral photographs as input, the crowding group and the necessity of tooth extraction were obtained. Arch length discrepancy analysis with AI-detected landmarks was used for crowding categorization. Various statistical and visual analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance. The maxillary and mandibular VGG19 models showed minimum mean errors of 0.84 mm and 1.06 mm for teeth landmark detection, respectively. Analysis of Cohen’s weighted kappa coefficient indicated that crowding categorization performance was best in VGG19 (0.73), decreasing in the order of VGG16, ResNet101, and ResNet50. For tooth extraction, the maxillary VGG19 model showed the highest accuracy (0.922) and AUC (0.961). By utilizing deep learning with orthodontic photographs, dental crowding categorization and diagnosis of orthodontic extraction were successfully determined. This suggests that AI can assist clinicians in the diagnosis and decision making of treatment plans.
... Photographs in orthodontic clinics [5] Intra-Oral Photographs The major purpose of intraoral photograph is to enable the orthodontist To review the hard and soft tissue at clinical examinations. To record hard and soft tissue condition as they exist before treatment (Patient with white spot lesions of enamel, hyperplastic areas and gingival cleft are essential to document) American Board of Orthodontics Requirements for Intra Oral Photographs is [6]:- Quality, standardized intra oral prints in color Patient dentition oriented accurately in all three planes of space One frontal view in maximum intercuspation. Two lateral view right and left. ...
Clinical photographs are essential for maintaining patient records, patient education, diagnosis and treatment planning. The application of photography in dental practice is simple, quick and particularly useful in documenting of work, assisting in patient education and helping in clinical investigations, thus benefits dentists and patients. Its widespread application include self-checking of one’s own results, illustration of lectures and publications, marketing and accomplishing electronic tele dental systems.
... Orthodontic clinical photographs consist of extraoral and intraoral photographs [1]. Orthodontic clinical photographs may be taken by a professional medical photographer, orthodontist, or dental assistant [2]. ...
Smartphone cameras have advanced at a rapid rate. With this advancement, it is possible to take high quality orthodontic clinical photographs using a smartphone. The aim of this article is to describe the technique to take orthodontic clinical photographs using a smartphone.
... However, full soft tissue analysis is a must for every patient to comment on their extraction needs. 3 Photographs are an essential part of clinical documentation and record maintenance. 4 Two dimensional photographs are a diagnostic record that is accepted worldwide, but the major problem with 2D photographs is standardization, and calibration is difficult; therefore, we need a good alternative to 2D photographs. ...
Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the soft tissue changes in non-extraction cases using 3D scanning and 2D photography and compare the results of two modalities. Methods: A prospective study of soft tissue changes was done on 25 adult patients (mean age of 21 ± 3 years) with mild crowding (< 3 mm) undergoing orthodontic treatment requiring no extractions. Pre-treatment and post-treatment photographs (using DSLR camera) and scans (using a structured light-based scanner) were taken. These were evaluated for 12 lateral and 10 frontal soft tissue profile parameters. The changes obtained in pre-treatment and post-treatment soft tissue profiles through both the modalities were also compared with each other. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the changes among 3D scans and 2D photographs. Statistically significant changes were observed in lateral soft tissue parameters of Ls and Li with respect to true vertical and aesthetic lines along with nasolabial angle. Conclusion: The structured light-based 3D scanner is at par with the current 2D photographic modality for record-keeping, diagnosis, and treatment planning.
... [18] The quality of photographs taken by orthodontists, professional photographers, and orthodontic auxiliaries was compared in a study conducted by Jonathan et al. according to the result of that study, orthodontists produced significantly more goodquality intraoral photographs. [19] The current study like any other had few limitations. The sample size could have been higher and the respondents could have been made more specific pertaining the orthodontic fraternities. ...
Introduction: With the ever-increasing number in adults seeking dental treatment, improvement in esthetics has remained
one of the main goals in the treatment objectives. The emphasis has long been on taking study models and radiographs
as records, while photographs were often considered as luxury and time consuming. With time, this idea has certainly
changed, and photographs were considered important diagnostic records. The aim of the study is to compare the image
quality of intraoral photographs taken using the macro lens and normal lens of a particular digital single lens reflex camera.
Materials and Methods: This study includes a questionnaire with 20 image based on multiple choice questions and was
distributed among dental undergraduates and postgraduates in the city. The digitized photographs in the questionnaire were
assessed based on the quality of photograph, depth of field, reproducibility, brightness, and contrast. The data obtained
were then subjected for statistical evaluation. Results: Nearly 64.11% of the total response suggested that both the pictures
were taken in a macro lens and a normal lens are similar whereas 24.15% and 11.74% opted for macro lens and normal lens,
respectively. Conclusion: Macro lens performs better than normal lens. However, a majority of the study population found no
difference between the two photographs taken using normal and macro lens. Macro lens was found to produce more pleasing
images in frontal occlusal photographs.
KEY WORDS: Digital single-lens reflex, Intraoral photographs, Macro lens, Nikon, Normal lens, Orthodontic photographs
... Los estudios descriptivos y comparativos van dirigidos hacia el uso de la fotografía en ámbitos clínicos y de investigación, tratando en su mayoría de probar las ventajas que tiene la fotografía digital clínica sobre ciertos medios diagnósticos tradicionales, además de dar un recuento de la importancia que le dan los profesionales de la salud bucal, tomando en cuenta que el equipo de trabajo está conformado por el odontólogo (general o especialista) y el asistente dental. En este inciso, las fuentes de información reflejan que en su mayoría es el odontólogo quien realiza las tomas fotográficas en el consultorio 10,22,23 . ...
Durante los últimos años, la fotografía clínica ha sido una herramienta útil para el personal de cien-cias de la salud, sobre todo para el odontólogo, el cual la ha incorporado en su práctica profesional diaria. En los últimos 20 años, la fotografía clínica ha migrado desde sus primeros formatos analó-gicos a modalidades digitales, brindando una infinidad de ventajas al clínico en cuanto a tiempo, facilidad de uso, accesibilidad y comunicación con otros odontólogos, técnicos de laborario dental, entre diferentes propósitos clínicos y educativos, por mencionar algunos. Sin embargo, no se co-noce el estado del arte en cuanto al uso de la fotografía digital clínica en la práctica odontológica. Es por ello que el objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática es examinar la evolución y el estado actual de los estudios que involucren el uso de la fotografía digital clínica en el ámbito de la Odon-tología. Se encontraron 128 artículos en las diferentes bases de datos electrónicas, de los cuales fueron seleccionados 52 artículos que entraban dentro de los criterios inclusión. 29 publicaciones del área de Odontología Restauradora y Estética incluyeron el uso de la fotografía. 32 publicacio-nes se enmarcaron dentro del uso investigativo. 17 publicaciones utilizaron equipos fotográficos marca Canon ©. No se encontraron protocolos estandarizados como resultado de consensos en las diferentes especialidades. Se concluye que la fotografía digital clínica se usa ampliamente en la práctica odontológica, en situaciones diversas, cada vez con mayor frecuencia.
ABSTRACT In the last few years, digital dental photography has been a useful tool for health sciences, especially for the dentist, which has been used more frequently in his daily practice. In the last 20 years, digital dental photography has evolved from its first analog formats to digital practices, offering an infinite number of advantages to the clinician in terms of time, ease of use, accessibility and communication with other dentists, dental laboratory, among others. For clinical and educational purposes. However , the state of the art regarding the use of digital photography in dental practice is not known. The aim of the present systematic review to examine the evolution and the current state of the studies that involve the use of clinical digital photography in the field of dentistry. 128 articles were found in the different electronic databases, from which 52 articles were selected that are included within the inclusion criteria. 29 publications from the area of Restorative Dentistry and Aesthetics include the use of photography. 32 publications framed within the investigative use. 17 publications used Canon © photographic equipment. The standardized protocols have not been found in the different specialties. It is concluded that clinical digital photography is widely used in dental practice, in different situations, with increasing frequency.
... For proper treatment planning and documentation, the extraoral photographs should show the patient's correct appearance, especially the natural smile; the intraoral photographs should show the complete dentition and occlusion. During the DDP process, various errors may originate from the practitioner, the patient, and the poor design of the equipment used [7]. If the causes of the errors are defined, proper solutions can be implemented. ...
Purpose
Dental photography is an essential part of orthodontic treatment. It is used during all stages, and many components can affect the image quality. During the procedure, attendants and the patient must often work together to obtain high-quality images. These aspects likely influence the patient's experience, which is important in today's healthcare services. This study qualitatively investigated the effects of dental photography procedures on the patient experience.
Methods
This research used a qualitative approach that included both observational and interview methods. Twenty patients (16-20 years old) underwent dental photography for the first time at the initial stage of orthodontic treatment.
Results
The lack of detailed information regarding the procedure and the appearance of the intraoral mirrors and retractors were primary causes of patient stress prior to the procedure. During the procedure, the mirrors and retractors caused pain for most patients. The inefficient designs and lack of compatibility between the items used were the primary reasons for patient complaints.
Conclusions
Patients must be informed in advance and in detail about the procedure and the equipment to be used. Improved designs for the camera flash system and the intraoral equipment are needed to maximize both patient satisfaction and image quality.
... Seorang ortodontis bisa membuat foto klinis yang sama baiknya dengan fotografer professional. Penelitian Sandler, et al (2009) menunjukkan bahwa pada pembuatan foto ekstra oral tidak dijumpai perbedaan yang bermakna antara hasil foto dokter gigi dan fotografer professional, bahkan ortodontis menghasilkan foto intra oral dengan kualitas lebih baik Saat ini telepon seluler berkamera sudah beredar sangat luas dan hampir tiap dokter gigi memilikinya. Keuntungan pemakaian kamera telepon seluler adalah dapat dengan mudah dan cepat membuat foto. ...
Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plans are determined based of some analyzes that require data derived from direct examination, study models, x-rays and clinical photos. Currently the clinical photos both intra oral and extra oral are easily made. Unfortunately, not all clinicians are willing to make good documentation especially making photos, or making the inadequate ones. The purpose in this paper to reveal how to make good intra and extra-oral photos for orthodontic records as communication features between clinician and patients. Proper documentation is needed especially on orthodontic treatment that requires a relatively long period. There are at least 5 intra-oral photos that should be made: frontal photo, right and left buccal, upper and lower occlusal photos. Extra-oral photos are relatively easier made than intra-oral photos. The important thing is position of the patient and the clinician. Four extra-oral photos are face-frontal with lips relaxed and smiling, profile and 45o profile will provide the maximum information about the face, soft tissues, proportions and esthetic smile. All important details should be recorded. Photos before, during and after treatment can be compared to recognize the changes that have been achieved. Good orthodontic records includes intra and extra-oral photograph taking will minimize the misunderstandings between the dentist and the patients in orthodontic treatment.
... Sandler et al. showed that most of the photos taken by the 3 groups of photographers were judged to be good or acceptable. Orthodontists rather produced significantly more good-quality intraoral photographs than others (12). Indeed, it is not difficult to learn correct photographic techniques after a normal learning curve. ...
This paper is the first article in a new series on digital dental photography. Part 1 defines the aims and objectives of dental photography for examination, diagnosis and treatment planning, legal and forensic documentation, publishing, education, marketing and communication with patients, dental team members, colleagues and dental laboratory. © 2016 CIC Edizioni Internazionali Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
... Communication with the patient by the orthodontist is a better approach. 25 Other potential problems include excessive bubbles of saliva, mist on the mirror, dark buccal passages, insufficient elimination of tongue, and failure to visualize distal side of first molar teeth or blockage of area interested by retractor (Figure 11a-c). 26 ...
The use of photographic documentation is essential procedure in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. These records are also required for legal protection. Digital technology is gaining importance for creation of photographic recording. In this article, we want to give an overview of standardization and the latest developments in the photographic field in orthodontic clinics.
Günümüzde hastaların estetik beklentilerinin artması ve bunun sonucunda estetik uygulamaların arttığı gözlemlenmektedir. Estetik diş hekimliğinin vazgeçilmez araçlardan biri ise, dental fotoğrafçılıktır. Dijital kameraların gelişmesi ve bu sistemlerin kullanım kolaylığı sonucu gün geçtikçe dijital fotoğrafçılığın önemi de artmaktadır. DSLR makineler ve makro lensler, estetik diş hekimliği alanında kullanılması gereken ekipmanlardandır. Bu ekipmanların kullanım şekli ve ayarların yapılabilmesi için hekimin yeterli bilgi ve beceriye sahip olması gerekmektedir. Tedavi öncesi ve sonrası hekim tarafından çekilen ağız içi ve ağız dışı fotoğraflar yardımı ile tedavinin seyri hastaya gösterilebilmektedir ve tedavi sonucu oluşan değişiklikleri vurgulamak için kullanılabilen yöntemlerden biridir. Bu makalede dijital dental fotoğrafların önemi vurgulanmış ve ağız içi fotoğrafların standardizasyonu açısından genel fotoğrafçılık prensipleri, standart ağız içi ve ağız dışı fotoğrafların çekilmesi, kameralar, yardımcı ekipmanlar ve olası hatalar ele alınmıştır.
Background
Taking facial and intraoral clinical photos is one of the essential parts of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Among the diagnostic procedures, classification of the shuffled clinical photos with their orientations will be the initial step while it was not easy for a machine to classify photos with a variety of facial and dental situations. This article presents a convolutional neural networks (CNNs) deep learning technique to classify orthodontic clinical photos according to their orientations.
Methods
To build an automated classification system, CNNs models of facial and intraoral categories were constructed, and the clinical photos that are routinely taken for orthodontic diagnosis were used to train the models with data augmentation. Prediction procedures were evaluated with separate photos whose purpose was only for prediction.
Results
Overall, a 98.0% valid prediction rate resulted for both facial and intraoral photo classification. The highest prediction rate was 100% for facial lateral profile, intraoral upper, and lower photos.
Conclusion
An artificial intelligence system that utilizes deep learning with proper training models can successfully classify orthodontic facial and intraoral photos automatically. This technique can be used for the first step of a fully automated orthodontic diagnostic system in the future.
Medical photography is a specialized genre of photography concerned with taking photographs beneficial to medical practice. This study aimed at delineating trends in medical photography practices among graduate students at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. Data suggest most graduate students first encounter medical photographs in their classes (68.1%), although some had taken their own medical photographs (13.5%), primarily using their mobile phone (81.6%). However, the majority of the photographs (66%) were taken by their colleagues.
Since digital technology made dental photography widely available, photographers have been trying to establish the ‘gold standard’ when obtaining intra-oral photographs. A basic knowledge of photographic principles, familiarity with particular dental techniques and a correct choice and use of equipment contribute significantly both to the standardisation and quality of photographs. A recent survey between members of the Institute of Medical Illustrators shed a light on the current practice in the UK. Medical photographers do not always have access to the full range of suitable equipment. A better selection of retractors and occlusal mirrors would undoubtedly contribute to higher quality images.
Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plans are determined based of some analyzes that require data derived from direct examination, study models, x-rays and clinical photos. Currently the clinical photos both intra oral and extra oral are easily made. Unfortunately, not all clinicians are willing to make good documentation especially making photos, or making the inadequate ones. The purpose in this paper to reveal how to make good intra and extra-oral photos for orthodontic records as communication features between clinician and patients. Proper documentation is needed especially on orthodontic treatment that requires a relatively long period. There are at least 5 intra-oral photos that should be made: frontal photo, right and left buccal, upper and lower occlusal photos. Extra-oral photos are relatively easier made than intra-oral photos. The important thing is position of the patient and the clinician. Four extra-oral photos are face-frontal with lips relaxed and smiling, profile and 45o profile will provide the maximum information about the face, soft tissues, proportions and esthetic smile. All important details should be recorded. Photos before, during and after treatment can be compared to recognize the changes that have been achieved. Good orthodontic records includes intra and extra-oral photograph taking will minimize the misunderstandings between the dentist and the patients in orthodontic treatment.
Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge of specialists dentists in João Pessoa on digital photography. Material and Methods: It was a prospective observational study with non-probability sampling. The sample was composed by 60 professionals enrolled in Regional Council of Dentistry of Paraiba (CRO-PB), in the following specialties: Prosthesis, Orthodontics, Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry. The data collection was performed by means of a questionnaire, with objective and subjective questions. The data were tabulated in a database and submitted to descriptive statistical analysis. Results: It was possible to verify that the greater parts of dentists are adherents to the use of digital photography (71.6 %) for various purposes. Among the specialties, Orthodontics has obtained the highest percentage (86.6 %), followed by Prosthodontics (73.3 %), Periodontics (66.6 %) and Restorative Dentistry (60 %). Conclusions: The majority of specialists use digital photography as part of the dentistry documentation, with orthodontists being the specialists that most commonly uses it. Although additional studies are necessary to further deepening on the topic in question.
The value of producing high quality dental photographs has been recognised by more and more dental practitioners, both to enhance their patient records and prevent litigation, particularly in the field of cosmetic dentistry and orthodontics. In recent years with the advent of digital photography the necessary camera set ups for clinical use have become easier to use, more available and affordable. With suitable training any member of the dental team is capable of taking high quality and repeatable images.
This survey is an update of a survey that was originally carried out in 1999 and published in 2001. Over the last 10 years the prevalence of digital photography in orthodontics has increased beyond measure and the study was to document any effects of this change.
The opinions of 69 orthodontists from many European countries, as to what would be considered good practice with regards to intra and extra-oral photography with modern digital camera equipment, were sought. A written survey was distributed to the participants and collected by hand a few minutes later, once completed. A comparison was then made between current practice and what was considered best practice at the turn of the millennium.
The main change was the widespread move from conventional to digital photography throughout Europe. This has resulted in a reduction in the cost of photographing each and every case on multiple occasions throughout treatment.
The move to digital photography offers many advantages to orthodontists. High quality photographic documentation is almost routinely taken throughout treatment with little direct cost to the clinician.
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the visual accuracy of students and experienced orthodontists in distinguishing the different skeletal classes and facial biotypes using only lateral photographs. A group of 19 orthodontic students (4 males and 15 females, aged between 23 and 30 years) and 9 experienced orthodontists (three males and six females, aged between 30 and 56 years) were shown a slide presentation of 100 (50 males and 50 females) patients aged between 8 and 42 years and were asked to indicate the skeletal class and the facial biotype of each subject. Data were analysed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, with Bonferroni post hoc adjustment for multiple testing. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Only 32.75 per cent of the participants identified the facial biotype of the patients with respect to Rickett's vertical (Vert) pattern and 47.96 per cent the skeletal class. The students performed better than the experienced orthodontists (P < 0.05) but only for skeletal class. The results indicate that lateral photographs are not sufficient for determining the skeletal class or facial biotype of patients.
This paper demonstrates some of the errors commonly seen in both conventional and digital photography when used for clinical purposes, and details how some of these mistakes may be avoided.
This survey was carried out to allow a minimum data set required for intra- and extra-oral photographs to be established. In 1999 a questionnaire was sent to members of the Angle Society of Europe to establish their current clinical practice with regard to extra- and intra-oral photography. The Angle Society was chosen because of their stated commitment to a high standard of record keeping and of clinical care. Results showed that a full series of extra- and intra-oral photographs were taken both before and after treatment, as well as stage photographs during treatment on many cases. The need for each of these photographs will be discussed in some detail, and recommendations will be made as to what would be considered the Gold standard before, during, and after a course of orthodontic treatment.
This survey is an update of a survey that was originally carried out in 1999 and published in 2001. Over the last 10 years the prevalence of digital photography in orthodontics has increased beyond measure and the study was to document any effects of this change.
The opinions of 69 orthodontists from many European countries, as to what would be considered good practice with regards to intra and extra-oral photography with modern digital camera equipment, were sought. A written survey was distributed to the participants and collected by hand a few minutes later, once completed. A comparison was then made between current practice and what was considered best practice at the turn of the millennium.
The main change was the widespread move from conventional to digital photography throughout Europe. This has resulted in a reduction in the cost of photographing each and every case on multiple occasions throughout treatment.
The move to digital photography offers many advantages to orthodontists. High quality photographic documentation is almost routinely taken throughout treatment with little direct cost to the clinician.
The quality of clinical photographs
- H Rowland
- N Atack
- N Mitchell
Rowland H, Atack N, Mitchell N. The quality of clinical photographs. British Orthodontic Society Clinical Effectiveness Bulletin
2004; No. 17 p.16.