Jonathan Han Chung Kwik

Jonathan Han Chung Kwik
  • Master of Laws
  • Doctorate candidate at University of Amsterdam

About

33
Publications
8,585
Reads
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59
Citations
Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Current institution
University of Amsterdam
Current position
  • Doctorate candidate
Additional affiliations
September 2015 - November 2017
University of Groningen
Position
  • Master's Student
Education
September 2011 - September 2015
University of Groningen
Field of study
  • International end European Law

Publications

Publications (33)
Chapter
The ability to control weapons is an essential component of targeting. For autonomous weapon systems (AWS), the notion of meaningful human control (MHC) has frequently been advanced as a framing device for policy and legal discussions, but the concept is functionally void due to lack of precision as to what it entails. This chapter presents the res...
Chapter
Responsibility for harm that might arise from the use of autonomous weapons (AWS) on the battlefield has been one of the most prominent topics of academic and policy debate. The perceived inability to assign criminal liability for crimes involving AWS raises concerns of accountability the and possibility encouraging misuse or reckless use. This cha...
Chapter
An important part of being able to deploy systems safely, is understanding when it is not safe to do so. To know when using a system is unsafe, one must understand why systems fail. To this end, this chapter presents a typology of different reasons that may lead autonomous weapon systems (AWS) to fail in the field: being cognisant of these factors...
Chapter
A battlefield is an adversarial space, and opponents will prepare countermeasures against autonomous weapon systems (AWS). Unlike countermeasures against older systems, AI have unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited in novel ways, which must be understood by any AWS-user to prevent opponents from compromising the system’s reliability, force a...
Chapter
This chapter introduces Part IV, which is focused on legal-operational analysis of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). First, Part IV is situated within the framework introduced in Chap. 2 and the broader targeting process: at this point, it is assumed that the AWS-user has discharged all of their tasks indicated in Part III related to informing onese...
Chapter
This chapter examines in detail the complete spectrum of fault degrees available in criminal law, from the highest levels of intent to no-fault regimes, to determine whether the challenges in establishing mens rea as found in Chap. 12 are uniform to all fault degrees. It is found it is not uniform, and that three main categories can be identified....
Chapter
Many advantages are ascribed in literature to autonomous weapons (AWS), but this must be balanced against two important points: first, that not all advantages are exclusive to AWS technology, and second, that any such advantages must be weighed against the difficulty attached to using a particular AWS in a given environment. To that end, this chapt...
Chapter
Awareness is an essential prerequisite for using autonomous weapon systems (AWS) lawfully and in an informed way, and comes in three main forms: knowledge of the system (Technical Awareness), of the environment (Contextual Awareness) and how the latter impacts the former (Interaction Awareness). This chapter introduces the concept of Awareness as i...
Chapter
Why autonomous weapons (AWS) are problematic from a targeting perspective is controversial and inconsistent. This chapter argues that mono-dimensional approaches to this question are reductive: instead, variables such as level of autonomy, duration of search, etc., are only a factor that may influence whether an AWS can be used lawfully. It also hy...
Chapter
Literature on autonomous weapon systems (AWS) make frequent reference to measures of performance (MoP) like accuracy, reliability or robustness, often to make normative statements (e.g. regarding the prohibition on indiscriminate weapons). How users of AWS are expected to interpret and use such MoPs, however, is rarely addressed. This is problemati...
Chapter
The criminal responsibility gap with respect to autonomous weapons (AWS) asserts that one or more elements required for criminal liability cannot be established due to the the technology’s unique properties. To explore the validity of this hypothesis, this chapter starts by providing an overview of the different elements required for ciminal liabil...
Chapter
This chapter reviews the overarching conclusions, lessons and insights of this study. In doing so, it retains the book’s emphasis on considering both academic and operational perspectives related to autonomous weapon systems (AWS) by presenting a twofold output. The first is theoretical: a recapitulation is provided of all major legal findings rela...
Chapter
This chapter engages in a thorough examination of the five main targeting rules in IHL (indiscriminate attack, proportionality, minimising collateral damage, warnings, and delaying/cancelling) and how their application would be impacted by the unique properties of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). The chapter offers a dual approach: first, an analys...
Chapter
Machine learning techniques lie at the centre of many recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), including in weapon systems. While powerful, these techniques utilise opaque models whose internal workings are generally quite difficult to explain, which necessitated the development of explainable AI (XAI). In the military domain, both perf...
Article
Full-text available
In this paper we introduce a computational control framework that can keep AI-driven military autonomous devices operating within the boundaries set by applicable rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) related to targeting. We discuss the necessary legal tests and variables, and introduce the structure of a hypothetical IHL-compliant targeti...
Chapter
Full-text available
The paper presents a formal model and an experimental verification of the system controlling the International Humanitarian Law compliance for the autonomous military device.
Chapter
This position paper presents a discussion on the problem of implementing the rules of International Humanitarian Law in AI-driven military autonomous devices. We introduce a structure of a hybrid data- and knowledge-driven computational framework of a hypothetical targeting system built from the ground up with IHL compliance in mind. We provide a m...
Article
Full-text available
Meaningful Human Control (MHC) has been a consistent key term in legal debates concerning autonomous weapon systems (AWS), but its usefulness as a policy or lawmaking tool is limited due to a lack of clarity on what the concept encompasses. This study engaged in a thorough literature study of official statements, policy papers and academic papers p...
Article
Full-text available
Under international law, weapon capabilities and their use are regulated by legal requirements set by International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Currently, there are strong military incentives to equip capabilities with increasingly advanced artificial intelligence (AI), which include opaque (less transparent) models. As opaque models sacrifice transpar...
Chapter
The trial of Dominic Ongwen, an ex-child soldier turned perpetrator, has attracted debate concerning the position of international criminal law (ICL) on perpetrators of war crimes with a complex background of childhood victimization. From some perspectives, such persons are accountable adults responsible for unspeakable crimes, while from others, t...
Article
Control over marine areas is instrumental for a country's economy, resources, and security. This vested interest of States in surrounding oceans leads to maritime boundary disputes, which are common in South East Asia. Maritime boundary disputes can be resolved through many methods, and it is often difficult for individual States to determine which...
Article
Ethnic and religious plurality is inextricably linked with Ambonese history. The conflict of 1999–2003 disrupted this stability and caused great damage, segregation, and radicalization. Reestablishing peace proved difficult because of complex social, economic, political, and religious factors, and parties struggled to address deep-rooted issues suc...
Article
Full-text available
This article demonstrates the strategic position of Lembaga Adat Negeri in the fulfilment of the long-neglected right to reparation of victims in post-conflict Ambon. Lembaga Adat Negeri was chosen as the object of analysis due to their close cultural affiliation with the Ambonese society. Due to the important role of Lembaga Adat Negeri in local A...
Article
Full-text available
Belgian authorities received a request from Spain for the arrest and extradition of the Basque couple Moreno-Garcia, two Spanish nationals who were suspected of illegally housing commandos of the separatist group ETA. 1 This request set in motion an eleven-year long judicial struggle for Moreno and Garcia in their fight against extradition, which h...
Research
Full-text available
Term Paper, Bachelor Program, Universiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Research
Full-text available
Bachelor Thesis, Rijskuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Research
Full-text available
Term Paper RIjksunversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Research
Full-text available
Research paper, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Master Program
Article
Full-text available
The concept of universal jurisdiction in international law is not a new one, and can be traced back to the ancient offence of piracy.1 Its underlying philosophy is simple: some crimes are so severe, or so universally condemned, that it is the right – and perhaps duty – of every state to contribute in combatting the impunity of its perpetrators. In...

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