
Jonathan Han Chung Kwik- Master of Laws
- Doctorate candidate at University of Amsterdam
Jonathan Han Chung Kwik
- Master of Laws
- Doctorate candidate at University of Amsterdam
About
33
Publications
8,585
Reads
How we measure 'reads'
A 'read' is counted each time someone views a publication summary (such as the title, abstract, and list of authors), clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the full-text. Learn more
59
Citations
Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Current institution
Additional affiliations
September 2015 - November 2017
Education
September 2011 - September 2015
Publications
Publications (33)
The ability to control weapons is an essential component of targeting. For autonomous weapon systems (AWS), the notion of meaningful human control (MHC) has frequently been advanced as a framing device for policy and legal discussions, but the concept is functionally void due to lack of precision as to what it entails. This chapter presents the res...
Responsibility for harm that might arise from the use of autonomous weapons (AWS) on the battlefield has been one of the most prominent topics of academic and policy debate. The perceived inability to assign criminal liability for crimes involving AWS raises concerns of accountability the and possibility encouraging misuse or reckless use. This cha...
An important part of being able to deploy systems safely, is understanding when it is not safe to do so. To know when using a system is unsafe, one must understand why systems fail. To this end, this chapter presents a typology of different reasons that may lead autonomous weapon systems (AWS) to fail in the field: being cognisant of these factors...
A battlefield is an adversarial space, and opponents will prepare countermeasures against autonomous weapon systems (AWS). Unlike countermeasures against older systems, AI have unique vulnerabilities that can be exploited in novel ways, which must be understood by any AWS-user to prevent opponents from compromising the system’s reliability, force a...
This chapter introduces Part IV, which is focused on legal-operational analysis of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). First, Part IV is situated within the framework introduced in Chap. 2 and the broader targeting process: at this point, it is assumed that the AWS-user has discharged all of their tasks indicated in Part III related to informing onese...
This chapter examines in detail the complete spectrum of fault degrees available in criminal law, from the highest levels of intent to no-fault regimes, to determine whether the challenges in establishing mens rea as found in Chap. 12 are uniform to all fault degrees. It is found it is not uniform, and that three main categories can be identified....
Many advantages are ascribed in literature to autonomous weapons (AWS), but this must be balanced against two important points: first, that not all advantages are exclusive to AWS technology, and second, that any such advantages must be weighed against the difficulty attached to using a particular AWS in a given environment. To that end, this chapt...
Awareness is an essential prerequisite for using autonomous weapon systems (AWS) lawfully and in an informed way, and comes in three main forms: knowledge of the system (Technical Awareness), of the environment (Contextual Awareness) and how the latter impacts the former (Interaction Awareness). This chapter introduces the concept of Awareness as i...
Why autonomous weapons (AWS) are problematic from a targeting perspective is controversial and inconsistent. This chapter argues that mono-dimensional approaches to this question are reductive: instead, variables such as level of autonomy, duration of search, etc., are only a factor that may influence whether an AWS can be used lawfully. It also hy...
Literature on autonomous weapon systems (AWS) make frequent reference to measures of performance (MoP) like accuracy, reliability or robustness, often to make normative statements (e.g. regarding the prohibition on indiscriminate weapons). How users of AWS are expected to interpret and use such MoPs, however, is rarely addressed. This is problemati...
The criminal responsibility gap with respect to autonomous weapons (AWS) asserts that one or more elements required for criminal liability cannot be established due to the the technology’s unique properties. To explore the validity of this hypothesis, this chapter starts by providing an overview of the different elements required for ciminal liabil...
This chapter reviews the overarching conclusions, lessons and insights of this study. In doing so, it retains the book’s emphasis on considering both academic and operational perspectives related to autonomous weapon systems (AWS) by presenting a twofold output. The first is theoretical: a recapitulation is provided of all major legal findings rela...
This chapter engages in a thorough examination of the five main targeting rules in IHL (indiscriminate attack, proportionality, minimising collateral damage, warnings, and delaying/cancelling) and how their application would be impacted by the unique properties of autonomous weapon systems (AWS). The chapter offers a dual approach: first, an analys...
Machine learning techniques lie at the centre of many recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), including in weapon systems. While powerful, these techniques utilise opaque models whose internal workings are generally quite difficult to explain, which necessitated the development of explainable AI (XAI). In the military domain, both perf...
In this paper we introduce a computational control framework that can keep AI-driven military autonomous devices operating within the boundaries set by applicable rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) related to targeting. We discuss the necessary legal tests and variables, and introduce the structure of a hypothetical IHL-compliant targeti...
The paper presents a formal model and an experimental verification of the system controlling the International Humanitarian Law compliance for the autonomous military device.
This position paper presents a discussion on the problem of implementing the rules of International Humanitarian Law in AI-driven military autonomous devices. We introduce a structure of a hybrid data- and knowledge-driven computational framework of a hypothetical targeting system built from the ground up with IHL compliance in mind. We provide a m...
Meaningful Human Control (MHC) has been a consistent key term in legal debates concerning autonomous weapon systems (AWS), but its usefulness as a policy or lawmaking tool is limited due to a lack of clarity on what the concept encompasses. This study engaged in a thorough literature study of official statements, policy papers and academic papers p...
Under international law, weapon capabilities and their use are regulated by legal requirements set by International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Currently, there are strong military incentives to equip capabilities with increasingly advanced artificial intelligence (AI), which include opaque (less transparent) models. As opaque models sacrifice transpar...
The trial of Dominic Ongwen, an ex-child soldier turned perpetrator, has attracted debate
concerning the position of international criminal law (ICL) on perpetrators of war crimes
with a complex background of childhood victimization. From some perspectives, such
persons are accountable adults responsible for unspeakable crimes, while from others, t...
Control over marine areas is instrumental for a country's economy, resources, and security. This vested interest of States in surrounding oceans leads to maritime boundary disputes, which are common in South East Asia. Maritime boundary disputes can be resolved through many methods, and it is often difficult for individual States to determine which...
Ethnic and religious plurality is inextricably linked with Ambonese history. The conflict of 1999–2003 disrupted this stability and caused great damage, segregation, and radicalization. Reestablishing peace proved difficult because of complex social, economic, political, and religious factors, and parties struggled to address deep-rooted issues suc...
This article demonstrates the strategic position of Lembaga Adat Negeri in the fulfilment of the long-neglected
right to reparation of victims in post-conflict Ambon. Lembaga Adat Negeri was chosen as the object of
analysis due to their close cultural affiliation with the Ambonese society. Due to the important role of Lembaga
Adat Negeri in local A...
Belgian authorities received a request from Spain for the arrest and extradition of the Basque couple Moreno-Garcia, two Spanish nationals who were suspected of illegally housing commandos of the separatist group ETA. 1 This request set in motion an eleven-year long judicial struggle for Moreno and Garcia in their fight against extradition, which h...
Term Paper, Bachelor Program, Universiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Bachelor Thesis, Rijskuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Term Paper RIjksunversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands
Research paper, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Master Program
Research paper at the Universiteit Gent, Belgium
The concept of universal jurisdiction in international law is not a new one, and can be traced back to the ancient offence of piracy.1 Its underlying philosophy is simple: some crimes are so severe, or so universally condemned, that it is the right – and perhaps duty – of every state to contribute in combatting the impunity of its perpetrators. In...