Jonas W. B. Lang

Dishop (2022) identifies the consensus emergence model (CEM) as a useful tool for future research on emergence but argues that autoregressive models with positive autoregressive effects are an important alternative data-generating mechanism that researchers need to rule out. Here, we acknowledge that alternative data-generating mechanisms are possi...

Leadership traits and behaviors are observed early in human development, and although an improved understanding of youth leadership would usefully inform many real-world contexts (e.g., education, parenting, policy), most empirical work on leadership has been limited to adult populations. The purpose of the current article is to add a developmental...

Objective: Evidence supports the effectiveness of cuing people to analyse negative autobiographical experiences from self-distanced rather than self-immersed perspectives. However, the evidence on which this expectation resides is limited largely to static snapshots of mean levels of cognitive and emotional factors. Methods: Via a pre-registered...

Introduction: Changes in General Aviation (GA) accident rates, specifically in the go-around phase, are examined by comparing the number of accidents, the proportion of fatal accidents, and the proportion of certain causes of accidents over time. Methods: Two sets of accidents from 2000 to 2004 and from 2013 to 2017 were extracted from the Natio...

This chapter focuses on the development of modern testing in the Dutch, German, and French-speaking parts of Europe (France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, most parts of Switzerland, Austria, and the South Tirol region of Italy). Some early forms of selection testing in this region of the world can be traced back as far as the Roman...

Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Standortbestimmung zeigt die hohe wissenschaftliche Qualität der Intelligenzforschung und von Intelligenztests. Es werden aber auch mögliche Missverständnisse und Einseitigkeiten der Ergebnisrezeption und -interpretation thematisiert. Im Einzelnen werden (1) die hohe prognostische und kriterienbezogene Validität bei...

Work effort has been a key concept in management theories and research for more than a century. Maintaining and increasing employee effort also is a persistent concern to managers. The goal of the present conceptual and meta-analytic review was to increase clarity and consensus regarding what effort is and how to measure it. First, we reviewed conc...

This special issue introduces a set of papers that contribute to research on leadership and health/well-being from multiple perspectives. To situate these papers in current research debates, this introduction to the special issue provides an overview of research on leadership and health/well-being by using a microscope-macroscope perspective as an...

Interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has stimulated many research investigations. Much of this research has used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure association strengths that are presumed to underlie implicit biases. It had been more than a decade since the last...

There is intuitive and practical appeal to the idea of emergent resilience, that is, sustaining healthy levels of functioning or recovering quickly after some degree of deterioration following exposure to heightened risk or vulnerability. Scholars typically utilize mean levels of functioning indices to identify qualitatively distinct latent subgrou...

This article builds on earlier research on work events and uses a recently developed taxonomy of situation perceptions—the CAPTION taxonomy—to study daily work events. The authors specifically test the ideas that the specific affective event dimensions A (Adversity) and O (humOr), and cognitive and typicality dimensions—I (Importance), C (Complexit...

The applied psychology literature has discussed and used a variety of different definitions of dynamic individual differences. Descriptions like dynamic, agile, adaptive, or flexible can refer to a variety of different types of constructs. The present article contributes to the literature by presenting an organizing typology of dynamic constructs....

Purpose Research on effort-reward “imbalance” (ERI) has gained popularity in the occupational health literature, and authors typically use effort-reward ratios (ERRs) to study this phenomenon. This article provides a methodological and theoretical critique of this literature and suggestions on how future research can better study joint effects of e...

Purpose This study examined gender differences in CEOs' expression of implicit achievement, power and affiliation motivation. Building on the role congruity account of sex differences and similarities in motivation and existing literature on implicit motives, the study tested whether female CEOs would express higher affiliation motivation than male...

Adapting to task changes in work settings frequently calls not only for shifting one’s thoughts and behaviors to the new demands, but also for dealing with outdated knowledge and skills. This article focuses on the role of control strategies in task adaptation and reports two experimental studies using an air traffic control simulation task. In bot...

Item response theory (IRT) is a modeling approach that links responses to test items with underlying latent constructs through formalized statistical models. This article focuses on how IRT can be used to advance science and practice in organizations. We describe established applications of IRT as a scale development tool and new applications of IR...

This study extends research on the link between personality and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) by investigating whether the implicit Affiliation, Achievement, and Power motives contribute to the prediction of CWB beyond basic personality traits. Employees high in Affiliation, Achievement, and Power motives may disengage from CWB because it i...

In modern work environments, it can be difficult for workers to avoid becoming distracted from their current task. This study investigates person–situation interactions to predict thought control activities (kind of self-control), which aim to stop distracting thoughts that enter the mind. Specifically, it was examined (1) how challenging work dema...

Rule breaking behavior in sports (e.g., fouls) can impact the outcome of games, tournaments, or even whole seasons. Although personality traits have been related to different forms of rule breaking behavior across fields, it has hardly been investigated whether personality traits predict rule breaking behavior in sports. We ran a longitudinal study...

Leadership traits and behaviors are observed early in development, and although an improved understanding of youth leadership would provide benefits in many contexts (e.g., education, parenting, policy), most empirical work on the topic has been limited to adult populations. This review emphasizes that adolescence is a critical period for leadershi...

Methodological checklists for improving research quality and reporting consistency - Volume 13 Issue 1 - Lillian T. Eby, Kristen M. Shockley, Talya N. Bauer, Bryan Edwards, Astrid C. Homan, Russell Johnson, Jonas W. B. Lang, Scott B. Morris, Frederick L. Oswald

Occupational stress has been shown as a major risk for workers’ physical and mental health and mortality. Leaders play an important role in shaping the work environment and their behaviors are often associated with their subordinates’ health/well-being (Arnold, 2017) but also their own well-being (Kaluza, Boer, Buengeler, & Van Dick, 2019). Althoug...

In theory, Registered Reports eliminate publication bias against negative results because publication decisions are made without knowledge of the results; increase clarity between planned (hypothesis testing; confirmatory) and unplanned (hypothesis generating; exploratory) analyses, thereby increasing the diagnosticity of statistical inferences; an...

Recent research on the role of general mental ability (GMA) and specific abilities in work-related outcomes has shown that the results differ depending on the theoretical and conceptual approach that researchers use. While earlier research has typically assumed that GMA causes the specific abilities and has thus used incremental validity analysis,...

Context: Historically, situational judgement tests (SJTs) have been widely used for personnel selection. Their use in medical selection in Europe is growing, with plans for further expansion into North America and Australasia, in an attempt to measure and select on 'non-academic' personal attributes. However, there is a lack of clarity regarding w...

Researchers have suggested that some personality traits are associated with better team functioning when team members are homogeneous, whereas other personality traits improve team functioning when team members are heterogeneous. This article extends these ideas to team innovation and examines (a) how team variance in extraversion, agreeableness, o...

Theories suggest that groups within organizations often develop shared values, beliefs, affect, behaviors, or agreed-on routines; however, researchers rarely study predictors of consensus emergence over time. Recently, a multilevel-methods approach for detecting and studying emergence in organizational field data has been described. This approach—t...

Architecture is a complex cultural trait that lends itself to the analytical methods developed for cultural transmission theory. We analyze a dataset of palace structures that gives insight into horizontal transmission processes between Sudan, Egypt, and the Near East during the Meroitic and Greco-Roman time periods. High similarity between buildin...

Psychologists have long been interested in studying individual differences in implicit motives. Implicit motives are typically measured asking respondents to write fantasy-stories based on a series of pictures showing one or several persons. The stories are then coded for implicit motivational content by trained experts because researchers have lon...

Recent research has illustrated the utility and accuracy of a thin-slice (TS) approach to child personality assessment, whereby unacquainted observers provide personality ratings of children after exposure to brief behavioral episodes. The current study sought to expand on this approach by exploring formal multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) models for c...

Personality researchers and clinical psychologists have long been interested in within-person variability in a given personality trait. Two critical methodological challenges that stymie current research on within-person variability are separating meaningful within-person variability from (a) true differences in trait level; and (b) careless respon...

Psychologists have long been interested in studying individual differences in implicit motives. Implicit motives are typically measured asking respondents to write fantasy-stories based on a series of pictures showing one or several persons. The stories are then coded for implicit motivational content by trained experts because researchers have lon...

We review papers in the special issue regarding the great debate on general and specific abilities. Papers in the special issue either provided an empirical examination of the debate using a uniform dataset or they provided a debate commentary. Themes that run through the papers and that are discussed further here are that: (1) the importance of ge...

Building on career self-management perspectives, this study extends the literature on the link between personality and income as an indicator of objective career success by tracking income over time and by studying not only explicit but also implicit personality constructs, separately and integrated. Hypotheses on effects of explicit (Big Five trai...

The relative value of specific versus general cognitive abilities for the prediction of practical outcomes has been debated since the inception of modern intelligence theorizing and testing. This editorial introduces a special issue dedicated to exploring this ongoing “great debate”. It provides an overview of the debate, explains the motivation fo...

Objective: Burnout has primarily been examined from an individual’s perspective without taking the broader environmental context into account. The authors applied an integrative multilevel perspective and investigated the influence of leaders’ motivational strivings on employee burnout. In two multi-source studies, we investigated relationships bet...

Recent research has illustrated the utility and accuracy of a thin-slice (TS) approach to child personality assessment, whereby unacquainted observers provide personality ratings of children after exposure to brief behavioral episodes. The current study sought to expand on this approach by exploring formal multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) models for c...

Museums are organizations that, depending on their size, each have a unique combination of workers. Typically included are employees whose duties are concerned with visitors, the public raison d’être of a museum. Collections and exhibits require academically trained specialists while the organization as a whole needs administrators and managerial s...

In the last decade, there has been increased recognition that traits refer not only to between-person differences but also to meaningful within-person variability across situations (i.e., whole trait theory). So far, this broader more contemporary trait conceptualization has made few inroads into assessment practices. Therefore, this study focuses...

Researchers have long been interested in studying differences in implicit motive between different groups. Implicit motives are typically measured by scoring text that respondents have written in response to picture cues. Recently, research on the measurement of implicit motives has made progress through the application of a dynamic Thurstonian ite...

Organizational researchers have long been interested in studying bottom-up multilevel processes where lower-level units (e.g., employees) in organizations interact to jointly create characteristics of higher-level units (e.g., work groups). This article contributes to the literature on bottom-up processes by detailing a statistical approach—the con...

Over time, groups can change in at least two important ways. First, they can display different trajectories (e.g., increases or decreases) on constructs of interest. Second, the configuration of group members’ responses within a group can change, such that the members become more or less similar to each other. Psychologists have historically been i...

Gross, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich's (2017) article argues that industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology has a limited perspective that rarely goes beyond the specific professional populations in formal economies of high-income countries—a perspective they refer to as a POSH perspective. This valuable criticism should also es...

A frequently reported finding is that general mental ability (GMA) is the best single psychological predictor of job performance. Furthermore, specific abilities often add little incremental validity beyond GMA, suggesting that they are not useful for predicting job performance criteria once general intelligence is accounted for. We review these fi...

The need for an interdisciplinary and integrative approach for doing research on business strategies and climate change is gaining increasing recognition. However, there is a consensus that such cross-fertilization is currently missing. Multilevel research methods by virtue of being interdisciplinary in nature may address this need. This paper prop...

The Operant Motive Test (OMT) is a picture-based procedure that asks respondents to generate imaginative verbal behavior that is later coded for the presence of affiliation, power, and achievement-related motive content by trained coders. The OMT uses a larger number of pictures and asks respondents to provide more brief answers than earlier and mo...

Objective: Research suggests that respondents vary in their tendency to use the response scale of typical (Likert-style) questionnaires. We study the nature of the response process by applying a recently introduced item response theory modeling procedure, the three-process model, to data of self- and observer reports of personality traits. The thre...

Research on the structure of psychometric intelligence has used hierarchical models like the higher-order and the bi-factor model and has studied the hierarchical relationship between factors within these models. In contrast, research on the structure of personality has not only used hierarchical models but has also studied hierarchies of factor so...

Organizational researchers routinely have access to repeated measures from numerous time periods punctuated by one or more discontinuities. Discontinuities may be planned, such as when a researcher introduces an unexpected change in the context of a skill acquisition task. Alternatively, discontinuities may be unplanned, such as when a natural disa...

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dispositional mindfulness - the capacity to be nonjudgmentally aware of the present moment (Brown & Ryan, 2003) - in counterproductive academic behavior. Apart from investigating the direct relationship between mindfulness and counterproductive behavior, we tested the moderating role of es...

During the past decade, the construct of political skill has attracted a lot of attention. In particular, its relation to job performance has been examined. With regard to this link, it is typically proposed that political skill affects job performance in a positive linear manner. However, in this article it is suggested that intermediate levels of...

Research suggests that respondents vary in their tendency to use the response scale of typical (Likert-style) questionnaires. We study the nature of the response process by applying a recently introduced item response theory modeling procedure, the three-process model, to data of self- and observer reports of personality traits. The three-process m...

Graduate students' mobility has increased within Europe. Yet, empirical evidence on the validity of standardized admission tests in Europe is still scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the incremental validity of the GRE® revised general test above undergraduate grade point average (U-GPA) by focusing on a multinational...

Organizational researchers have long been interested in the motivational underpinnings of burnout in organizations. In this article, we integrate organizational research on the role of leader behavior in burnout with achievement goal theory, and test the theoretical idea that leaders´ mastery goals buffer the negative effect of employee performance...

We investigated the relationship between deep acting, automatic regulation and customer tips with 2 different study designs. The first study was a daily diary study using a sample of Dutch waiters and taxi-drivers and assessed the link of employees' daily self-reported levels of deep acting and automatic regulation with the amount of tips provided...

Organizational researchers have long been interested in the implicit motivational foundations of successful leadership. This article integrates two traditions in leadership research by suggesting that transformational and transactional leadership channel the expression of implicit leader motives (as measured by coding imaginative verbal behavior of...

The literature has recently discussed the implications of university citizenship behavior – activities that go beyond the primary student role – and counterproductive academic behavior — behaviors that run counter to academic values and objectives. This study investigated whether supervisor ratings of students' academic potential can serve as a val...

In this research, we examined the role of mindfulness for recovery from work using a daily diary design (N = 121; 5 days; 3 measurement occasions per day). The first goal of the study was to investigate the relationship of mindfulness with sleep quality and the mediating role of psychological detachment from a day-level perspective. A second goal w...

The measurement of implicit or unconscious motives using the picture story exercise (PSE) has long been a target of debate in the psychological literature. Most debates have centered on the apparent paradox that PSE measures of implicit motives typically show low internal consistency reliability on common indices like Cronbach's alpha but neverthel...

Mindfulness describes a state of consciousness in which individuals attend to ongoing events and experiences in a receptive and non-judgmental way. The present research investigated the idea that mindfulness reduces emotional exhaustion and improves job satisfaction. The authors further suggest that these associations are mediated by the emotion re...

Personality psychologists have long argued that explicit traits (as measured by questionnaires) channel the expression of implicit motives (as measured by coding imaginative verbal behavior) such that both interact in the prediction of relevant life outcome variables. In the present research, we apply these ideas in the context of industrial and or...

Although the relationship between psychosocial workplace conditions and musculoskeletal problems has been extensively studied, the causal impact of psychosocial workplace factors in the development of musculoskeletal problems remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of baseline-adjusted prospective longit...

In their Report “Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom” (Reports, 14 January, p. [211][1]), G. Ramirez and S. L. Beilock showed that letting students write about their worries for 10 minutes before an exam substantially diminishes the link between test anxiety

The organizational justice literature has consistently documented substantial correlations between organizational justice and employee depression. Existing theoretical literature suggests this relationship occurs because perceptions of organizational (in)justice lead to subsequent psychological health problems. Building on recent research on the af...

The cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) measures the self-reported frequency of everyday mistakes and represents the tendency to make everyday mistakes. The present research pursues an alternative interpretation of the CFQ, namely the tendency to evaluate one’s worth and functioning in a pessimistic way. Study 1 shows that the self-reported freq...

Models of emotional labor suggest that emotional labor leads to strain and affects job performance. Although the link between emotional labor, strain, and performance has been well documented in cross-sectional field studies, not much is known about the causal direction of relationships between emotional labor, strain, and performance. Goal of the...

The nested-factors model is a well-established structural model of cognitive abilities in cognitive ability research but has not yet been used to investigate the role of cognitive abilities in job performance. Core assumptions of the nested-factors model are that a broad general mental ability (GMA) exists besides narrower abilities and that this G...

Range restriction corrections require the predictor standard deviation in the applicant pool of interest. Unfortunately, this information is frequently not available in applied contexts. The common strategy in this type of situations is to use national-norm standard deviation estimates. This study used data from 8,276 applicants applying to nine jo...

The present study investigated the relationship between two aspects of trait neuroticism, namely withdrawal and volatility, and performance. Sixty-eight participants performed a search task in three difficulty conditions, and rated their invested effort per condition. Results show that the two aspects of neuroticism are differently related to searc...

Researchers disagree whether the correlation between cognitive test anxiety and test performance is causal or explainable by skill deficits, which lead to both cognitive test anxiety and lower test performance. Most causal theories of test anxiety assume that individual differences in cognitive test anxiety originate from differences in self-percei...

The present research provides new insights into the relationship between general mental ability (GMA) and adaptive performance by applying a discontinuous growth modeling framework to a study of unforeseen change on a complex decision-making task. The proposed framework provides a way to distinguish 2 types of adaptation (transition adaptation and...

The authors examined whether feedback from student ratings of instruction not augmented with consultation helps college teachers to improve their student ratings on a long-term basis. The study reported was conducted in an institution where no previous teaching-effectiveness evaluations had taken place. At the end of each of four consecutive semest...

The Achievement Motives Scale (AMS) is a well-established and frequently used scale to assess hope of success and fear of failure. In three studies with German-speaking samples (N = 3523, N = 132, N = 126), the authors developed a revised form of the AMS using confirmatory factor analysis. As found in previous research, the original 30-item set of...

In den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten hat sich durch die Globalisierung und den rasanten Vormarsch neuer Technologien die Komplexität und Dynamik des Arbeitslebens erhöht. Wie nie zuvor werden Organisationen, Arbeitsteams und der einzelne Mitarbeiter heutzutage mit immer schnelleren Veränderungen der Märkte sowie fundamentalen technischen Neuerungen ko...