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Introduction
Publications
Publications (284)
Scientific interest in pacing goes back >100 years. Contemporary interest, both as a feature of athletic competition and as a window into understanding fatigue, goes back >30 years. Pacing represents the pattern of energy use designed to produce a competitive result while managing fatigue of different origins. Pacing has been studied both against t...
Introduction:
The relationship between the percentage of a fatiguing ambulatory task completed and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) appears to be linear and scalar, with a relatively narrow "window." Recent evidence has suggested that a similar relationship may exist for muscularly demanding tasks.
Methods:
To determine whether muscularly dema...
Introduction: Amid the historic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic (i.e., COVID-19), public health authorities have recommended the use of facial coverings in order to mitigate the spread of this highly contagious pathogen. While coaches, self-training athletes, and the general public seek to continue their exercise programs in a safe and mod...
PURPOSE: Performance in running events, such as 1-Mile World Records (WR), depends both on having and effectively using energetic resources. Although often understood in terms of physiological capacity based on the Joyner model, the Critical Speed/D’ model is an alternative method of accounting for energetic capacity and use, based on prior perform...
Exercise prescription based on exercise test results is complicated by the need to downregulate the absolute training intensity to account for cardiovascular drift in order to achieve a desired internal training load. We tested a recently developed generalized model to perform this downregulation using metabolic equivalents (METs) during exercise t...
Walking tests, such as the 6-min walk test (6MWT), are popular methods of estimating peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in clinical populations. However, the strength of the distance vs. VO2peak relationship is not strong, and there are no equations for estimating ventilatory threshold (VT), which is important for training prescription and prognosis. Sin...
Exercise training is an important component of clinical exercise programs. Although there are recognized guidelines for the amount of exercise to be accomplished (≥70,000 steps per week or ≥150 min per week at moderate intensity), there is virtually no documentation of how much exercise is actually accomplished in contemporary exercise programs. Ha...
The aerobic cost of running (CR), an important determinant of running performance, is usually measured during constant speed running. However, constant speed does not adequately reflect the nature of human locomotion, particularly competitive races, which include stochastic variations in pace. Studies in non-athletic individuals suggest that stocha...
During competitive events, the pacing strategy depends upon how an athlete feels at a specific moment and the distance remaining. It may be expressed as the Hazard Score (HS) with momentary HS being shown to provide a measure of the likelihood of changing power output (PO) within an event and summated HS as a marker of how difficult an event is lik...
The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) method was developed 25 years ago as a modification of the Borg concept of rating of perceived exertion (RPE), designed to estimate the intensity of an entire training session. It appears to be well accepted as a marker of the internal training load. Early studies demonstrated that sRPE correlated wel...
Although cycling class intensity can be modified by changing interval intensity sequencing, it has not been established whether the intensity order can alter physiological and perceptual responses. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of interval intensity sequencing on energy expenditure (EE), physiological markers, and perceptual...
Although there is evidence supporting the benefit of regular exercise, and recommendations about exercise and physical activity, the process of individually prescribing exercise following exercise testing is more difficult. Guidelines like % heart rate (HR) reserve (HRR) require an anchoring maximal test and do not always provide a homogenous train...
Although maximal incremental exercise tests (GXT) are the gold standard for outcome assessment and exercise prescription, they are not widely available in either fitness or clinical exercise programs. This study compared the prediction of VO 2 max in healthy, sedentary volunteers using a non-exercise prediction (Matthews et al., 1999), RPE extrapol...
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (sRPE) are reliable tools for predicting exercise intensity and are alternatives to more technological and physiological measurements, such as blood lactate (HLa) concentration, oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR). As sRPE may also convey some insights into accumulated fatigue, the purpose of th...
This study was designed to assess the ability of the Talk Test (TT) to track training-related changes in ventilatory threshold (VT). Thirteen recreational athletes (20.5±1.91 years, males=7) completed two incremental exercise tests (one with respiratory gas exchange and one with the TT) before and after six weeks of self-directed increases in train...
The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) is an important measure of exercise intensity, which is useful both as a primary and adjunctive method of exercise prescription. However, there are multiple variants of
the Borg RPE scale, primarily the Borg 6-20 RPE scale (BORG-RPE) and the Borg Category-Ratio-10 scale (BORG-CR10). There are inadequate data a...
Purpose:
This study evaluates whether intra-individual pacing used by elite runners to break their own WR (1-mile, 5-km, 10-km) is related to the evolution of pacing strategy. We provide supportive data from analysis in sub-elite runners.
Methods:
Men's WR performances (with 400-m or 1-km splits) in 1-mile, 5-km and 10-km were retrieved from the...
Purpose:
Although the Session RPE (sRPE) is primarily a marker of internal training load (TL), it may be sensitive to external TL determining factors such as duration and volume. Thus, sRPE could provide further information on accumulated fatigue not available from markers of internal TL. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate sRP...
Purpose: The session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) is a well-accepted method of monitoring training load in athletes in many different sports. It is based on the category-ratio (0–10) RPE scale (BORG-CR10) developed by Borg. There is no evidence how substitution of the Borg 6–20 RPE scale (BORG-RPE) might influence the sRPE in athletes. Metho...
Although during cycling class intensity is modified by changing interval intensity sequencing, it has not been established whether intensity order can alter physiological and perceptual responses within a workout. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of interval intensity sequencing on energy expenditure, physiological markers, and perceptual response...
Background: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used clinically for many years as a modality to improve muscular strength and endurance. Recently, equipment manufacturers have developed over-the-counter NMES units to target specific muscle groups, particularly the abdominal region. Objective: To study the effects of self-administer...
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of highly cushioned shoes on running biomechanics. Sixteen recreational runners (8 males, 8 females) participated and ran at a self-selected pace across the force platform in the research laboratory wearing either the standard or highly cushioned shoes, in randomized order. Impact peak (IP), loadi...
The Talk Test is a subjective measure of exercise intensity which, like RPE, has come to be accepted as an alternative to objective measures (%HRR, %VO 2 max) for exercise evaluation and prescription. This paper reviews the history and indications for using the Talk Test as a tool for both exercise evaluation and exercise prescription. The Talk Tes...
Exercise intensity is traditionally prescribed using %HRmax, %HRR, %VO 2 max, or %VO 2 R. Recently, the Talk Test (TT) has been proposed as an alternative method to guide exercise intensity. However, it is unknown if prescribing exercise intensity solely using the TT can provoke training responses that are comparable to traditional guidelines. This...
O exercício relativo à saúde / aptidão física e desempenho esportivo tem mostrado um papel evolutivo ao longo do tempo. São apresentados fatores primários de grande escala, que provavelmente nos ajudarão a entender o caminho evolutivo futuro da saúde / aptidão física e desempenho esportivo. Esses fatores incluem: 1) a história do exercício, 2) o ex...
Exercise relative to health/fitness and sports performance has displayed an evolutionary role over time. Large scale, overriding, factors are present which are likely to help us understand the likely future evolutionary path of health/fitness and sports performance. These factors include: 1) the history of exercise, 2) exercise in its’ relationship...
Purpose:
The primary purpose was to investigate whether the RPE template can be manipulated by changing the race distance during the course of a time trial. The secondary purpose was to study how athletes cope with this manipulation, especially in terms of the RPE template.
Methods:
Trained male subjects (N=10) performed three cycling time trial...
The Talk Test (TT) is a simple technique for prescribing exercise training intensity, based on the ability to 'speak comfortably' after reciting a standard speech provoking stimulus. This study compares the length of the speech provoking stimulus on power output (PO) at standard TT speech comfort markers: last positive (LP), equivocal (EQ), negativ...
The Talk Test (TT) is a very simple marker of exercise intensity, which has been shown to be a useful surrogate of the ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation (RCT) thresholds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a potential mechanism behind the TT. Healthy, college-aged subjects (n=20) performed a maximal and two sub-maximal cycle ergo...
Introduction: Stimulation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) by cold exposure purportedly upregulates energy expenditure (EE) and has been suggested as a method to reduce adiposity. BAT in humans is located primarily in the upper torso. Manufacturers have developed garments that contain ice packs and are designed to be worn over these areas. Two such pr...
Introduction: Recently, drumming-based workouts have become increasing popular. These workouts combine traditional drumming movements with a variety of other exercises to create a total body workout. To date, there is limited research evaluating the exercise intensity of these types of programs. Purpose: To determine the relative exercise intensity...
Introduction: Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and percent body fat (%BF) are commonly used to assess body composition in health and wellness settings. While there is only one commonly used method for measuring WHR, %BF can be determined many ways. However, the accuracy, cost, and ease of use of these methods vary greatly. The LeanScreen app is a new metho...
Purpose:
The session RPE (sRPE) has gained popularity as a "user friendly" method for evaluating internal training load. sRPE has historically been obtained 30-min following exercise. This study evaluated the effect of post-exercise measurement time on sRPE following steady-state and interval cycle exercise.
Methods:
Well-trained subjects (N=15)...
Scientific discovery is about a search for the Truth, for the consistent and predictable in how the universe works. Using a particular method of inquiry, the scientific method, and with acknowledgement of the inherently self-correcting nature of science, scientific inquiry moves forward incrementally to ever closer approximations of the Truth. This...
Altitude training and respiratory muscle training (RMT) have been reported to improve performance in elite and well-trained athletes. Several devices (altitude and RMT) have been developed to help athletes gain the competitive edge. The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) purportedly simulates altitude training and has been suggested to increase aero...
Results:
There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in VO2max (+19, +18 and +18%) and PPO (+17, +24 and +14%) for each training group, as well as significant increases in peak (+8, + 9 and +5%) & mean (+4, +7 and +6%) power during Wingate testing, but no significant differences between groups. Measures of the enjoyment of the training program ind...
The Talk Test has been shown to be a surrogate of the ventilatory threshold and to be a viable alternative to standard methods of prescribing exercise training intensity. The Talk Test has also been shown to be responsive to manipulations known to change physiologic function including blood donation and training. What is not known is whether the Ta...
Purpose:
The Talk Test (TT) is a submaximal, incremental exercise test that has been shown to be useful in prescribing exercise training intensity. It is based on a subject's ability to speak comfortably during exercise. This study defined the amount of reduction in absolute workload intensity from an incremental exercise test using the TT to give...
This study aimed to investigate whether ventilatory (VT) and respiratory compensation (RCT) thresholds could be derived from percentages of maximal running speed (Vmax). During the model building phase (1), VT & RCT of 31 competitive level athletes were identified with respiratory gas exchange. During the cross-validation phase (2), 20 subjects per...
