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January 1995 - present
Publications
Publications (118)
Heat, air and moisture (HAM) models allow efficient simulation of the building components’ hygrothermal behavior. However, specific model assumptions, simplifications and approximations, as well as users’ preferences, biases and mistakes in the implementation of material properties, boundary conditions, etc., may yield divergences among results fro...
To address the limitations of current urban building energy modeling (UBEM), which often neglects moisture effects, we developed a comprehensive roadmap for modeling urban heat and moisture flows. This effort included developing an urban-scale whole-building heat and moisture transfer (HAMT) model that considers wind-driven rain, integrated with a...
Diese Studie analysiert den Einfluss der thermischen Speichermasse auf die Energieeffizienz und das Lastmanagement in unterschiedlichen Gebäudesanierungsvarianten: ein Wärmedämmverbundsystem (WDVS) mit bestehenden Heizkörpern, WDVS in Kombination mit einer Flächenheizung und eine außenliegende Fassadenkonditionierung durch das Aktive Dämmheizkühlsy...
To promote sustainability in construction, planning must include dynamic analysis of renewable energies, as traditional methods fall short for this transition. Building simulation, essential for future planning, is often hindered by the time and cost required for detailed modeling. The proposed solution, generic modeling, automates the creation of...
The frost damage of façade materials, especially bricks, is still a problem of importance, mainly for historical constructions. Existing tests like the freeze-thaw test (CDF test) use conditions of full water saturation and very low freezing temperatures, which most likely occur rather rarely in practice. Therefore, we conducted experiments on bric...
In the context of global warming, improving energy-use efficiency is an important research topic in the fields of green buildings and eco-cities. There is an indivisible coupling relationship between the urban climate and urban building energy (UBE). Urban wind environments (UWE), including urban thermal and humid environment, is widely believed to...
Das wissenschaftlich-technische Hauptziel des Projektes besteht in der Erarbeitung eines wissenschaftlich begründeten und auf zeitlich-räumlich hochauflösenden Analysen basierenden Nachweisverfahrens für die wesentlichen der o.g. Schadensmechanismen zur Anwendung in der Planungspraxis. Das Verfahren soll Simulationsergebnisse der Softwarepakete DEL...
Der Erdeisspeicher ist ein mehrlagiges Erdwärmekollektorsystem, dass das Erdreich für die regenerative Wärme und Kälteversorgung erschließt. Dies führt zu einer erheblichen Steigerung des flächenbezogenen Energiepotentiales.
Im Neubaugebiet „An den Wichelkoppeln“ in Schleswig konnte im Projekt ein Erdeisspeicher erstmalig umgesetzt werden. Insgesam...
Baukonstruktionen aus Carbonbeton können aus statischer und gestalterischer Sicht deutlich schlanker und leichter als Stahlbetonkonstruktionen ausgeführt werden. Damit sie sich allerdings auch für den Einsatz als Baukonstruktion eignen, müssen alle bauphysikalischen Anforderungen erfüllt werden. Die primären Anforderungen der Bauphysik liegen im Wä...
Capillary active interior insulation materials are an important approach to minimize energy losses of historical buildings. A key factor for their performance is a high liquid conductivity, which enables redistribution of liquid moisture within the material. We set up an experiment to investigate the development of moisture profiles within two diff...
Low-temperature district heating and cooling networks are a key technology to connect buildings with renewable and waste heat sources. Numerical simulations are a helpful tool for dimensioning and optimization of such networks. We present a novel thermo-hydraulic network model that has been implemented in open source simulation software SIM-VICUS....
Im vorliegenden Paper erfolgt eine systematische Aufbereitung des Variantenvergleichs heizungstechnischer Systeme mithilfe der Methode der multikriteriellen Entscheidungsunterstützung unter Einbindung einer instationären anlagentechnischen Simulation. Relevant ist diese Arbeit für die Auswahl eines geeigneten Heizungssystems im Planungsprozess von...
Capillary active interior insulation materials are an important and innovative approach to minimize energy losses of historical buildings. In an experimental setup, we investigate the development of moisture profiles under realistic boundary conditions to determine the liquid moisture conductivity for two different interior insulation materials. Th...
The wetting and drying ability of porous building materials plays a significant role in moisture transfer in the building envelope and thus influences the durability and energy efficiency of buildings. The drying characteristics of the material provide insight into the moisture transport feature over a wide moisture content range, and hence, the dr...
The application of interior insulation systems consistently increases energy performance of historic buildings, but also severely affects the drying potential of their envelopes reducing the evaporation potential towards the internal side. This reduction is even more critical in façades interested by a significant amount of driving rain. To face th...
The hygrothermal analysis of historical building envelopes is an important part of renovation concepts for existing buildings. Using dynamic hygrothermal simulation is an effective approach to predict moisture-related damage, such as the risk of mold infestation or susceptibility to frost damage. However, modeling a historic wall of brick / stone a...
The objective of the present work was to develop Common exercises to help readers better understand and practice the theory that define a reference house with the local climate, methods, and techniques to evaluate and predict energy efficiency and indoor air quality in the buildings with the changing environment conditions which have been developed...
Hygric properties of porous building materials are important for hygrothermal analysis. Their experimental determination is however not always reliable, shown by the discrepant results from different laboratories on the same materials. In this study, a recent round robin campaign initiated by KU Leuven (Belgium) and participated in by eight institu...
Uncertainty exists in many aspects of building simulation. A deterministic hygrothermal analysis may not sufficiently give a reliable guidance if a number of input variables are subject to uncertainty. In this paper, a probabilistic-based method was developed to evaluate the hygrothermal performance of building components. The approach accounts for...
Das Wasseraufnahmeverhalten von Fassadenkonstruktionen historischer Gebäude spielt für deren Dauerhaftigkeit eine wesentliche Rolle. Für die Bestimmung des Wasseraufnahmeverhaltens von Fassadenbaustoffen können nach dem Stand der Technik lokal Proben entnommen und im Labor untersucht werden. Im Hinblick auf den Denkmalschutz oder den Einfluss von M...
In order to evaluate the impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from building materials on the indoor air quality beyond the standard chamber test conditions and test period, mechanistic emission source models have been developed in the past. However, very limited data are available for the required model parameters including the in...
It is well known that the application of interior insulation systems increases consistently the energy performance of historic buildings, but severely affects the drying potential of their envelopes, by reducing the evaporation potential towards the internal side. Several strategies have been implemented to face this side effect: among the others,...
This article presents a method that can be used to convert soil properties into building physical material properties that meet the requirements of modern codes for transient hygrothermal simulations. The soil input data must be specified by the so-called “van Genuchten parameters” in order to predict the water retention curve and the hydraulic con...
When renovating historic buildings with facades worth preserving, the use of internal insulation is often the only way of thermal renovation of existing exterior walls. On the basis of the analysis of the building stock, suitable insulation concepts have to be developed. Demanding renovation planning, taking into account the requirements of the pre...
The IEA EBC Annex 68 project on “Indoor Air Quality Design and Control in Low Energy Residential Buildings” has been recently completed. The project considered indoor air pollution loads in dwellings, particularly how such pollutants are emitted in dependency of the hygrothermal conditions: temperature, moisture and air flows. Thus, a proper unders...
The drying process gives an important insight for material characterization, during which the material experiences the moisture changing from saturation until the equilibrium with the environment, thus it sends both the liquid and vapor transport information. Drying in the material is a complex process that involves the simultaneous heat and moistu...
In order to validate building simulation programs and to identify sources of errors in implemented models, it is necessary to evaluate individual physical effects step by step. For building simulations, the radiation load that hits buildings is a significant boundary condition. In order to reproduce these loads as accurately as possible, sun positi...
The overall objective of the “Annex 68” Project, which belongs to the International Energy Agency’s “Energy in Buildings and Communities” Implementing Agreement, has been to develop the fundamental basis for optimal design and control strategies for good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in highly energy efficient residential buildings, and to disseminate t...
The reliable determination of the hygric properties of porous building materials is important. In earlier round robin campaigns large discrepancies of measured hygric properties were found among different labs. Later studies indicated that differences in lab conditions and more importantly, personnel’s operation procedures and data processing metho...
Quantitative determination of moisture with nuclear magnetic resonance is usually a simple task, since the initial amplitude is proportional to the moisture content. However, situations can arise where the combination of short relaxation times, low signal-to-noise ratio and the ill-posed nature of the inverse Laplace transformation lead to a signif...
We conducted numerical simulations of a heat pump system connected to a horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHX), using a coupling of the hygro-thermal simulation software DELPHIN with Modelica. The aim was to study the influence of different HGHX sizes and assemblies as well as the impact of passive cooling on the systems efficiency. We found that...
Hygrothermal analysis of historical building envelopes is crucial in ensuring their durability and enhancing their performances. The use of hygrothermal dynamic simulation is the most effective approach to predict moisture related damages or risk of mould growth on ancient masonry envelopes. However, simulating the hygrothermal behaviour of a histo...
Moisture is one of the main causes of damage to building materials (e.g. concrete/screed) and infrastructure. In Germany alone, the annual damage due to moisture exceeds several 10 billion Euro per year. However, common non-destructive measurement devices cannot reliably determine the absolute moisture content due to surface effects, cross influenc...
Moisture and moisture related processes are a main damage cause to building materials and
infrastructure. In Germany alone, the annual damage due to moisture exceeds several 10
billion €/a. However, common non-destructive measurement devices cannot reliably
determine the absolute moisture content due to surface effects, cross influences and complex...
The amount of rain water which impinged on the building envelope has a significant effect on the building envelope’s thermal performance, the indoor air humidity and the users’ health and comfort. As an important exterior boundary condition, wind-driven rain (WDR) loads estimation methodology could also be used in building energy simulation (BES) a...
Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt bei den Autoren.
![Abbildung 1: Schematische Darstellung des Wasseraufnahmeexperimentes [17]](profile/Mario-Stelzmann/publication/320800718/figure/fig1/AS:556214130282496@1509623190532/Abbildung-1-Schematische-Darstellung-des-Wasseraufnahmeexperimentes-17_Q320.jpg)
Installation of thermal insulation is one of the most effective approaches to improve energy efficiency of the building envelope. Interior insulation retrofit of the masonry construction will change its original thermal and moisture balance, thus a careful pre-phase design is needed to avoid the structural and moisture impairments. This study evalu...
Ein Verbundprojekt der Technischen Universität Dresden (Institut für Bauklimatik), der BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg (Fachgebiet Bauphysik) und des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Bauphysik in Holzkirchen bearbeitet unter fachlich unterschiedlichem Blickwinkel das Auflager von Holzbalkendecken. Das Projekt konzentriert sich auf die Bewertung von wärme- und feuc...
In this article, generic objects are introduced into material databases of building simulation tools. A generic object has the common characteristics of one type of specific object and can represent specific ones in the simulation. The application of generic objects only requires some general design information; thus, it is convenient for the simul...
Die zukünftige Planungswerkzeuge für die Auslegung und Optimierung der Anlagen- und Regelungstechnik und der Gebäudestruktur in Energie-Siedlungen und -Quartieren müssen deutlich komplexere Aufgaben erfüllen, als es die Umsetzung aktueller Auslegungs- und Nachweisverfahren ermöglicht. Die Bilanzierung und Bewertung von Energie-Versorgungskonzepten...
The IEA co-ordinates research and development in a number of areas related to energy. The mission
of the Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC) Programme is to develop and facilitate the
integration of technologies and processes for energy efficiency and conservation into healthy, low
emission, and sustainable buildings and communities, through...
„Die Sicherstellung einer zuverlässigen, wirtschaftlichen und umweltverträglichen
Energieversorgung ist eine der größten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts.“
[BMWi 2010:3] Dem Gebäudesektor kommt in der angestrebten „Energiewende“ besondere Bedeutung zu. [EPBD 2010] Der Niedrigstenergiehaus-Standard stellt das energieeffiziente Bauen vor eine...
Probabilistic assessment of hygrothermal performance of building components has received increasing attention by recently published research. Compared to deterministic simulation, probabilistic simulation provides a wide range of possibilities that could cover unexpected scenarios. The inputs' uncertainties determine the corresponding range and dis...
This article investigates the influence of ice formation on transport processes in porous media. Previously, an ice model was implemented in the hygrothermal simulation program Delphin, with the focus on thermodynamic effects. The physical model includes a moisture content specific freezing point depression and considers the phase transition enthal...
Decay of wooden beam ends in masonry walls is still a field of practice and scientific discussion. In literature many possible causes for decay are given. This paper delivers a comprehensive literature review about the hygrothermal performance of old masonry with and without interior insulation. In old walls without insulation the reasons for decay...
Sie werden als mögliche Gebäude der Zukunft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gesehen: Häuser, welche bei nachhaltiger Planung und Umsetzung sowie ressourcenschonender Nutzung mehr regenerative Energie erzeugen als sie verbrauchen. Bisher eilte der Energie+-Standard jedoch der aktuellen Gesetzgebung voraus. Der “ENERGIEAUSWEIS+ für Plusenergie-Wohn...
In 1995, the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology German Federal Minis-try for Economy launched an intensive research and demonstration program on energy opti-mized construction of new buildings as well as retrofitting the building stock (www.enob.info). Beside material and component research, approximately 50 demonstration buildings...
Integrated analyses and simulations of building energy system performance throughout thewhole lifecycle can be efficiently achieved only if a sound integration approach with regard to the needed underlying data is provided. This data is highly distributed and heterogeneous, thereby implying the use of multiple models and resources. In this paper, w...
A computer simulation tool, named “CHAMPS-Multizone,” is introduced in this article for analyzing both energy and indoor air quality (IAQ) performance of buildings. The simulation model accounts for the dynamic effects of outdoor climate conditions (solar radiation, wind speed and direction, and contaminant concentrations), building materials and e...
Plus-Energie ist im Augenblick in aller Munde. Doch was ist ein Plus-Energie-Haus (PEH) eigentlich genau? Wie erreicht man Plus-Energie? Wie kann man Plus-Energie bilanzieren und vor allem macht Plus- Energie Sinn und wenn ja in welchem Umfang? Um diese Fragen zu klären fördert das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie
(BMWi) im Förders...
A central goal for the advisement of sustainable optimization of energy performance and emissions reduction in building stocks and production plants is the integrated consideration of the whole life cycle of the building through an interoperable, yet distributed ICT system supporting concurrent engineering. The life-cycle should include the very pr...
Auf dem Freilandversuchsgelände des Fraunhofer-Instituts für Bauphysik (IBP) in Holzkirchen wurde das Feuchte- und Wärmeverhalten verschiedener Wandaufbauten aus Holz (geschlitzte Holzkonstruktion, Massivholzkonstruktion, Dämmsteinkonstruktion, Holzplattenkonstruktion, Brettstapelkonstruktion) über die Dauer eines Jahres getestet. Folgende Größen w...
This article introduces recent advances in the development of a new multi-zone simulation model prototype for coupled heat, air, moisture, and pollutants transport in buildings. The enhanced capabilities of the model will be demonstrated by application to a reference test case that deals with mold risk inside a library building. Selected rooms of t...
An accurate description of material properties and boundary conditions is the prerequisite to achieve reliable results of a hygrothermal performance simulation. However, the uncertainties widely exist in those input variables, e.g., due to the inhomogeneous nature of materials and discrepancies in material manufacturing and measurement processes, t...
For many years, the coupled heat, air, and moisture transport through building components has been an important research topic. As a result a great number of numerical simulation tools were developed through the years to asses and predict the hygrothermal behaviour of building enclosures. Notwithstanding that the significant influence of air transp...
Die Energie-Zielwerte für Demonstrationsvorhaben aus dem BMWi-Förderkonzept EnOB, Forschung für Energie optimiertes Bauen, unterschreiten die Primärenergie-Anforderungen für Nichtwohngebäude im Neubaubereich (EnBAU) und für Sanierungen im Gebäudebestand (EnSan) um mindestens 50%. Diese Anforderungen stehen seit dem Inkrafttreten der EnEV 2007 in Ve...
EinleitungDenkmalpflegerische Zielstellung zur Erhaltung von historischem MauerwerkEnergetische Aufwertung des historischen MauerwerksEnergetische Bewertung des SanierungskonzeptsSchlussfolgerungen und AusblickLiteratur
To better understand the similarities and differences between moisture and volatile organic compound (VOC) diffusion through porous media, a dual chamber experimental system was developed. The diffusion and partition coefficients of moisture and selected VOCs in materials were compared. A pilot test with gypsum wallboard and oriented strand board (...
In diesem Projekt "Feuchtatlas" wurden neue Methoden vorgestellt um das hygrothermische Verhalten von Umfassungskonstruktionen zu beurteilen. Der Feuchteatlas vermittelt Methoden, Kriterien sowie Vorschläge für neue Bewertungskriterien zur Abschätzung des vorhandenen Schadenspotenzials. Anhand einer neu eingeführten Struktur werden viele typische K...
Building physics processes in some parts and elements of revitalized historical buildings play an important role in their future energy efficiency and maintenance. The unique character of 100-years-old post-industrial buildings results from masonry-brick façades with precise ornamentation and sophisticated details which should be retained and recon...
In 1995, the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology launched an intensive research and demonstration programme on energy-optimised construction of new buildings as well as retrofitting the building stock. Beside research on materials and components, approximately 50 demonstration buildings covering various building typologies have been...
A dual-chamber experimental method is developed to determine the similarity relationship between moisture transport and volatile organic compound (VOC) transport through porous media. By establishing the similarity relationship, VOC transport properties (diffusion coefficient) can be determined from already widely available moisture properties, and...
Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die im Simulationsprogramm Delphin 5 implementierten Gleichungen, die den Zusammenhang zwischen Wärme- und Feuchtetransport sowie Salztransport einschl. Phasenumwandlungen in kapillarporösen Baustoffen beschreiben. Ausgehend von einem Konvektions-Diffusionsmodell für den Transport von binären Salzlösungen wurde...
In the past years numerical simulation tools for the coupled heat, air and moisture transport in building enclosures have been used for a wide range of applications. These tools are used in research, education and the engineering practice. While physical models are continuously improved and numerical techniques enhanced, the simulation codes and to...
In buildings, favorable growing conditions for mold fungi can occur and cause fungus infestation. The danger for the occupants of dwellings lies in the spreading of pathogens through microorganisms. Mold fungi can occur not only on the surface of external walls, but also inside construction parts. A prerequisite for preventing mold fungus is the kn...
In dem Beitrag werden die Bilanzgleichungen eines neu entwickelten Programms zur gekoppelten Wärme-, Luft-, Feuchte- und Schadstoffberechnung (CHAMPS) und ein Modell zur Berücksichtigung der Effekte dreidimensionaler Luftströmung vorgestellt. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des numerischen Verfahrens wird anhand von praxisrelevanten Anwendungsfällen, der Si...
With a set of material parameters and a material model called engineering model of hygrothermal material characteristics, both proposed in (Scheffler, 2004), the material functions used for input to hygrothermal building component simulation programs can be adjusted. Using inverse identification of functional parameters by simulation of laboratory...
Combined heat, air, moisture and pollutant simulations (CHAMPS) at the building system level are essential for improving energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality. This paper discusses the technical challenges and possible solutions to the problem of coupling an envelope model (CHAMS- BES) with a multizone/network model for inter-zonal air...
Description
Eleven peer-reviewed papers provide the latest research and standards development activities to assure the reliable, consistent, and meaningful measurement of heat-air-moisture transport through building materials.
Topics cover the importance and necessity of reliably measured hygrothermal material properties and the individual material...
Mit der vorgestellten Augenblicksprofil‐Methode (APM) werden sowohl die relative Luftfeuchte und die Temperatur, als auch der volumetrische Wassergehalt in bestimmten Positionen in einem porösen Material bestimmt. Die Messungen werden kontinuierlich unter instationären Bedingungen durchgeführt. Damit erlaubt die APM eine dynamische und gleichzeitig...
berschwemmungen sind ein globales Phänomen, was durch die jüngsten Ereignisse in Zentral‐ und Nordeuropa wieder bestätigt wurde. Die Fluten hinterlassen beträchtliche Schäden an Gebäuden und beeinträchtigen das menschliche Zusammenleben. Sind Schäden an Einrichtungen zu verzeichnen, stehen staatliche Institutionen, Versicherungsunternehmen und Repa...
The relative humidity (or the capillary pressure) and volumetric water content can be determined at specific locations inside a porous medium by means of the proposed instantaneous profile method (IPM). The measurements are carried out with temperature and relative humidity (RH) sensors as well as with time domain reflectometry probes during the wh...
The vitalization of the historical building stock demands planning of reconstruction measures that increasingly aim at protection of our cultural heritage and energy-efficient renovation as well. But these requirements can be contradictory sometimes. Questions arise, e.g. : What is the potential and the risk of a thermal insulation? Which materials...
In a series of experiments, where different instationary flow regimes are achieved by controlling the initial and boundary conditions, a standard material container can be equipped by miniaturized TDR-sensors, pressure transducer tensiometer and relative humidity sensors. Thus water content and capillary water potential can be measured simultaneous...
The complexity of a transport model for porous building materials increases considerably, if not only heat, air and moisture, but also salt transport and phase change processes are considered. The system state must be described not only by air pressure, temperature and water content, but also by the concentrations of the different salt species in d...
For further knowledge about moisture transport processes and their dependencies, it is important to develop experimental methods delivering profiles of state variables and driving potentials. One is the Instantaneous Profile Measurement technique introduced by Plagge et al. (2006), providing moisture content and moisture potential at different samp...
Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die automatische Messung des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten Aw. Ein Vergleich mit dem manuellen Experiment gemäß EN ISO 15148 zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden Methoden. Beim automatischen Verfahren ist die kontinuierliche Erfassung der Wasseraufnahme von Vorteil. Auch geringe Änderungen in der Wasserauf...
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Materialmodell vorgestellt, mit welchem die Verknüpfung komplexer, aus thermodynamischen Grundlagen abgeleiteter Funktionen mit einfachen, in der Ingenieurpraxis bekannten Kennwerten hergestellt wird. Das Modell besitzt dadurch die Vorteile der einfachen Handhabung und der Erweiterbarkeit auf andere Problemstellunge...
In the framework of the refurbishment process of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, it is intended to provide an adequate internal insulation of the exterior facades, which increases indoor climate quality, ensures hygric durability and reduces heat losses. This contribution shows the suitability of a capillary active internal insulation in order to distri...
The standardised Glaser method for calculation, prediction and evaluation of moisture performance is considered as rarely applicable. The present state of knowledge, analytical as well as experimental, concerning heat, air and moisture demands updating of standards. This paper presents five numerical benchmark cases for the quality assessment of si...
