John Borden

• US Forest Service

Analyses of pooled headspace volatiles from three commercial chili pepper, Capsicum spp., products by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (MS) revealed 10 compounds (β-pinene, γ-terpinene, linalool, 2-phenylethanol, cumin aldehyde, 1,3-menthadienal, eugenol, trans-β-caryophyllene, ca...

Although the use of nonhost plants intercropped among host crops has been a standard agricultural practice for reducing insect herbivory for millennia, the use of nonhost signals to deter forest pests is much more recent, having been developed over the past several decades. Early exploratory studies with synthetic nonhost volatile semiochemicals le...

Trypodendron retusum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) females excised from newly attacked trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux (Salicaceae), were shown for the first time to produce the aggregation pheromone (+)-lineatin. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis (GC-EAD) disclosed that the antenn...

Porapak Q-captured volatiles from both sexes of Trypodendron betulae Swaine (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) excised from newly attacked logs of paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marshall (Betulaceae), as well as volatiles from unattacked birch logs, were analysed by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection analysis. Active c...

In recent studies, the yeast species Hanseniaspora uvarum and Lachancea thermotolerans were isolated from the digestive tract of four North American yellowjacket species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and attraction of yellowjackets to brewer's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (all Saccharomycetaceae), growing on fruit powder was demonstrated. We tested t...

Wireworms are a serious agricultural pest, with control efforts targeting soil-dwelling larvae almost exclusively. They appear yearly for a brief period as adult click beetles to mate and oviposit, and as adults, possess qualities that make them good candidates for an attract and kill control tactic: (i) susceptibility to certain entomopathogenic f...

This invention relates to a novel method of attracting and trapping Drosophila species and a composition therefor. A method of attracting flies in the family Drosophilidae which comprises preparing an attractant which is a combination of a moistening agent, yeast and dried and powdered vegetable matter host substrate, including (but not limited to)...

The western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), is a major cause of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, mortality in much of western North America. We review several years of research that led to the identification of Verbenone Plus, a novel four-component semiochemcial blend [acetoph...

We evaluated a year-long treatment regime testing synthetic, 10-component, honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), brood pheromone (SuperBoost; Contech Enterprises Inc., Delta, BC, Canada) on the productivity and vigor of package bee colonies in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Fifty-eight newlyestablished 1.3-kg (3-...

The 10-component honey bee brood pheromone has considerable potential for use in honey bee management now that durable stability has been obtained by adding a food-grade antioxidant. Practical applications require, however, that a long-term slow release device be developed and tested. After discarding 19 potential materials and devices for releasin...

SuperBoost (R) is a proprietary commercial product comprising the non-volatile 10-component honey bee brood pheromone, stabilized with an antioxidant, and delivered to a colony in a controlled release device. The pheromone (180 mg) is contained in a plastic pouch with a pheromone-permeable polyethylene release membrane and a pheromone-impermeable M...

We conducted a series of nine laboratory experiments testing the response of "vinegar flies," Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae), released in bioassay chambers to experimental traps and lures. These experiments showed that an effective trap could be constructed from a clear 225-ml screw-cap jar fitted with a hollow 8-mm-diamete...

Three pairs of dorsal–ventral flight muscles were excised from Ips confusus adults and measured, and their volumes calculated. There was a progressive development of muscle tissue from callow to emerged brood adults followed by a rapid degeneration (often over 90% of the original volume) after the insects entered fresh host logs. Solitary individua...

Gnathotrichus sulcatus of both sexes responded by moving upwind in a laboratory bioassay to benzene extracts of guts from males boring in logs of western hemlock. It was concluded that the response was to an aggregating pheromone which forms the major constituent of the secondary attraction in this species. Although there was a primary attraction t...

Both sexes of prewintering P. strobi adults preferred to feed on Sitka spruce lateral branch sections of larger diameter when presented a choice of two sections from the same current-year host lateral. In choice bioassays, both sexes preferred to feed on Sitka spruce rather than western hemlock or western red cedar. Females preferred to feed on Sit...

Visual orientation plays an important role in short-range host selection by Pissodes strobi. Results of laboratory orientation experiments suggest both sexes of P. strobi are predisposed to attack vertical or near-vertical Sitka spruce leaders that are about 3 cm in silhouette width and above-average in length. In addition, these data suggest that...

Elongate placoid sensilla were present on all 20 flagellar segments in five male Aphidius smithi and all but the basal 1 of 17 segments in five females. They are oriented longitudinally, approximately equidistant around the circumference of a segment. Scanning electron microscopy of the internal cuticular surface disclosed lamellae which divide the...

Behavioral experiments using a phototactic response by adult Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier were tested in a two-choice, walking bioassay to all possible pairs of a series of wavelengths within the visible spectrum. With Corning band-pass and cut-off filters sensitivity maxima for both sexes of D. pseudotsugae w...

Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded from the compound eyes of both sexes of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins and Ips paraconfusus (Lanier). Light stimuli between 400 and 650 nm were delivered to the compound eyes through a monochromator connected to a fiber-optics and lens light-delivery system. Stimulus intensity was regulated with neutral de...

Larvae of the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), an exotic Eurasian weevil, bore into the stems of Salix and Populus spp. creating infection courts for pathogens and weakening stems to breakage. We conducted a survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of C. lapathi in British Columbia. The survey spanned five biogeoclim...

Commercially available multiple funnel traps have three potential limitations for trapping large wood-boring insects: (i) escape by captured insects from the dry collecting cup, (ii) low catches of insects that fall outside the trap, and (iii) poor visual orientation to the narrow funnel column. To test the importance of these limitations, we compa...

Ethanol and sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol), primary attractant and population aggregation pheromone, respectively, for Gnathotrichussulcatus, were deployed alone or in combination in traps at 10 locations in a commercial sawmill at Chemainus, B.C. The traps were in operation for the last week of the months, April through October 1974, and caught...

Sulcatol (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol), population aggregation pheromone for Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte), was deployed in traps at three locations in a commercial sawmill at Chemainus, B.C., during 1975. Traps were baited full time in one location and for alternate biweekly periods in the other two. Unbaited traps were operated continuously in a co...

To determine whether a resistant chemotype to the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi Peck, could be identified, the relative composition of monoterpenes in weevil-susceptible Sitka spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., was compared to that in apparently resistant trees. Foliar and cortical analysis of trees from Green Timbers Nursery in Surrey, Noo...

A new method is presented for studying the distribution of trace elements in trees. A tree core is removed, sectioned into very thin slices (≤400 μm), and analyzed directly using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The technique offers a number of advantages, including minimal sample preparation time, elimination of contamination or leaching, and rapi...

The capture of pine engravers, Ipspini (Say), in ipdienol-baited, multiple-funnel traps in British Columbia was significantly reduced when devices releasing ipsenol or verbenone were placed in the traps. These results suggest that ipsenol and verbenone are synomones released by Ipslatidens (LeC.) and the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae...

The herbicide glyphosate was administered into the sapwood around the root collar of lodgepole pine trees, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm., to determine its effect on invasion by the blue stain fungus Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robinson-Jeffrey & R.W. Davidson) T.C. Harrington. In two experiments, lesions in the sapwood were longer and wider in tre...

Sitka spruce, Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., from 27 provenances and five sites in British Columbia, were examined for traits of leader morphology that might be involved in resistance to the white pine weevil, Pissodesstrobi (Peck). Trees from the Usk Ferry provenance at Head Bay and the Kitwanga provenance at Nass River both had low incidence of w...

The responses of pine engravers, Ipspini (Say), in British Columbia to ipsdienol-baited traps containing low, medium, and high dose rates of the antiaggregants verbenone and ipsenol, released from impregnated polyethylene and polypropylene beads, respectively, remained significantly lower than responses to ipsdienol-baited control traps throughout...

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that green leaf volatiles (GLVs) abundant in herbaceous plants and angiosperm trees, affect the response by the conifer-infesting ambrosia beetle, Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte), to pheromone-baited multiple-funnel traps. A blend of four green leaf alcohols, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-2-hexe...

Co-baiting to contain and concentrate the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was investigated at four locations in British Columbia. Two 9-ha areas were established at each location; one was baited and the other left as a control. Single "interior firs," Abies bifolia A. M...

Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Dougla...

Cortical resin acids were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively among 10 provenances and 11 genotypes of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), putatively resistant to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and compared with susceptible trees. Trees in 5 of the 11 resistant genotypes had significantly greater amounts of corti...

As part of a study on the relationship between the monoterpene composition of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., and resistance to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck, seasonal differences in the relative monoterpene content of developing buds and 1-year-old foliage were followed. In 2nd-year foliage of four trees from the Univer...

Hybrid poplars with Populus maximowiczii parentage have demonstrated antixenotic resistance against adult poplar-and-willow borers, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the summer, and antibiosis against C. lapathi larvae in the spring. We examined phenological and biochemical differences among hybrid poplars with and without...

Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is a serious pest of second-year cones in conifer seed orchards. We investigated the impact of this insect on first-year pine conelets. L. occidentalis adults and nymphs were caged on conelets of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, and western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. Abo...

Hybrid poplar clones show varying levels of attack by Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), a wood-boring weevil. We studied differences in olfactory and feeding behavior among four different hybrid poplars in a series of laboratory bioassays. Weevils did not discriminate between resistant and susceptible clones based on olfaction in pitfall bioassays or an...

The four-eyed spruce bark beetle, P. rufipennis, is a phloeophagous bark beetle restricted to Abietineae hosts in northern and mountainous area of North America. Projected wood shortages in Newfoundland have focused attention on the bark beetle and its role in contributing to black spruce mortality. Our findings disclosed that colonization on felle...

The pine engraver, Ips pini Say, is a pest of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelman. It usually infests dead or weakened trees but at high population densities can kill standing trees. Pityogenes knechteli Swaine often co‐exists with I. pini , but is not economically important. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that competit...

Baiting of trees with semiochemicals to contain and concentrate populations of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae , has been an effective tactic used in IPM programs in British Columbia for many years, suggesting that it could be used against other aggressive species, such as Ips typographus. A modification of the tree baiting tactic...

Emergence patterns and sex ratios of P. rufipennis infesting black spruce were investigated using on-tree emergence traps. Totals of 242 and 255 beetles (5.0 and 4.0 per 100 cm2) emerged in the traps in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Emergence began on 23 May 1983, and continued for c. 11 weeks; 50% of the adults had emerged by 15 (1983) and 20 June...

Larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana Harris, were reared on bean plants, Phaseolus vulgaris , at densities of 10 or 50 larvae per 15 plants in 24 times 24 times 24 cm cages. The host plants were replaced frequently so that food was apparently not a limiting factor. Larvae reared at the higher density exhibited an altered...

In field experiments at three sites in Michigan and Ohio we tested the activity of 1-octen-3-ol in combination with ipsdienol, the aggregation pheromone of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say). When 1-octen-3-ol was added to funnel traps baited with ipsdienol, significantly fewer beetles of either sex were captured than in traps baited with ipsdienol...

Host selection by herbivorous insects is primarily thought to depend on attraction to olfactory cues emitted from the host species. However, the discrimination of these hosts from non-host species may also arise from the adaptive detection and avoidance of non-host cues, including visual characteristics. Many generalist, conifer-colonising beetles,...

We tested several methods for assessing the mating status of male obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In four experiments, we established that the technique developed to determine mating status of male spruce budworms, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), can be used for...

We conducted seven behavioral choice tests with Lindgren multiple-funnel traps in stands of mature lodgepole pine in British Columbia, from 1988 to 1994, to determine the dose-dependent responses of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to its pheromones. A multifunctional dose-dependent response was exhibited by D. ponderosae...

In a field experiment in England, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) responded positively to traps baited with (±) or (+)-4,6,6-lineatin (3,3,7-trimethyl-2,9-dioxatricyclo [3.3.1.04,7] nonane). There was a trace positive response to (-)-4,6,6-lineatin, possibly due to (+)contamination, but no response to (±)-4,5,6-lineatin. The data indicate that the...

The superiority of the host monoterpene myrcene as a synergist for trans-verbenol and exo-brevicomin, aggregation pheromone components of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), suggests that the ancestral host of the mountain pine beetle is a pine rich in myrcene. A field trapping experiment in Britis...

The relationship between age and sexual receptivity for male and female onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), and factors affecting ovarian development were examined under various conditions. Confinement in small arenas had a significant negative effect on the rate of oogenesis over the first 10 days of adult life and, in som...

1. Trapping experiments and observations of sexual behaviour were made on Cephalcia lariciphila in infested larch forests in Hereford and Worcester and Mid-Glamorgan in early May 1977. 2. The results indicated that virgin females and dichloromethane extract of crushed virgin females were highly attractive to males. 3. On 17 May males responded to f...

Distant olfactory orientation of female adult Delia antiqua (Meigen) to the host-plant Allium volatile dipropyl-disulphide (DPDS) was examined in the field using mark-release-recapture experiments and observations of flight behaviour. Onion-reared, post-diapause, virgin females from a laboratory colony dispersed upwind when released in the centre o...

Pouches releasing verbenone, the antiaggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle, were stapled to 1191 lodgepole pines throughout 95 residential properties in four subdivisions at Lac le Jeune, British Columbia, in July 2005. Postflight assessment in October in three of the subdivisions, where almost all infested trees had been removed before...

In book: Mechanisms and Deployment of Resistance in Trees to Insects."M.R. Wagner, K.M. Clancy, F. Lieutier, and T.D. Paine (eds.). 2002. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordnecht, the Netherlands.

Abstract 1. There has been a long-standing pre-occupation with how phytophagous insects use olfactory cues to discriminate hosts from non-hosts. Foragers, however, should use whatever cues are accurate and easily assessed, including visual cues. 2. It was hypothesised that three bark beetles, the mountain pine beetle (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae...

A long-standing controversy questions whether foraging bark beetles assess the suitability of individual host trees using cues at close range while flying or engage in random landing followed by contact assessment. In most cases, visual discrimination mechanisms are ignored. We show that pheromone-responding mountain pine beetles (MPB), Dendroctonu...

Experiments were conducted near Williams Lake and Quesnel, BC in 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone and a three-component non-host volatile (NHV) blend (E-2- and Z-3-hexen-1-ol and benzyl alcohol) in deterring attack of lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, by the mountain pine beetle,...

An analysis of semiochemical communication between host trees, bark beetles and commensal or entomophagous insects discloses five principal means by which semiochemicals can influence the population dynamics of bark beetles. These are: mediation of aggregation and mass attack on new hosts, cessation of aggregation and shifting of attack to uninhabi...

In British Columbia, native willows (Salix spp.) (Salicaceae) and, to a lesser extent, black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) (Salicaceae) are frequently attacked by the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) (Betulaceae), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Mich...

Damage caused by the poplar-and-willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is reported to vary among hybrid poplar clones. We evaluated oviposition preferences and larval success in four hybrid poplars on potted and field-planted trees. Oviposition occurred somewhat less frequently and abundantly on two clones with Popul...

The spectral reflectance of phytophagous insects' host plants is usually quantified between 300–350 nm (ultraviolet, UV) and 700 nm (farred to infrared), and the shape and magnitude of the distribution of reflected light determine the hue, saturation, and intensity perceived by insects (Moericke 1969). Host perception also depends on the distributi...

Several scolytid beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) produce conophthorin, ( E )-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, and use it as an aggregation or antiaggregation pheromone or competition-mediating synomone (Francke et al. 1979; Kohnle et al. 1992; Birgersson et al. 1995; Pierce et al. 1995; de Groot et al. 1998; Dallara et al. 2000; Rappaport et al...

1 Synthetic blends of bole and foliage volatiles of four sympatric species of conifers were released from pheromone‐baited multiple‐funnel traps to determine if three species of tree‐killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): (i) exhibited primary attraction to volatiles of their hosts and (ii) discriminated among volatiles of four sympatric sp...

We conducted four behavioral choice tests in stands of mature lodgepole pine in British Columbia, from 1988 to 1991, to determine the dose-dependent responses of Orthotomicus latidens (LeConte) and Ips pini (Say) to their respective pheromones. Dose-dependent responses were exhibited by I. pini to (+/-)-ipsdienol and lanierone, with trap catches di...

1 Fecundity, egg hatch and nymphal survivorship of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann were determined and used to develop a damage prediction formula for seed bugs in lodgepole pine seed orchards. 2 A single overwintered L. occidentalis female may lay up to 80 eggs during early and mid‐season cone development. 3 Up to 83.4% of eggs that were attac...

We conducted five laboratory and one field experiments to examine potential host selec- tion mechanisms of Saperda calcarata Say in British Columbia. Olfactory bioassays indicated that female (and possibly male) beetles were attracted to volatiles from leafy twigs of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux. However, wounding of the bole, ethan...

Eighteen monoterpenes found in bole and foliage volatiles of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Piceaengelmannii×glauca, and interior fir, Abieslasiocarpa×bifolia, in three locations in British Columbia, Canada, were analysed...

Morphological, molecular-genetic and breeding data were collected to investigate the species status of the Asian palm weevils, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) and R. vulneratus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). These weevils are distinguished by characteristic colouring of the pronota and elytra, but naturally occurring colour intermorphs w...

Nine compounds identified from captured volatiles of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae, and the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis, that elicited antennal responses in males and females of one or more of these species were tested in the field to determine behavioural activity. 1-Octen-3-ol, found i...

In past field studies, the greatest response of western balsam bark beetles, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to traps was obtained with blends of (+)-exo-brevicomin and (+)- or (±)-endo-brevicomin, which imitate the natural male-produced aggregation pheromone. We conducted a trapping experiment comparing low-release enanti ospecific blends (9:1 (+)-exo...

This review summarizes the literature related to the chemical ecology of the Cerambycidae and provides a brief overview of cerambycid biology, ecology, economic significance, and management. Beetles in the family Cerambycidae have assumed increasing prominence as pests of forest and shade trees, shrubs, and raw wood products, and as vectors of tree...

Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-f...

When released from attractant-baited multiple-funnel traps, 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1- one (MCH) reduced catches of male and female mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, by 67.4% and 71.8%, respectively. 2-Phenyl ethanol reduced the respective catches by 96.6% and 95.1%, but only verbenone and all three compounds together reduced ca...

Reproductive success in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, is determined by the production of aggregation and antiaggregation pheromones, as well as body size. In a laboratory experiment with beetles that emerged from naturally attacked hosts, there was no relationship between body size and the production of aggregation pher...

The effects of protein-deprivation on the sexual activity and reproductive fitness of male onion flies, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), were investigated under laboratory conditions. The percentage of males inseminating gravid females, the magnitude of ovipositional response, and the total numbers of eggs deposited in 1:1 or 1:10 ma...

The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradece...

Experiments conducted in West Java, Indonesia investigated the developmental biology and reproductive behavior of two sympatric soybean pod borers, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and E. hobsoni Butler (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). It was determined that: (1) significant interspecific differences occurred between the egg, larval, pupal and total egg-to-...

A large number of proteins in salivary gland extracts of the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus Say, were strongly recognized by a polyclonal antibody-based assay developed for detecting saliva of the western conifer seed bug. Lepfoglossus occidentalis Heide- mann, in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. lafifolia Engelmann, seeds. An a...

We conducted seven experiments in stands of mature lodgepole pine in southern British Columbia to elucidate the role of host volatiles in the semiochemical ecology of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with particular reference to the behavioral responses of predators and competing species of bark beetles. Our results demon...

Antennally active nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles were tested for their ability to reduce the response of three common species of coniferophagous wood-boring Cerambycidae to attractant-baited multiple funnel traps in the southern interior of British Columbia. Of the nonhost volatiles tested, only conophthorin was behaviorally active, disrupting t...

Lygus bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae), particularly the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), and Lygus hesperus Knight, are serious pests in North America (Hedlund and Graham 1987). Sex pheromones have been identified in some mirids (Smith et al. 1991; Millar et al. 1997; Millar and Rice 1998) but not in Lygus spp. (Ho and Millar...

Synthetic, angiosperm bark-derived volatiles, which elicit antennal responses in a number of coniferophagous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), were tested in groups for their ability to disrupt the pheromone-positive response of the spruce beetle (SB), Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), the western balsam bark beetle (WBBB), Dryocoetes confusus...

We evaluated the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone at low and high doses alone and with a seven-component repellent blend of nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles (NHVs) for their ability to deter attack by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Release devices containing antiaggregants were deployed at 16 points on a 10-m grid in...

Volatile compounds released by disturbed and calm female and male Lygus lineolaris were collected and analyzed. Six major compounds were present in samples from disturbed bugs and from calm females: (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-2,4-oxohexenal. (E)-2-hexenal was lacking in volatiles collect...

We evaluated the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone at low and high doses alone and with a seven-component repellent blend of nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles (NHVs) for their ability to deter attack by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Release devices containing antiaggregants were deployed at 16 points on a 10-m grid in...

Male and female Monochamus clamator (LeConte) and M. scutellatus (Say) are able to detect bark beetle pheromone components electrophysiologically and are attracted to traps baited with blends of pheromone components of scolytid bark beetles. We investigated the effect of individual pheromone components (ipsenol, ipsdienol, 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-o...

Two pre-harvest baiting regimes were tested for their effect on Dryocoetes confusus in select stands at the Sicamous Creek Silviculture Systems Project. Single tree and two- tree bait treatments, in addition to a control area, were established in a grid format throughout the research area. There were significantly more new D. confusus attacks in th...

Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann is a serious pest of second-year cones in conifer seed orchards. We investigated the impact of this insect on first-year pine conelets. L. occidentalis adults and nymphs were caged on conelets of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, and western white pine, Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don. Abo...

We measured the impact of Leptoglossus occidentalis on seed production in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta variety latifolia Engelmann, using an antibody marker developed to detect residual saliva in fed-on seeds. Nymphs, adult females, and adult males were caged on cones during early, mid- and late season cone development. Individual analysis of 12,...

The historical pattern of outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in white spruce stands in the Fort Nelson Forest District of northeastern British Columbia was reconstructed with the use of dendrochronology. Outbreaks occurred on an average every 26 years, with 5–6 outbreaks in the past century in the northern regions of...

Larvae of the poplar and willow borer, Cryptorhynchus lapathi (L.), an exotic Eurasian weevil, bore into the stems of Salix and Populus spp. creating infection courts for pathogens and weakening stems to breakage. We conducted a survey to determine the distribution and prevalence of C. lapathi in British Columbia. The survey spanned five biogeoclim...

Radiography is a valuable tool for assessing quality of conifer seeds, but it cannot differentiate between aborted seeds and seeds that have been emptied by western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann) feeding. We tested three biochemical marker-based assays that were developed to identify L. occidentalis damage to seeds of Dougla...

Semiochemical-based mass trapping of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been the cornerstone of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme for ambrosia beetles on the British Columbia coast since 1981. However, there is no available tactic of protecting logs from attack that could be incorp...

1 Seventeen non-host angiosperm bark volatiles, seven of which are antennally active to Ips pini (Say), the pine engraver (PE), were tested for their ability to disrupt the response of the PE to pheromone-baited traps. 2 Four green leaf volatiles (GLVs) were tested [1-hexanol (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, and (E)-2-hexenal]. None had any disruptive ef...

Mined leaves were collected in commercial and unsprayed (no insecticides) apple orchards of Quebec and Nova Scotia to determine the relative abundance and diversity of parasites of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae]. In Quebec, 29 species of leafminer parasites were recovered, belonging to 7 f...

Two experiments evaluated the effect of baiting uninfested grand fir logs and trees undergoing initial attack by Scolytus ventralis LeConte with Pityokteines elegans (Swaine) pheromone, on the subsequent attack by both species. Two more experiments assessed the effect of synthetic bark oil, exo-brevicomín, and P. elegans pheromone on the response b...