John R. Baldwin

Statistics Canada | STATCAN · Economic analysis

This article examines how much of the slowdown in labour productivity growth observed in Canada's business sector after 2000 was due to weaker productivity growth within industries and how much was due to structural adjustment. The analysis makes use of a decomposition method that differs from many of the standard decomposition approaches commonly...

Industry measures of offshoring of material inputs are often generated using the proportionality assumption applied to aggregate import data—that the import share of each commodity used in the production process for a particular industry is similar to the import share of a commodity for the total economy. This note compares estimates of offshoring...

This paper examines the differences and similarities in the nature of the competitive process for a cross section of Canadian industries. It studies the intensity and the effectiveness of entry, the relationship between turnover within incumbents and the intensity of entry, and the failure process underlying the exit of entrants. Finally, it asks h...

Abstract In this paper, we examine how changes in tariff rates and industry‐specific real exchange rates affect the entry/exit process to export markets and productivity growth. Using the experience of the Canadian manufacturing sector over three decades, we find that firms in export markets enjoy faster productivity growth than non‐participants. T...

This article in the Economic Insights series summarizes results from current Statistics Canada research on investment and capital stock accumulation. It reports on the study, Intangible Capital and Productivity Growth in Canada. Compiling information on wealth accumulation has been central to Statistics Canada’s activities since its inception. The...

This paper develops a measure of intangible capital and examines the contribution of intangibles to labour productivity growth in the Canadian business sector. It applies the methodology developed by Corrado et al. (2005, 2009) for the United States. The paper finds that investment in intangibles totalled an estimated $151 billion in the Canadian b...

This paper studies the growth of the Canadian resource economy and the contribution of trading gains arising from increasing terms of trade to real income growth from 1870 to 2010. It combines a historical account of the growth of a succession of natural resources — examining both the production and price history of agriculture, forestry, mining, a...

This paper asks how market expansion contributes to productivity growth. It investigates whether entry to both new international markets and new domestic markets is associated with greater productivity growth. It also examines whether exit from export markets is necessarily associated with deteriorating performance or whether it too can lead to suc...

Discussions of pension adequacy for elderly Canadians have used the rate at which income falls with age — the income replacement rate or the ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. Use of income streams to assess post-retirement welfare requires a standard against which adequacy of the replacement rates can be judged. Because some...

This article in the Economic Insights series is based on the research paper Natural Resources, the Terms of Trade, and Real Income Growth in Canada: 1870 to 2010. The research paper examines the importance of resource products in Canada’s trade and real income growth.

Labour productivity growth in the Canadian business sector slowed substantially after 2000. Most of the slowdown occurred in the manufacturing sector. This paper examines how this slowdown was associated with the restructuring that occurred in manufacturing as a result of the increase in excess capacity, the dramatic increase in the Canada – U.S. e...

No abstract available.

The nature of the competitive process that causes a reallocation of market shares within an industry contributes to aggregate productivity growth. This paper extends our understanding of industry differences in the competitive process by examining firm turnover and productivity growth in various services industries in Canada and situating them rela...

This paper asks how the performance of self-employed unincorporated businesses affects the size of the gap in labour productivity between Canada and the United States. To do so, the business sector in each country is divided into unincorporated and corporate businesses, and estimates of labour productivity are generated for each sector. The product...

No abstract available.

This article examines how the reallocation of market shares differs in the retail trade and manufacturing sectors and what it reveals about the nature of competition in the two sectors. It compares and contrasts the amount and type of firm dynamics and examines its contribution to aggregate productivity growth in those two sectors. The potential co...

This study uses new GDP estimates for the unincorporated sector in order to examine labour productivity in the unincorporated sector and to compare it to that in the corporate sector over the period 1987 to 2005. The level of nominal GDP per hour worked is significantly lower for unincorporated enterprises ($23.20 in 2005) than it is for corporatio...

We examine the simultaneous effects of real-exchange-rate movements and of tariff reductions on plant death in Canadian manufacturing industries between 1979 and 1996. We find that both currency appreciation and tariff cuts increase the probability of plant death, but that tariff reductions have a much greater effect. Consistent with the implicatio...

This paper asks whether synergies or managerial discipline operates in different ways across small versus large plants to affect the likelihood of mergers. Our findings indicate that those characteristics which provide the type of synergies upon which ownership changes rely are important factors leading to plant-ownership changes across most size c...

Les mesures de la productivit� sont calcul�es en �tablissant une comparaison entre les sorties et les entr�es. Le Syst�me de comptabilit� nationale (SCN) du Canada offre un cadre utile pour organiser les renseignements n�cessaires aux comparaisons de ce type. Les syst�mes int�gr�s des comptes �conomiques pr�sentent des estimations de rechange coh�r...

Dans ce document, nous cherchions � savoir si ce sont les synergies ou la discipline de gestion qui op�re diff�remment sur les grandes et les petites usines pour influer sur la probabilit� qu'ait lieu des fusions. Les r�sultats indiquent que les caract�ristiques qui fournissent le genre de synergies sur lequel s'appuient les changements de propri�t...

Cette �tude examine la fa�on dont la lib�ralisation du commerce et les fluctuations des taux de change r�els influent sur l'entr�e et la sortie sur le march� d'exportation et sur la productivit� au niveau de l'�tablissement. Elle s'appuie sur l'exp�rience des �tablissements manufacturiers canadiens au cours de trois p�riodes distinctes caract�ris�e...

Nous examinons les effets simultan�s des r�ductions tarifaires et des fluctuations des taux de change r�els sur la disparition des usines dans les industries manufacturi�res canadiennes entre 1979 et 1996. Nous constatons que l'appr�ciation de la devise ainsi que les r�ductions tarifaires accroissent la probabilit� qu'une usine disparaisse, mais qu...

Measures of productivity are derived by comparing outputs and inputs. The System of National Accounts (SNA) in Canada provides a useful framework for organizing the information required for comparisons of this type. Integrated systems of economic accounts provide coherent, consistent alternate estimates of the various concepts that can be used to m...

This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production bas...

On examine dans cette �tude les diff�rents types de d�flateurs qui sont utilis�s pour comparer les estimations des volumes de revenu et de la production nationale de divers pays. On y met de l'avant la th�se selon laquelle ces d�flateurs doivent �tre adapt�s au concept sp�cifique de revenu � l'�tude. Si le concept de possibilit� de d�penser est uti...

This paper examines the challenges that the manufacturing sector has faced over the last half century focusing on both long- and short-term performance. It first examines whether there is evidence that this sector is in long-term decline. The paper also investigates how the industry has responded to specific shocks during this period from exchange-...

This paper examines the different types of deflators that are used to compare volume estimates of national income and production across countries. It argues that these deflators need to be tailored to the specific income concept used for study. If the potential to spend concept is employed, a purchasing power deflator is needed. If a production bas...

This paper examines the characteristics of plants in the manufacturing sector undergoing changes in ownership to further our understanding of the underlying causes of mergers and acquisitions. Previous Canadian studies (Baldwin 1995; Baldwin and Caves 1991) compare the performance of merged plants at the beginning and the end of the 1970s. This pap...

Baldwin et Gu (2008) donnent un aper�u du programme de la productivit� de Statistique Canada et une br�ve description du rendement du Canada en mati�re de productivit�. Le pr�sent document offre une mise � jour de la productivit� du Canada au cours des ann�es plus r�centes et une analyse des sources de faible productivit� au Canada depuis 2000.

Nous utilisons des donn�es au niveau de l'�tablissement sur la croissance de la productivit� et sur la variation des parts de march� au cours de diff�rentes p�riodes r�parties � l'int�rieur des ann�es 1970, 1980 et 1990 afin de d�terminer si les �tablissements dont la part de march� diminue profitent de retomb�es de productivit� attribuables � des...

Le pr�sent document fournit des estimations de l'investissement en actifs incorporels au Canada dans les domaines de l'innovation, de la publicit� et de l'extraction de ressources naturelles. Il prolonge avant tout les travaux de Beckstead et Gellatly (2003), Baldwin et Hanel (2003), Beckstead et Gellatly (2003), Beckstead et Vinodrai (2003), ainsi...

Le pr�sent article porte sur les d�fis qu'a d� relever le secteur de la fabrication au cours du dernier demi-si�cle, en examinant � la fois les r�sultats de long terme et ceux de court terme. Pour commencer, nous cherchons � savoir s'il existe des preuves que la fabrication a connu un d�clin de longue dur�e. Nous �tudions aussi les r�actions de l'i...

On examine dans cette �tude les diff�rents types de d�flateurs qui sont utilis�s pour comparer les estimations des volumes de revenue et de la production nationale de divers pays. On y met de l'avant la th�se selon laquelle ces d�flateurs doivent �tre adapt�s au concept sp�cifique de revenu � l'�tude. Si le concept de possibilit� de d�penser est ut...

Le pr�sent document examine les caract�ristiques des usines du secteur de la fabrication qui connaissent des changements de propri�t�, afin de mieux comprendre les causes sous-jacentes des fusions et des acquisitions. Des �tudes canadiennes ant�rieures (Baldwin, 1995; Baldwin et Caves, 1991) comparent le rendement d'usines fusionn�es, au d�but et �...

This paper presents estimates of intangible investment in Canada for the purpose of innovation, advertising and resource extraction. It first expands upon work by Beckstead and Gellatly (2003), Baldwin and Hanel (2003), Beckstead and Gellatly (2003), Beckstead and Vinodrai (2003) and Baldwin and Beckstead (2003) who argue that the scope of innovati...

Baldwin and Gu (2008) provide an overview of the productivity program at Statistics Canada and a brief description of Canada's productivity performance. This paper provides an update of Canada's productivity performance in more recent years and analyses the sources of weak productivity performance in Canada since 2000.

This paper uses plant-level data on productivity growth and changes in market share over different periods during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s to investigate whether plants with declining market shares obtain productivity spillovers from more successful producers and whether the impact of spillovers is affected by the distance between plants. We are...

Many historical comparisons of international productivity use measures of labour productivity (output per worker). Differences in labour productivity can be caused by differences in technical efficiency or differences in capital intensity. Moving to measures of total factor productivity allows international comparisons to ascertain whether differen...

Official data from statistical agencies are not always ideal for cross-country comparisons because of differences in data sources and methodology. Analysts who engage in cross-country comparisons need to carefully choose among alternatives and sometimes adapt data especially for their purposes. This paper develops comparable capital stock estimates...

Over the past three decades, tariff barriers have fallen significantly, leading to an increasing integration of Canadian manufactures into world markets and especially the U.S. market. Much attention has been paid to the effects of this shift at the national scale, while little attention has been given to whether these effects vary across regions....

This paper focuses on the role of investments in infrastructure in Canada. The size of infrastructure investments relative to other capital stock sets this country apart from most other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. The paper reviews the approaches taken by other researchers to define infrastructure. It then outl...

Productivity and wages tend to be higher in cities. This is typically explained by agglomeration economies, which increase the returns associated with urban locations. Competing arguments of specialization and diversity undergird these claims. Empirical research has long sought to confirm the existence of agglomeration economies and to adjudicate b...

La productivité et les salaires ont tendance à être plus élevés dans les villes. L'explication courante de ce phénomène repose sur les économies d'agglomération, qui font augmenter le rendement associé au fait d'occuper un emplacement urbain. Les arguments parallèles axés sur la spécialisation et sur la diversité viennent étayer cette explication p...

Baldwin J. R., Beckstead D., Brown W. M. and Rigby D. L. Agglomeration and the geography of localization economies in Canada, Regional Studies. This paper maps the spatial variation in productivity levels across Canadian cities and models the underlying determinants of that variation. There are two main goals. The first is to confirm the existence,...

The paper examines the pricing behaviour of 81 Canadian manufacturing industries from 1974 to 1996. It explores the circumstances in which Canadian prices respond to foreign (U.S.) influences, as opposed to domestic factors (i.e., labour, energy costs, and productivity growth). It finds that both forces exert important influences on Canadian prices...

This paper summarizes the results of several research studies conducted by the Micro-economic Analysis Division of Statistics Canada that investigate the impact of advanced technology use on business performance. These studies combine establishment-level survey data on advanced technology practices with longitudinal data that measure changes in rel...

This paper presents the long-term trends in outsourcing and offshoring across Canadian industries.

Le pr�sent document pr�sente les tendances � long terme de l'impartition et de la d�localisation dans les diverses industries au Canada.

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

Au cours des trois derni�res d�cennies, les obstacles tarifaires ont diminu� de fa�on significative, ce qui a men� � une int�gration plus grande des �tablissements de fabrication canadiens aux march�s mondiaux, et plus particuli�rement le march� des �tats-Unis. On a accord� beaucoup d'attention aux effets de cette transition � l'�chelle nationale,...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

This paper examines firm turnover and productivity growth in the Canadian retail trade sector. Firm turnover occurs as the competitive process shifts market share from exiting firms and existing firms that contracted to entering firms and existing firms that expanded. There is considerably more firm turnover in the retail sector than in the manufac...

La pr�sente �tude se penche sur le roulement des entreprises et sur la croissance de la productivit� dans le secteur canadien du commerce de d�tail. Le roulement des entreprises a lieu lorsque, en raison du processus concurrentiel, des entreprises sortantes et des entreprises existantes en d�clin voient diminuer leur part de march� au profit des no...

This paper provides an overview of the productivity program at Statistics Canada and a brief description of Canada's productivity performance. The paper defines productivity and the various measures that are used to investigate different aspects of productivity growth. It describes the difference between partial productivity measures (such as labou...

This paper has three main objectives. First, it examines the level of multifactor productivity (MFP) in Canada relative to that of the United States for the 1994-to-2003 period. Second, it examines the relative importance of differences in capital intensity and MFP in accounting for the labour productivity differences between the two countries. Thi...

Ce document porte sur le r�le des investissements dans l'infrastructure au Canada. Notre pays se d�marque des autres pays membres de l'Organisation de coop�ration et de d�veloppement �conomiques par la taille des investissements dans son infrastructure par rapport � d'autres stocks de capital. Nous examinons dans ce document les approches adopt�es...

Le pr�sent document fournit un aper�u du programme de la productivit� de Statistique Canada et une br�ve description du rendement du Canada en mati�re de productivit�. Il d�finit la productivit� et les diverses mesures utilis�es pour examiner les diff�rentes facettes de la croissance de la productivit�. Il d�crit la diff�rence entre des mesures de...

Les donn�es officielles produites par les organismes statistiques ne sont pas toujours id�ales aux fins de comparaisons entre pays en raison de diff�rences relatives aux sources de donn�es et de la m�thodologie. Les analystes qui proc�dent � des comparaisons entre pays doivent choisir avec soin entre plusieurs options et parfois adapter les donn�es...

L'objectif de cette �tude est triple. Pour commencer, nous examinons le niveau de la productivit� multifactorielle (PMF) au Canada comparativement aux �tats-Unis pour la p�riode allant de 1994 � 2003. Puis, nous d�terminons l'importance relative des diff�rences d'intensit� du capital et de PMF en tenant compte des diff�rences de productivit� du tra...

De nombreuses comparaisons historiques de la productivit� internationale sont fond�es sur des mesures de la productivit� du travail (production par travailleur). Les diff�rences de productivit� du travail peuvent tenir � des diff�rences d'efficacit� technique ou d'intensit� capitalistique. L'adoption de mesures de la productivit� totale des facteur...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

This paper examines the various products associated with the quarterly labour productivity program. It outlines the nature of the volatility in the very short-run estimates and examines properties of the revisions made to the estimates of Canadian labour productivity and its components (gross domestic product and hours worked) since the inception o...

This paper compares long-run growth in labour productivity in Canada and the United States from 1961 to 2006. Over the entire period labour productivity in both countries grew at about the same rate. But Canadian growth exceeded that of the United States up to the early 1980s. Since then, U.S. labour productivity growth has exceeded Canadian growth...

La variation spatiale des niveaux de productivité et des taux de croissance de la productivité est considérable. Les écarts les plus prononcés sont peut être ceux observés entre pays, mais des différences demeurent fort évidentes dans les espaces nationaux, car la croissance économique favorise certaines villes et régions plus que d'autres. Dans le...

Productivity levels and productivity growth rates vary significantly over space. These differences are perhaps most pronounced between countries, but they remain acutely evident within national spaces as economic growth favors some cities and regions and not others. In this paper, we map the spatial variation in productivity levels across Canadian...

Le but de l'étude est d'examiner les effets de diverses méthodes de calcul du coût d'usage du capital sur les estimations des indices de prix et de volume des services de capital. Nous déterminons la sensibilité des résultats à l'utilisation d'un taux de rendement exogène par opposition à endogène, à divers moyens d'inclure les gains en capital et...

During the post-1970 period, Canadian manufacturing prices have alternately increased and fallen relative to U.S. prices - just the reverse of the cycle in the Canada - U.S. exchange rate. But not all manufacturing industries have experienced the same amplitude of relative price changes. This paper examines the industry characteristics that are rel...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

Le pr�sent document vise principalement � fournir une synth�se concise d'une vaste gamme de donn�es produites et de recherches men�es � Statistique Canada sur les multinationales, portant sur des �tudes tant r�centes que plus anciennes. Au chapitre 2, nous examinons la contribution macro�conomique des multinationales �trang�res d'apr�s deux indicat...

Le pr�sent document r�sume les r�sultats de plusieurs �tudes de recherche men�es par la Division de l'analyse micro�conomique de Statistique Canada qui portent sur les r�percussions de l'utilisation de technologies de pointe sur le rendement des entreprises. Ces �tudes s'appuient � la fois sur des donn�es d'enqu�te au niveau de l'�tablissement sur...

The relationship between the quality of political institutions and the performance of regulation has recently assumed greater prominence in the policy debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure industry reforms. Taking the view that political accountability is a key factor linking political and regulatory structures and processes, this article e...

This study examines Canadian productivity performance over the period 1961 to 2005. It investigates labour productivity growth and the sources of improvements therein-multifactor productivity growth, capital intensity, and skill upgrading. It also examines the contribution that productivity growth has made to economic growth, and to improvement on...

In this paper, we provide an international comparison of the growth in Canadian and U.S. manufacturing industries over the 1961-to-2003 period. We find that average annual growth rates of labour productivity growth were almost identical in the Canadian and U.S. manufacturing sectors during this period. But the sources of labour productivity growth...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

Ce document pr�sente un examen des divers produits inclus dans le programme des estimations trimestrielles de la productivit� du travail. Il d�crit la nature de la volatilit� des estimations � tr�s court terme et examine les propri�t�s des r�visions apport�es aux estimations de la productivit� du travail au Canada et � ses composantes (PIB et heure...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

[eng] We present a two-sided search model where agents differ by their human capital endowment and where workers of different skill are imperfect substitutes. Then the labor market endogenously divides into disjoint segments and wage inequality will depend on the degree of labor market segmentation. The most important results are : 1) overall wage...

Dans le pr�sent document, nous proc�dons � une comparaison internationale de la croissance de la productivit� � long terme dans les industries canadiennes et am�ricaines de la fabrication pour la p�riode de 1961 � 2003. Nous avons d�termin� que les taux de croissance annuelle moyenne de la productivit� du travail ont �t� � peu pr�s identiques dans...

The paper examines the pricing behaviour of 81 Canadian manufacturing industries from 1974 to 1996. It explores the domestic and foreign factors that affect price formation in Canada and the circumstances in which Canadian prices respond to foreign (U.S.) influences (the law of one price), as opposed to domestic factors (i.e., labour, energy costs...

Les auteurs examinent le comportement de 81 industries manufacturières canadiennes en matière d'établissement des prix au cours de la période allant de 1974 à 1996. Ils se penchent sur les facteurs intérieurs et étrangers ayant une incidence sur la formation des prix au Canada ainsi que sur les circonstances dans lesquelles les prix canadiens réagi...

This paper investigates the extent to which productivity growth is the result of firm turnover as output is shifted from one firm to another, driven by the competitive process. Turnover occurs as some firms gain market share and others lose it. Some of the resulting turnover is due to entry and exit. Another part arises from growth and decline in i...

This paper summarizes the findings of a research program aimed at outlining the importance to the firm growth process of competencies that arise from investments in intangible assets. The program has consisted of two parts. First, longitudinal databases have provided a rich set of studies on entry, exit, mergers and other aspects of dynamics relate...

Le présent document décrit les constatations tirées d'un programme de recherche visant à souligner l'importance des compétences qui découlent des investissements dans l'actif incorporel pour le processus de croissance des entreprises. Le programme comportait deux parties. Premièrement, des bases de données longitudinales ont fourni un riche ensembl...

Durant la période qui a suivi 1970, les prix dans le secteur canadien de la fabrication ont tour à tour augmenté et diminué par rapport aux prix américains, chaque fois à l'inverse des mouvements du taux de change Canada États Unis. Cependant, toutes les industries manufacturières n'ont pas connu une variation des prix relatifs de même ampleur. Dan...

This chapter describes how the integration of the Canadian Productivity Accounts (CPA) into the Canadian System of National Accounts (CSNA) is used to provide a coherent and consistent set of productivity estimates. It reviews the status of the integration and how the approach adopted by the CPA embodies internationally recommended standard practic...

La présente étude porte sur l'effet de la libéralisation des échanges sur la taille des usines, la durée des cycles de production et la diversification des produits. Nous élaborons tout d'abord un modèle du commerce de produits différenciés sous l'hypothèse d'usines multiproduits. Nous présentons ensuite des preuves empiriques à partir d'un grand p...

This paper examines the incidence of foreign control in Canadian non-financial industries. It focuses on changes in the share of assets and revenues under foreign control over a long-run period during which Canada's regulatory climate shifted from being more restrictive to more liberal in its treatment of inward foreign direct investment. These reg...

Entry is important because new firms and new plants provide an important source of competition to incumbents. They are a source of new products and technologies. In this article, we outline the size of the turnover in plants that have entered and exited the Canadian manufacturing sector over each of three periods—1973–1979, 1979–1988, and 1988–1997...

This paper examines two potential benefits of foreign-controlled plants in the Canadian manufacturing sector: the superior performance of foreign-controlled plants and their productivity spillovers to domestic plants. The paper finds that foreign-controlled plants are more productive, more innovative, more technology intensive, pay higher wages and...

Le présent document porte sur deux avantages éventuels de la présence d'établissements sous contrôle étranger dans le secteur canadien de la fabrication, soit leur rendement supérieur et les retombées de productivité sur les établissements canadiens. Les auteurs en arrivent à la conclusion que les établissements sous contrôle étranger sont plus pro...

This study investigates the determinants of failure for new Canadian firms. It explores the role that certain factors play in conditioning the likelihood of survival - factors related to industry structure, firm demographics and macroeconomic cycles. It asks whether the determinants of failure are different for new start-ups than for firms that hav...