
Joel M StagerIndiana University Bloomington | IUB · Department of Kinesiology
Joel M Stager
PhD Medical Science Program, IUB, Physiology
About
287
Publications
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Introduction
Additional affiliations
Education
August 1980 - August 1984
August 1975 - August 1980
September 1971 - June 1975
Publications
Publications (287)
Introduction:
Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) has been observed in highly trained endurance athletes during near maximal exercise, which may be influenced by a histamine-mediated inflammatory response at the pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane. In order to test this hypothesis, we examined whether the mast cell stabilizer nedocromil s...
Purpose:
To describe the heart-rate (HR) response during a prolonged, submaximal, multirepetition swimming bout (ie, typical early-season swimming training), as there is currently little or no literature on this topic.
Methods:
A total of 12 collegiate swimmers were instructed to complete sixty 91.4-m (100-yd) freestyle repetitions at their fast...
Recently, a commercially available starting ‘ledge’ designed to reduce foot slippage during the execution of the backstroke start was introduced in competitive swimming. For the purpose of identifying potential safety consequences, the present study investigated the effect of ledge use on head depths, speeds, and distances in backstroke starts of a...
Adherence to prescribed training intensity (i.e., swim speed) has been conveyed as a key parameter regarding improvements in seasonal performance. Evidence has also suggested swimmers have difficulty complying with coach-prescribed training. How this compliance is affected by a coaching presence and oversight has yet to be examined.
Purpose:
The...
We investigated the influence of immediate postexercise dietary supplementation on the subsequent food consumption pattern and endurance exercise performance in physically trained individuals. On 2 occasions, trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-depleting exercise bout followed by a 2-h nutritional supplementation period, 28 h of free-living...
Although systemic hypercapnia is a common outcome of pulmonary disease, the relationship between hypercapnia and voluntary diaphragmatic activation (VAdi) is unclear. To examine whether hypercapnia independent of ventilatory work contributes to reduced central motor drive to the diaphragm in healthy humans, 14 subjects spontaneously breathed room a...
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if maturational timing is related to collegiate swim performance. Maturational timing was estimated using age at menarche (AaM), which was determined retrospectively in collegiate swimmers (N = 273). Each swimmer’s best performance during the 2015-2016 NCAA season was obtained from the USA Swimmi...
The age of national-level American female swimmers increased from 1972 to 1996. Whether or not this trend has continued and whether or not a similar trend exists for male swimmers is unclear. PURPOSE: To analyze participant age for national-level female and male American swimmers from 1969 to 2016. METHODS: We calculated the mean age of all partici...
Purpose:
To compare the efficacy of resisted sprint swim training (RST) to that of unresisted sprint swim training (ST) on 50-meter freestyle competition time (VMAX50) in age-group swimmers.
Methods:
Twenty-four age-group swimmers (age 10.6-14.9 years) were divided into RST or ST and completed a sprint swim training intervention twice per week f...
This study was an examination of the HR of 12 swimmers across a bout of 60 repetitions of 91.4 m freestyle.
Purpose:
It has been reported that ~50% of endurance-trained men demonstrate exercise induced arterial oxyhemoglobin hypoxemia (EIAH) during heavy exercise. However, this often-cited prevalence rate comes from a single study using a cohort of 25 highly trained men who completed maximal cycle ergometry. As arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) d...
Our study examined the relationship between habitual high levels of vigorous physical activity on large and small artery compliance via radial artery pulse wave analysis. Eighty-three healthy men (n = 44) and women (n = 39), aged 18–78 years, were recruited as habitually less active (light-to-moderate exercise ≤3 times/wk) or habitually highly acti...
Italian version of the questionnaires.
(PDF)
English version of the questionnaires.
(PDF)
Anthropometric and questionnaires data.
(XLSX)
Although ageing people could benefit from healthy diet and physical activity to maintain health and quality of life, further understandings of the diet- and physical activity-related mechanisms that may cause changes in health and quality of life perception are necessary. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of eating attitudes, b...
Ventilation while swimming is generally constrained by the medium (water) and the obligatory timing associated with arm mechanics. Attempts at describing ventilation have been similarly constrained and therefore little published data exists on operating lung volumes and pulmonary function while swimming at maximal efforts. This is in contrast to th...
Performance outcomes at the 2013 World Swimming Championship were previously shown to be biased depending on the swimmer's lane assignment. The purpose of this study was to determine if this kind of bias was unique, and if not, if the bias was related to the temporary or permanent nature of the pool. The effect of lane on the average odd-length spl...
Evidence has long suggested that mammalian ventilatory and locomotor rhythms are linked, yet determinants and implications of locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC) continue to be investigated. Anecdotally, respiratory muscle fatigue seen at the end of heavy exercise may result in an uncoupling of movement-ventilation rhythms; however, there is no sc...
We sought to determine if expiratory flow limitation influences intensive aerobic exercise performance in mild hypoxia.
Fourteen trained male cyclists were separated into flow-limited (FL, n = 7) and non-FL (n = 7) groups based on the extent of expiratory flow limitation exhibited during maximal exercise in normoxia. Participants performed two self...
It has been hypothesized that large differences in maximal performance can arise between various geo-political regions solely on the basis of differing numbers of participants in the target activity. While there is evidence in support of this hypothesis for a measure of intellectual performance, the same relationship has not been examined for a mea...
In a sport where victory is often determined by a fraction of a second, it’s obvious why one of the most sought-after secrets is how to swim faster. However, as the world’s most renowned coaches, athletes, trainers, and researchers know, there is no secret–just science.
Introduction:
Despite VO₂peak being, generally, greater while running compared to cycling, ventilation (VE) during maximal exercise is less while running compared to cycling. Differences in operating lung volumes (OLV) between maximal running and cycling could be one explanation for previously observed differences in V E and this could be due to d...
The majority of research on competitive swim start safety has focused on the maximum head depth (MHD) attained during execution of the start and the head velocity at that depth. But when assessing start safety as a means of stratifying risk, the horizontal distance from the start wall at MHD (DIST) must be considered as well. USA Swimming and the F...
Anecdotal reports from the 2013 FINA World Swimming Championships held in
Barcelona suggested that swim performances were biased, presumably due to a
current. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the swimmers'
performance data in order to determine the merit of these rumors. Methods: The mean
lap difference (odd - even) for each lane i...
The efficacy of and mechanisms behind the widespread use of lower leg compression as an ergogenic aid to improve running performance are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not wearing graduated lower leg compression sleeves during exercise evokes changes in running economy (RE) perhaps due to altered gait mechanics. Sixtee...
It is unknown whether or not the daily swim training distances of master swimmers (MS) affects the observed changes in skeletal muscle mass (SM) and physical function commonly associated with the aging process. Twenty-two male master swimmers aged 52-82 years were divided into two groups based upon training distance: High-MS (>3000 m swim/session a...
It could be argued that the only component of competitive swimming that is associated with any appreciable risk to the swimmer is the execution of the racing start from a starting block into shallow water. Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collected and considered input as a means to formulate guidelines for minimum wat...
To determine the effect of exercise mode on ventilatory patterns, 22 trained men performed two maximal graded exercise tests; one running on a treadmill and one cycling on an ergometer. Tidal flow-volume (FV) loops were recorded during each minute of exercise with maximal loops measured pre and post exercise. Running resulted in a greater VO2peak t...
Recent advances in miniaturized waterproof accelerometers have allowed their use as a tool in examining swim stroke characteristics (Ohgi et al. JPSE Int J 45:960–966, 2002; Sports Eng 6:113–123, 2003). A better use for this technology, however, might be to quantify characteristics of competitive swim training. The purpose of this study was thus to...
The potential for injury exists during the execution of a competitive swim start if an athlete contacts the pool bottom. The aim of the study was to provide vertical head velocities (VHV) at predetermined water depths when competitive swimmers perform worst-case scenario swim starts. A total of 22 swimmers performed starts from a standard starting...
It is known that ambulatory exercises such as brisk walking and jogging are potent stimuli for improving aerobic capacity, but it is less understood whether ambulatory exercise can increase leg muscle size and function. The purpose of this brief review is to discuss whether or not ambulatory exercise elicits leg muscle hypertrophy in older adults....
The specific internal environment in the body during exercise can influence the muscle hypertrophy and strength response. Unlike chronic hypoxic exposure, exercise training under intermittent hypoxia may lead to muscle hypertrophy with relatively low workloads. Objectives: The purpose of this brief review is to discuss how a hypoxic condition can b...
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inspiratory loading on limb locomotor (LM) and respiratory muscle (RM) deoxygenation ([deoxy (Hb+Mb)]) using NIRS during constant-power cycling exercise. Sixteen, male cyclists completed three, 6-min trials. The intensity of the first 3-min of each trial was equivalent to ∼80% V. o(2max) (EX(80%)...
The research on the competitive swim start primarily consists of group mean and maximum depths with little attention given to individual variability. The purpose of this study was to quantify intra-individual racing start depth variability and use it to assess minimum water depth standards. Twenty-two competitive swimmers executed five racing start...
The purpose of the authors in this study was to predict the mean swim time of the top eight swimmers in swim events at the 2012 Olympic Games based upon prior Olympic performances from 1972 through 2008. Using the mean top eight time across all years, a best fit power curve [time = a × year] was calculated and used to predict the finish time of the...
The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of coaches' perceptions regarding the most important elements of the competitive swim start and the progressions coaches use to teach the skill to novice swimmers. A survey was developed specifically for this project and administered via an e-mail link sent to all registered USA Swimming...
To expand upon previous studies showing inexperienced high school swimmers can complete significantly shallower racing starts when asked to start "shallow," 42 age group swimmers (6-14 years old) were filmed underwater during completion of competitive starts. Two starts (one normal and one "requested shallow") were executed from a 0.76 m block into...
The purpose of the present study was to determine how tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers manipulate the chest wall (rib cage and abdomen) to speak and how respiratory compromise (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COPD) and task variables influence those behaviors.
The chest wall movements of 11 male TE speakers (5 with COPD and 6 without COPD) we...
The purpose of this study was to determine if inspiratory muscle training (IMT) alters the oxygen cost of breathing (Vo(2RM)) during voluntary hyperpnea. Sixteen male cyclists completed 6 wk of IMT using an inspiratory load of 50% (IMT) or 15% placebo (CON) of maximal inspiratory pressure (Pi(max)). Prior to training, a maximal incremental cycle er...
The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy of "multi-age" classification systems in youth sports with a specific focus on the unisex multi-age-groupings used by USA Swimming. In addition, we offer an analytical rationale for the multi-age-groupings and potential alternatives. We examined the top 100 US swim performances for three years (...