Joanna Shapland

• Professor at The University of Sheffield

GERN (Groupement Européen de Recherches sur les Normativités) is a large consortium of scientific researchers in the domain of deviance and social control, more precisely studying delinquency, penal institutions, public policies of security and the importance of penal questions in society. Today GERN is a scientific network present in ten European...

Introduction One-to-one supervision of those on probation or licence is both a core element in probation and also relatively hidden work (Shapland et al, 2013). The supervisor is (usually) alone in a room with the supervisee and any monitoring or managing tends to be on the basis of perusal of records afterwards. Yet, if the aim is to promote desis...

This article addresses the issues involved in using compliance with probation supervision as an interim outcome measure in evaluation research. We address the complex nature of compliance and what it implies. Like much research on probation and criminal justice more generally, it was not possible to use random assignment to treatment and comparison...

The article draws on the results of two empirical studies to develop new theoretical views on apology and forgiveness in relation to crime: research on mitigation and sentencing in the criminal courts; and an evaluation of three English restorative justice schemes undertaking conferencing and mediation primarily in relation to serious offences and...

This is the fourth volume stemming from the annual doctoral conferences organized by the GERN (Groupement Européen de Recherches sur les Normativités).The GERN is a multidisciplinary consortium of universities, research institutes and scientific researchers in the domain of criminology, deviance and social control. This scientific network of academ...

Appreciating service user views on their own supervision is crucial, both to aid service users in their path towards desistance and to create effective supervision. The SEED training programme for probation staff in England concentrated on one-to-one supervision and how it was being delivered. As part of the evaluation of SEED, we asked those on li...

Most offenders, even persistent offenders, eventually desist from crime, and the fastest period of deceleration in the frequency of offending is in the early twenties. This article summarises results from a longitudinal study of desistance from or persistence in crime in this age range, illustrated by three case histories. A key finding is that, be...

In the context of 'ordinary' probation practice, quality is a contested concept, as well as an under-researched one. In this article we present the findings of a study which sought to capture, via interviews inspired by Appreciative Inquiry, the views of probation staff about the meaning(s) of 'quality' in probation practice. The interviews reveale...

This book contains a selection of papers, which were presented and discussed at the second GERN Doctoral Conference for PhD students, organised by the White Rose Consortium of the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield and York and held in September 2013 at the University of Sheffield, UK. The book is the result of intensive reflection and engagement bet...

Restorative justice has been growing around the world in terms of its implementation, often allied to criminal justice. Its growth and increasing mainstreaming, however, reignite theoretical and practical debates current some 20 years ago but none the less valid now. They include the effects of increasing closeness to the state and to justice defin...

This article considers the application of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a research methodology in the field of probation research. Although AI has previously been used in prisons research it has not to date been applied to research on probation. In this article we describe why and how AI was applied in an exploratory study of ‘quality’ in probation...

The Summer School in Ghent included a combination of courses, given by Joanna Shapland (SheffieldUniversity), Adam Crawford (Leeds University), Jacques de Maillard (Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines/CESDIP) and Paul Ponsaers (Ghent University). Lecturers were asked to develop themes during their lectures that were of common interes...

This book contains a selection of papers, which were presented and discussed at the first GERN Summer School for PhD students held in September 2012 at Ghent University, Belgium. The essays in the book coalesce around four overarching themes: the use and meaning of violence; policing the informal economy and tackling social disorder; methodological...

The informal economy includes all those forms of economic and social relationships which escape state regulation. The book explores how people make choices and practice informality according to the available opportunities. Using empirical work, authors from across Europe look at different illegal or informal activities. They include legal and illeg...

When sentencing an offender, sentencers in England and Wales are required to hear any speech in mitigation that the offender or his or her legal representative wishes to make (Shapland 1981). That speech is likely to range widely over all the elements relevant to sentencing for that particular offence and which relate to the legislation governing s...

Restorative Justice in Practice addresses this need, analyzing the results of the implementation of three restorative justice schemes in England and Wales in the largest and most complete trial of restorative justice with adult offenders worldwide. It aims to bring out the practicalities of setting up and running restorative justice schemes in conn...

Within the human life-span, the decade of the 20s (age 20—29) is known to manifest the fastest deceleration of offending. This article reports findings concerning the social and moral values of a sample of recidivist offenders at the start of this age-range. Most reported surprisingly conformist values, for example with regard to future aspirations...

Desistance studies have routinely focused on issues such as family links, employment prospects and moving away from criminal friends, but they have said less about the meso- and macro-level structural issues that might facilitate or impede the transition of ex-offenders to the status of more mainstream members of civil society.Yet, in view of the n...

Editorial of special issue of Cahiers Politiestudies on "Restorative Policing"

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the topic of the informal economy, exploring its definition from both economic and criminological standpoints. It seeks to consider possible linkages with organised crime and the conditions under which these may be facilitated, with reference to the papers in this double special issue. Design/meth...

In this paper, we draw on our experience as evaluators of three restorative justice schemes in England and Wales which were funded under the auspices of the Home Office's ‘Crime Reduction Programme’ to reflect upon the theoretical and empirical potential of restorative justice (in particular, conferencing) to bring about reductions in reoffending o...

In order to create an economic measure of the direct and indirect effects of crime, it is necessary to consider the effects of crime on victims. The article reviews the state of research into the effects of crime on individuals, in respect of personal and household victimisation, and the effects of crime on businesses. General population surveys ha...

If the resources devoted to dealing with crime are to be used in ways that bring about the most benefits, it will be important to know something about how much better or worse one crime is compared to another. Ideally, one would like to describe the effects of all crimes — and possibly even the fear of crime as well — in terms of their effect on ke...

Drawing from an ongoing evaluation of three major restorative justice schemes in England and Wales, the article employs a dramaturgical perspective to examine a number of process issues that arise when restorative justice processes are deployed within a criminal justice context. They include the rôle and identity of restorative justice facilitators...

Drawing from the evaluation of three major restorative justice schemes in England and Wales, the article considers the theoretical implications for process and outcomes of situating restorative justice for adults within criminal justice, including the allocation of roles, the balance of power, the importance of procedural justice, and the tasks of...

Anyone who commutes by rail will be familiar with the sight of industrial estates — congregations of brick and metal-clad buildings of varying sizes, usually in rows and usually surrounded by a fence. They tend to be short on windows, but to have plenty of yards, lorries and piles of material scattered around. In general they are not scenic. Unlike...

This article presents the initial theoretical underpinnings for a fresh prospective study of desistance, focused on 20-year-old recidivists. It is argued that significant crime-free gaps appropriately form part of the subject matter of desistance. An interactive theoretical framework is presented, involving ‘programmed potential’, ‘social context’...

In the light of recent case law recognising an independent right to be brought to trial within a reasonable time under Art.6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and holding that compliance with the Convention requires that youth cases be brought to trial as expeditiously as possible, this article argues that on human rights grounds the best...

The informal economy is a constant, though only partially visible, undercurrent of social and economic life of European cities. Through its more romantic and touristic guises of street trading, markets and selling roses in restaurants, its seedier links with drugs and prostitution, and the economic toe-hold it provides for immigrants, young people...

A national survey in 1996 of facilities for victims at magistrates' courts and Crown Court in England and Wales found significant improvements since 1986, but continuing deficiencies in terms of provision of information, precautions against intimidation and, at magistrates' courts, witness support. Courts themselves, as public buildings, need to ta...

The Netherlands have recently created a number of new agents of social control. These include the stadswachten (city wardens) and the politiesurveillanten (police patrollers). Both primarily patrol in city centres, with the police patrollers being a more junior rank in the regular police, but the city wardens a separate uniformed presence. Both hav...

The prevalence of crime in the retail sector is higher than for residents, and multiple victimization is common. Shops and stores have major exposure to external crime such as theft, burglary, robbery and threats, and violence to staff. Internal crime, such as fraud and theft by employees, is less of a problem. The location, siting, and design of a...

There was an enormous volume of criminological research during the 1980s in the UK. This paper offers our particular refections on that work. It structures the discussion of this research output thematically, drawing on the double-sided nature of Thatcherism and the resulting bifurcated responses within the field of law and order. The discussion is...

A patient runs amok in a hospital or a general practitioner’s surgery, he attacks a nurse and some other patients, causing each of them serious personal harm. While, in practice, such incidents are relatively rare (verbal abuse and threats being more common) our concern in this chapter is with what the law has to say on such questions as to whether...

Shapland and Vagg look at the nature of informal social control. Their conclusions challenge existing myths about rural and urban areas and offer a new approach to thinking about how policing should be conducted.

It is only in the past ten years that the role of the victim in the criminal justice system has again risen into prominence. There is now a plethora of studies, at least in Britain, considering the victim’s experiences, his views and his attitudes. Yet this recent upsurge of interest is in many ways surprising. We have known for some time how vital...

The reactions of victims to the criminal justice system and to society’s attempts to assist them cannot be understood without, first, considering the effects of crime on the victim. These effects are not confined to the immediate consequences of the offense – physical injury, shock, loss of property, time off work or financial losses. They can intr...

When an adult charged with a criminal offence is brought to court, the process through which he passes may be divided into three stages: the pretrial stage of remands and, possibly, committal to the Crown Court; the trial stage, in which the person either pleads guilty or is found guilty or not guilty after a trial; and the sentencing stage, in whi...

Addresses H. J. Eysenck's (1970) hypothesis that criminals should be more extraverted and more neurotic than the noncriminal population. Preliminary data from a study of 54 12–14 yr old boys are presented. The data fulfill 2 requirements of Eysenck in that they (a) eliminate the need for control Ss and (b) have been submitted to a quadrant analysis...

Though criminology in the UK is apparently in rude health, with active researchers, well- attended conferences and increased government funding for evaluation, it is in danger of not considering the implications of its actions. Evaluations of crime reduction initiatives, for example, are surely undertaken with the presumption that it is possible to...

In the 1970s and early 1980s, the development of victi misation surveys was dominated by the national victimisation surveys, starting with the National Crime Survey in the USA in the late 1960s. With some initial hesitation, but with growing enthusiasm, national governments established national victimisation surveys to run in parallel with the offi...

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, not necessarily those of the Home Office (nor do they reflect Government policy).

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