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Introduction
Skills and Expertise
Publications
Publications (78)
A literature review was conducted to assess the spatiotemporal trend and diversity of infectious agents that were newly found in pigs between 1985 and 2010. We identified 173 new variants from 91 species, of which 73 species had not been previously described in pigs. These new species, of which one third was zoonotic, were taxonomically diverse. Th...
Antimicrobial use for growth promotion in food animal production is now widespread. A major concern is the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the subsequent impact on human health. The antimicrobials of concern are used in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) which are responsible for almost all meat production including swine and poult...
The essence of One Health is an interdisciplinary approach combined with some degree of intersectoral integration that is aimed at mitigation of human and animal health risks, taking account of environmental, ecological, social and economic factors. While a large number of international stakeholders now consider the One Health approach necessary fo...
Rinderpest was once one of the world’s most feared diseases of livestock, responsible for the deaths of millions of livestock. However, rinderpest is just one of two diseases that has been successfully eradicated globally. A major gap in the history of rinderpest concerns the socio-economic impacts of its control and eradication. While much has bee...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 has been a global concern for almost 10 years since its epidemic emergence in South-east Asia in 2003/2004. Despite large investment of resources into the region, the infection has not been eradicated and continues to result in outbreaks in poultry and a small number of human fatalities. This review synthesize...
The influenza virus and zoonotic diseases are perennial companions of human society, posing substantial direct threats to human lives and livelihoods as well as to animal populations. Zoonotic diseases coevolve with human society, animal husbandry, and technology, and this book presents multidisciplinary frameworks to assess zoonotic-disease impact...
The population of Lao PDR remains a predominately rural population and engaged in subsistence agriculture. For this reason, livestock generally and poultry in particular can be instrumental to sustaining and improving livelihoods. However, these livelihood potentials are far from being realized, because a myriad of market access challenges and info...
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) first emerged in Southeast Asia in 2003–2004. Initially, containment policies ranged from focusing on mass culling (Thailand) and vaccination (Vietnam) to the elimination of all wet markets (Hong Kong). Although these measures were applied with varied success, it has become clear that a new generation of pol...
Across Southeast Asia, livestock sectors are in the midst of significant transitions. While these shifts were underway prior to the HPAI outbreaks which began in 2003, response and adjustment to these outbreaks have accelerated these trends in many countries. In light of these transitions underway, household surveys were undertaken in Cambodia to p...
Since its emergence in 1996 in China, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus has infected 61 countries, caused more than 300 human fatalities, and resulted in disease mortality and culling of several hundred million domestic birds. In most of the affected countries, the H5N1 virus could be eliminated through swift and determined interventions...
Billions of dollars have been spent on reducing the likelihood and severity of influenza pandemics originating in domesticated animals. These investments have global public-good properties and have to be shared. This chapter provides guidance for evaluating the benefits of flu-prevention expenditures and sharing their costs. Investments are valued...
Tracing movements could assist the implementation of bio-containment measures during a disease outbreak. To evaluate the potential for implementing a tracing system for a poultry supply chain in northern Vietnam, a four-month longitudinal study was conducted to identify marketing practices associated with poultry traceability. Poultry sold in batch...
This paper analyses the publicly available data on the distribution and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clades, whilst acknowledging the biases resulting from the non-random selection of isolates for gene sequencing. The data indicate molecular heterogeneity in the global distribution of HPAIV H5N1, in particular i...
The unprecedented growth in developing countries in the demand for food of animal origin, dubbed the 'Livestock Revolution', is expected to give rise to major opportunities and threats worldwide. This assumption tends to dominate the policy debate, and inadequate attention is given to regional and national specificities. This paper presents an expl...
Results of seroprevalence studies to determine the frequency of asymptomatic or subclinical infection and evaluate risk factors for H5N1 virus infection.
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The threat posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses to humans remains significant, given the continued occurrence of sporadic human cases (499 human cases in 15 countries) with a high case fatality rate (approximately 60%), the endemicity in poultry populations in several countries, and the potential for reassortment with the newly...
This book provides an overview of the state of animal agriculture and present methodologies and proposals to develop policies that result in sustainable and profitable animal production that will protect human and environmental health, enhance livelihood of smallholders and meet consumer needs. The book combines lessons of the past, factual foundat...
Supplementary technical information.
Currently, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of the subtype H5N1 is believed to have reached an endemic cycle in Vietnam. We used routine surveillance data on HPAIV H5N1 poultry outbreaks in Vietnam to estimate and compare the within-flock reproductive number of infection (R0) for periods before (second epidemic wave, 2004-5; depo...
This paper reviews the major pathways through which the growth of poultry farming can contribute to improved nutrition and poverty reduction in India, including direct benefits from poultry farming, employment generation along the poultry value chain, and consumption of poultry meat and eggs. Poultry farming and full (or part) time employment along...
The structure of contact between individuals plays an important role in the incursion and spread of contagious diseases in both human and animal populations. In the case of avian influenza, the movement of live birds is a well known risk factor for the geographic dissemination of the virus among poultry flocks. Live bird markets (LBM's) contribute...
This paper reviews the literature on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) vaccination of poultry and the resulting technical, epidemiological and financial implications for the control of HPAI H5N1 through national vaccination campaigns. Large-scale HPAI vaccination programmes have been implemented in a number of Southeast Asian countries and i...
This paper reviews the (predominantly grey) literature on impacts of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strain H5N1 and control responses on the livestock sector and associated industries in developing countries. The authors distinguish between impacts that arise directly through HPAI-related morbidity and mortality, those that are a conseque...
Since its emergence in East Asia, H5N1 HPAI has attracted considerable public and media attention because the viruses involved have been shown to be capable of producing fatal disease in humans, which gives rise to the fear that the virus might acquire the capacity for sustained human-to-human transmission and thus cause a global influenza pandemic...
Recent concerns expressed by various national and international organisations about global livestock sector development and its consequences on the environment and on human and animal health suggest the need to reinforce efforts to monitor and collect more accurate and detailed statistics on livestock. Modern technologies for the organisation, anal...
Many emerging infectious diseases in human populations are associated with zoonotic origins. Attention has often focused on wild animal reservoirs, but most zoonotic pathogens of recent concern to human health either originate in, or are transferred to, human populations from domesticated animals raised for human consumption. Thus, the ecological c...
Understanding interactions between animals and humans is critical in preventing outbreaks of zoonotic disease. This is particularly important for avian influenza. Food animal production has been transformed since the 1918 influenza pandemic. Poultry and swine production have changed from small-scale methods to industrial-scale operations. There is...
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus that emerged in southern China in the mid-1990s has in recent years evolved into the first HPAI panzootic. In many countries where the virus was detected, the virus was successfully controlled, whereas other countries face periodic reoccurrence despite significant control efforts. A central qu...
Following the poor experiences of state-led and market-based delivery systems of animal health services in the last decades, developing country governments are experimenting with new and innovative policy instruments to concomitantly improve the public delivery of animal health services and to sustain efficient and equitable markets for animal heal...
A large body of empirical literature highlights the need for stakeholder participation within the context of policy change and democratic governance. This makes intuitive sense and may appear to be a straightforward process of managing conflicting interests, building consensus, and lining up support. The reality, however, is often much more complic...
Rift Valley fever (RVF) epidemics have serious consequences for human and animal health and the livestock trade. Recent epidemics have occurred in previously unaffected regions, increasing concerns that the geographical range of RVF will continue to expand. We conducted an extensive, systematic review of the literature to obtain serological data fo...
Since smallholders make up the large majority of the rural poor in Latin America, productivity gains and increased returns to their assets could contribute to widespread poverty alleviation. One such opportunity may be offered through diversification into high-value agricultural products, such as fruits, vegetables, meat or dairy products. This pap...
The objectives of this study were to describe the spatio-temporal pattern of an epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Vietnam and to identify potential risk factors for the introduction and maintenance of infection within the poultry population. The results indicate that during the time period 2004-early 2006 a sequence of three e...
There is considerable global concern over the newly emergent H5N1 strain of avian influenza that has affected millions of domestic poultry flocks and resulted in more than 150 deaths in humans. There has been little analysis of the general assumption that smallholder backyard poultry flocks are inherently at higher risk of highly pathogenic avian i...
In this report, we present a series of empirical techniques to examine linkage between livestock and livelihood, using data from Senegal, a West African economy with high levels of smallholder poverty and livestock dependence. Our results for this country show that livestock dependent populations are more likely to be poor and the severity of their...
More than a billion people currently live in extreme poverty: these people are powerless, isolated, vulnerable and malnourished. At the 2000 World Food Summit in Rome, Heads of State renewed their commitment to halve hunger and malnutrition before the year 2015. The indications are, however, that progress is not being made at the required pace. Ind...
This paper presents a classification of cattle and small ruminant production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A review of literature has shown that there can be as many classifications of livestock systems as there are criteria to classify them, hence the need for a systematic classification to aid the analysis of livestock development in SSA....
To estimate the economic benefit, cost-effectiveness, and distribution of benefit of improving human health in Mongolia through the control of brucellosis by mass vaccination of livestock.
Cost-effectiveness and economic benefit for human society and the agricultural sector of mass vaccination against brucellosis was modelled. The intervention cons...
An interactive electronic atlas has been developed with the purpose of providing a scaleable overview of spatial and temporal variation in animal production and health-related information for decision and policy makers in national and international institutions. The information contained in the atlas is currently managed and presented using the Key...
Preface This is the eigth of a series of 'Livestock Policy Discussion Papers'. The purpose of the series is to provide up-to-date reviews of topics relating to the livestock sector and its development in various regions of the world. A strong emphasis is placed on the compilation of quantitative information, methodological aspects and on the develo...
Five different East Coast Fever (ECF) (Theileria parva infection) control strategies, based on tick control and/or ECF immunization, were tested in groups of traditionally managed Sanga cattle in the Central Province of Zambia over a period of 2.5 years. Two groups were kept under intensive tick control (sprayed weekly), one group immunized and one...
RVF is an insect-borne viral disease that affects a range of livestock species as well as man. RVF is included in the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) List A, meaning it is an important socioeconomic, public health and international trade constraint. Epidemics have been reported in countries throughout Africa, as well as the Arabian penins...
SUmmAry The model of food animal production in the United States of America, which is character- ized by an industrial scale and organization, is currently expanding globally, particularly in Asia. The practice of contract poultry growing, in which firms contract out the raising of live chickens to independent farmers, is often a key component of t...
1. Abstract There is considerable global concern over the newly emergent H5N1 strain of avian influenza that has affected millions of domestic poultry flocks and resulted in 256 human cases and 152 deaths in humans. There has been little analysis of the general assumption that smallholder backyard poultry flocks are inherently at higher risk of hig...
Although the poor constitute a majority in developing countries, their circumstances vary in significant ways between and within their economies. To improve their livelihoods, a better understanding of this heterogeneity is essential. This report examines poverty from the perspective of livestock dependence, an essential characteristic of rural and...
