Jingsong Zhang

• PhD
• Professor at Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences

The structure and characteristics of LEOPs, β-oligosaccharides from the fruiting body of Lentinus edodes obtained via acid degradation and gel permeation chromatography, were investigated. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, and correlated activity experiments...

FVPT1, a novel heteropolysaccharide, was purified from the fruiting body of Flammulina velutipes using magnetic-field-assisted three-phase partitioning and gel permeation chromatography. The structure was characterized using monosaccharide composition and methylation analysis, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The FVPT1 (~...

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a popular approach to genome editing. Compared with the plasmid-dependent CRISPR system, the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex formed by the in vitro assembly of Cas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) has many advantages. However, only a few examples have been reported and the editing efficiency has been relatively low. I...

The rapid development of Lentinula edode industry in China has led to the production of large amounts of waste substrates, which has brought enormous pressure to ecological environment. Thus, it is of great significance to study utilization of spent substrate. In this study, complex enzyme combined with high pressure pretreatment were applied to ex...

Currently, liquid fermentation is regarded as a feasible method for cultivating thyme as contrast to subentity culture. Nevertheless, the production of ganoderic acid S and R is still rather limited, thus requiring the need for parameter adjustment in the liquid fermentation process. The influence of thype, an oxygen bacterium, on the viability of...

Ganoderma has served as a valuable food supplement and medicinal ingredient with outstanding active compounds that are essential for human protection against chronic diseases. Modern pharmacology studies have proven that Ganoderma β-d-glucan exhibits versatile biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antiviral pr...

This study systematically investigated the therapeutic effects and the corresponding mechanisms of β-D-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) with different molecular weights (Mws) on ulcerative colitis (UC). Results showed that three β-d-glucans (GLPS, GLPN and GLPW) from G. lucidum with different Mws exhibited the significant activities on t...

Polysaccharides with molecular weights ranging from 1.75 × 10³ to 1.14 × 10⁴ g/mol were obtained from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The multiple fingerprints and macrophage immunostimulatory activity of these fractions were analyzed as well as the fingerprint–activity relationship. The correlation analysis of molecular weight and immune ac...

The spore powder of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been proven to have a variety of pharmacological activities, and it has become a new resource for the development of health products and pharmaceuticals. However, the scarcity of natural resources, strict growth conditions and difficulty in controlling the stable yield, and quality of different...

Research progress of active compounds and biological activities of medicinal mushroom-Ganoderma spp., Hericium spp., Phellinus spp., and Cordyceps spp. were summarized systematically. The main active compounds of medicinal mushrooms included are polysaccharides, proteins, triterpenes, meroterpenoids, polyphenols and nitrogen-containing compounds. T...

Through virtual screening, electronic tongue verification, and molecular docking technology, the structure-taste activity relationship of 47 kinds of umami peptides (octapeptide - undecapeptide) from Stropharia rugosoannulata prepared by simultaneous ultrasonic-assisted directional enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed. The umami peptides of S.rugosoan...

The transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and genes (DEGs) in the dried Lentinula edodes' response to heat treatment. Most DEMs between the L.edodes sample groups were lipids and lipid-like molecules, nucleosides, nucleotides, analogs, and organic acids and derivatives. DEMs enrich the pathwa...

A proteoglycan LEPS1 was firstly isolated and purified from the spent substrate of Lentinula edodes, an agricultural waste that may cause environmental pollution. The average molecular weight of LEPS1 was 1.18 × 10⁴ g/mol, and carbohydrate moiety (88.9 %) was composed of glucose, arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose at a molar ratio of 1.2:1.2:...

To investigate the influence of molecular weight (Mw) on the anti-inflammatory activity of β-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum, ultrasonic irradiation was applied to treat the β-D-glucan (GLP, 2.42 × 10⁶ g/mol) solution to obtain two degraded fractions with molecular weight of 6.53 × 10⁵ g/mol (GLPC) and 3.49 × 10⁴ g/mol (GLPN). Structural analysis p...

Microwave-assisted degradation of β-(1 → 3,1 → 6)-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum and correlated immunoregulatory activities were investigated in this study. The optimal temperature and degradation time for microwave hydrothermal hydrolysis were 140 °C and 40 min, respectively. Under these conditions, a high yield of degradation rate (98.4 %) and a...

In this work, the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on structural features and immunomodulatory activity of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Ganoderma lucidum were studied. When glucose and yeast powder were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, the apparent viscosity of fermentation broth and EPS yield and the corresponding sugar content...

The cell wall polysaccharides were extracted from Sparassis latifolia fruit bodies by acid–alkali and superfine-grinding assisted methods, and the chemical characterization and in vitro immunity activities of these polysaccharide fractions were studied and compared. Results showed that superfine-grinding assisted extraction exhibited the highest yi...

Hericium erinaceus is an important medicinal fungus in traditional Chinese medicine because of its polysaccharides and other natural products. Compared terpenoids and polyketides, the analysis of synthetic pathway of polysaccharides is more difficult because of the many genes involved in central metabolism. In previous studies, A6180, encoding a pu...

The anabolism of aroma volatiles in response to non-biological factors during the drying process of shiitake mushrooms was analyzed. Temperatures (40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C) had secondary activation effects on the synthetase activity. The enzymatic reaction time could last 4-5 h under medium-temperature drying process (40 °C and 50 °C), and 1.5-2 h u...

To systemically understand the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive substances, including triterpenoids and polysaccharides, in Ganoderma lucidum , the correlation between substrate degradation, carbohydrate and triterpenoid metabolism during growth was analyzed by combining changes in metabolite content and changes in related enzyme expression in G....

Two polysaccharide fractions (GLSB50 and GLSB70) with total sugar content of 82.07 wt% and 53.79 wt%, respectively, were obtained from the water extracts of unbroken Ganoderma lucidum spores by sequential ethanol precipitation treatment. Compared with GLSB70, GLSB50 exhibited better activity on stimulation of humoral immune responses in immunosuppr...

β-glucan has attracted extensive attention due to its health promoting effects, such as lowering the blood sugar and lipids levels, and enhancing immunity. In this study, three different β-glucans (HEBG-1, HEBG-2, HEBG-3) were obtained from Hericium erinaceus by sodium hydroxide, β-1,3-glucanase and β-1,6-glucanase, respectively. The effects of the...

Ganoderma lucidum mycelia are rich in active substances such as triterpenoids and sterols. However, reports on the development of effective submerged fermentation processes are lacking and the resulting total triterpene and sterol yield is still quite low. In this study, a new G. lucidum strain G0017 mycelium isolated by screening was studied in a...

The compositions of volatile compounds in fresh mushrooms varied with their genotype species, maturity and growth conditions. This study aimed to identify volatile compounds in five growth stages of two genotype (A15 and W192) Agaricus bisporus species and used mathematical analysis to explain result. A total of 67 different compounds were identifi...

A new Ganoderma lucidum strain G0017 mycelium isolated by screening was studied in 3 L fermenter to investigate the effect of aeration rate in liquid submerged fermentation production of triterpenoid and sterol. By fitting the specific mycelial growth rate and the specific production rate of triterpenoid and sterol model, an effective multi-stages...

The β-glucan H6PC20 (Mw: 2390 kDa) and α-heteropolysaccharide HPB-3 (Mw: 15 kDa) were purified from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus according to the previous methods. Their gastroprotective activities and corresponding structure-activity relationship were studied in the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model of rats. After intragastric adminis...

In the present study, regioselective sulfation of β-glucan (GLP) from Ganoderma lucidum were firstly established by using 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and hexamethyldisilazane as protecting precursor. 2,4,6-O-sulfated, 6-O-sulfated and 2,4-O-sulfated GLP derivatives were prepared and the molecular weights (Mw) of derivatives were determined to ran...

Ganoderma lingzhi has been used for centuries in Eastern Asian countries as a very important medicinal mushroom. It prefers growing in rotten wood of broadleaf trees and is mainly distributed in tropics and subtropics. Its relative Ganoderma lucidum occurs naturally in Southwestern, Central and Northern Europe, and it colonizes mostly oak and beech...

In recent years, gut microbiota have been linked to prevention and treatment of human diseases. Mushrooms are a source of potentially useful prebiotics because they contain polysaccharides, terpenoids, and other bioactive compounds. In the present review, we have summarized the prebiotic effects of mushrooms on gut microbiota in the context of immu...

Phellinus baumii, also called “Sang Huang” in China, is broadly used as a kind of health food or folk medicine in Asia for its high biological activities, e.g. anti-tumor, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory activities. Although some previous studies have indicated that polysaccharides and flavonoids showed the activity of inhibiting tumor cells,...

Ganoderma, named lingzhi in China, has been used for centuries as drug and nutraceutical to treat diseases. Based on our research and other literatures, the chapter summarizes the progress of preparation, structural features and properties, bioactivities of Ganoderma polysaccharides. The aim is to provide a comprehensive source of information for r...

Volatile compounds of Lentinula edodes grown in different culture substrate (CS) formulations were analyzed to reveal (i) the relationship between volatile compound production and CS formulations, (ii) the contribution of volatile compounds to L. edodes flavor, (iii) the activities of LOX and γ-GGT enzymes, (iv) γ-GGT gene expression, and (v) the c...

The current study aims to explore the possible anti-lung carcinoma activity of ADC as well as the underlying mechanisms by which ADC exerts its actions in NSCLC. Findings showed that ADC potently inhibited the viability of SPCA-1, induced apoptosis triggered by ROS, and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase via a P53 signaling pathway. Interest...

Antrodin C was obtained from Taiwanofungus camphoratus mycelia. The inhibition effect of antrodin C on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated by plate clone formation, wound healing, cell cycle, activated caspase-3, Bax, P53, Bcl-2, and RAPR activities as well as reactive oxygen species release. Plate clone formation assay revealed that antro...

Cordyceps militaris are widely cultivated in China for an important raw material for health foods. CM-H0810 is a C. militaris strain used in the production of C. militaris in Shanghai, the surrounding areas of Shanghai, and Guangdong province in China. We evaluated the effect of culture time on the bioactive components in the fruit bodies of C. mil...

To obtain Phellinus baumii strain with high flavonoids yield, ARTP was employed to generate mutants of a Ph. baumii strain, which were screened for higher flavonoids content. After five rounds of screening, four mutants were identified to produce more flavonoids than the wild type strain under optimal conditions, of which A67 was the mutant with th...

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that is well known for its ability to enhance human health, and products made from this fungus have been highly profitable. The substrate-degrading ability of G. lucidum could be related to its growth. CAZy proteins were more abundant in its genome than in the other white rot fungi models. Among these CAZy...

Heatmap of CAZy protein expression during the 5 G. lucidum G0119 growth phases. The gene expression levels during phase 3 and 4 were generally similar. Based on the expression levels, these genes were divided into four groups. Group 3 showed the highest expression levels and contained 87 genes (Left part), 10 of which were lignocellulolytic enzymes...

Heatmap of CAZy protein abundance in secreted protein samples during the 5 G. lucidum G0119 growth phases. The protein abundances between phases 3 and 4 and between phases 1 and 2 were similar. The most abundant CAZy proteins were CBH, endopolygalacturonase, α-galactosidase, xyloglucanase and endoxylanase. (PDF)

Protein concentrations of extracellular enzyme samples during growth of G. lucidum G0119. (TIF)

Comparison of the expression and protein abundance of lignocellulolytic enzymes during the 5 growth phases of G. lucidum G0119. Lignocellulolytic enzymes were classified into 9 groups based on their function and compared. Ninety-five and 61 enzymes were detected in the transcriptomic and secretomic analyses, respectively. The brief expression of en...

Distribution of CAZy family proteins in G. lucidum G0119. (DOCX)

Key words for the identification of the lignocellulolytic genes by annotation. (PDF)

Putative lignocellulolytic enzymes in G. lucidum G0119. (DOCX)

Highly expressed CAZy protein-encoding genes in G. lucidum G0119 and their functions. (DOCX)

Ganoderic acid S, ganoderic acid T, and ganoderal B are the main bioactive triterpenes of Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum were obtained by two‐stage fermentation and then extracted by ethanol and petroleum ether sequentially to obtain crude triterpenes. The crude sample was further purified by recycling high‐speed cou...

β-D-glucan (GLP20) isolated from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies was successfully fractionated into five fractions with different weight-average molecular weights (Mw) through ultrasonic irradiation. The Mw, radius of gyration (Rg), hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) of these fractions in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) aqueou...

Background Mushroom showed pellet, clump and/or filamentous mycelial morphologies during submerged fermentation. Addition of microparticles including Talc (magnesium silicate), aluminum oxide and titanium oxide could control mycelial morphologies to improve mycelia growth and secondary metabolites production. Here, effect of microparticle Talc (45...

We analyzed the changes in triterpenes and soluble polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 during 4 growth phases in 3 regions of the fruiting bodies using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and we also analyzed the soluble polysaccharides using high-performance size-exclusion chroma-tography–multiple-angle laser-light...

The present study proposed a synergistic method to extend the postharvest quality of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) by controlling the conditions of ultrasound treatment and relative humidity (RH). Results showed that 10-min ultrasound treatment combined with storage at 95% RH prolonged the postharvest quality of straw mushroom from 24 h or...

Due to the difficulty and high cost for the preparation of triterpenes, one single standard for the simultaneous determination of multi-components (SSDMC) with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an advanced solution for multi-component analysis. Experiments were carried out to investigate the feasibility of SSDMC for the analysis of G...

Sulfated polysaccharides exhibit various biological properties, including anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory activities. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory properties of GLPss58, a sulfated polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum formed by chemical sulfation, were investigated. We f...

A water soluble β-glucan (GLSWA-I) with a weight average molecular weight ∼1.57 × 10⁵ g/mol, isolated from the aqueous extract of the broken cellular wall Ganoderma lucidum spores, was purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The immunological activity test in vivo showed that GLSWA-I could significantly promote dinitrochlorobe...

In this research, the effects of culture substrates on taste component content of Lentinula edodes were studied, and the resulting taste quality of L. edodes was evaluated. The results revealed that single-carbon and single-nitrogen sources were beneficial to production of soluble sugars and polyols, organic acids and sweet amino acids, whereas a s...

Temperature control is a very important factor on triterpene productivity in submerged liquid fermentation. Temperature effects from 23 to 32 °C on triterpene production by Ganoderma lucidum G0119 were investigated in 6-L stirred fermentor. Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations were used to estimate the mycelial growth and triterpene production ki...

Temperature control is a very important factor on triterpenes productivity in submerged liquid fermentation. Temperature effects from 23-32 oC on triterpenes production by Ganoderma lucidum G0119 were investigated in 6 L stirred fermentor. Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations were used to estimate the mycelial growth and triterpenes production ki...

Rheological properties of a β-(1,3)-D-glucan (GLP20) from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum in water at different concentrations were studied with a strain controlled ARES Rheometer at 25 °C. The intrinsic viscosity was measured by Ubbelohde viscometer and estimated to be 1248.05 mL/g from the mean of both intercepts by plotting ηsp/c and lnηr...

Three polysaccharide fractions from fruiting bodies of Coprinus comatus-CC30, CC60, and CC80-are obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation with ethanol percentages of 30%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. The hypoglycemic activity of the three fractions was tested based on mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. Results indicate that fraction C...

The present status of the Chinese edible fungi-based health food industry relating to functionality, form of intake, functional components, source species, the nature of the raw material, approval procedures, technical innovation and future potential, has been reviewed. Recommendations on future policies relating to edible fungi-based health foods...

A known compound, 5-(hydroxymethyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde, and a novel compound, 3-isobutyl-1-methoxy-4-(4'-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy)phenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione were isolated from spent broth from submerged cultures of Taiwanofungus camphoratus. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, and 2D) and mass spectra. These c...

Nine polysaccharide fractions were obtained from the fruiting bodies, submerged mycelia, and solid state fermented products of P. baumii using different concentrations of ethanol precipitation. The chemical characteristics and in vitro immunological activities of the nine polysaccharide fractions were compared and studied. Results indicated that th...

Triterpenes are important anticancer agent produced by batch submerged liquid fermentation, with the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum ACCC G0119, which was investigated under various dissolved oxygen levels by varying agitation speeds. Based on the analysis of three kinetic parameters: specific mycelial growth rate (μ), specific glucose consump...

We investigated hypoglycemic effect of ethanol (EtOH) and ethyl acetate extract acetate (AcOEt) extracts in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice. Our data showed the maximum inhibitory effect on the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level was detected in STZ-induced diabetic mice administered with 400 mg/kg AcOEt extract of P. baumii . A lower g...

The nutritional composition of three recently domesticated culinary-medicinal mushroom species (Oudemansiella sudmusida, Lentinus squarrosulus, and Tremella aurantialba) was evaluated for contents of protein, fiber, fat, total sugar content, amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide components. The data indicated that fruiting bodies of these three...

A novel water-soluble acidic heteropolysaccharide (designated as TAPB1), with a mean molecular weight of 7.6 × 105 Da, was obtained from fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantialba. The heteropolysaccharide had a carbohydrate content of ∼97.6% and a negative response to the Bradford test. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that TAPB1 comprised...

Triterpenes are important anticancer agents produced by batch submerged liquid fermentation, with the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum ACCC G0119, which was investigated under various dissolved oxygen levels by varying agitation speeds. Three kinetic parameters were analyzed: specific mycelial growth rate (μsmg), specific glucose consumption ra...

Objective: To study the protection of extract from Phyllanthus emblica (EPE) on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats and its mechanism. Methods: Male SD rats were divided into six groups such as Sham, model, Ginkgo biloba extract (100 mg/kg, positive control), low-, mid-, and high-dose (crude drug 6.0, 3.0, and 1.5 g/kg) EPE groups. T...

One new diterpene (1) and new compound (2), along with four known compounds (3–6) were isolated from the fungal mycelia of Hericium erinaceus by the tracking method of antibacterial activity. The structures of compounds (1–6) were elucidated on the basis of spectral data. Compound (3) showed strong antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori...

TAPA1 was previously isolated from Tremella aurantialba fruiting bodies. In this paper, an acetylated derivative (TAPA1-ac) and a deactylated derivative (TAPA1-deac) of TAPA1 were prepared, and their characterization and immunostimulating activities were reported. Acetylation and deacetylation were found to occur actually by FT-IR and NMR spectra,...

Five species of dried mushrooms are commercially available in China, namely Agrocybe cylindracea, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Agaricus blazei, Pleurotus eryngii, and Coprinus comatus, and their nonvolatile taste components were studied. Trehalose (12.23-301.63mg/g) and mannitol (12.37-152.11mg/g) were considered as the major mushroom sugar/polyol in the...

To obtain a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide with immuno-enhancing activity, hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies was separated by membrane ultrafiltration, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography, and the immunological activities of fractions were assessed on the basis of nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophages...

Ultrasonic degradation of a new exopolysaccharide WL-26 from Sphingomonas sp. was made over the frequency range 200 to 1200 Hz and polymer concentrations of 3, 5, 10 and 20 g/L using high performance anion exchange pulsed-amperometric detection chromatography (HPAEC–PAD) and infrared spectroscopy. Sonication was more efficient with less concentrate...

A method of detecting carbohydrates (fucose, trehalose, mannitol, arabitol, mannose, glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose) by high-performance anion chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HAPEC-PAD) was established. The conditions are: CarboPac MA1 column, NaOH as the eluent, temperature 30°C, Au working electrode, Ag/AgCl reference elec...

A new α-D-glucan (HEPF5), with a molecular weight of 4.23 × 105 Da as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, was isolated from the water extract of the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus. Its chemical structure was characterized by sugar and methylation analysis along with infrared (IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spect...

Oridonin, a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara, inhibited the growth of human tumor cell lines SW620 (colon), MCF-7 (breast) and K562 (bone marrow), and induced significant levels of apoptosis in SW620. Morphological changes indicative of cell apoptosis were observed after the cells were exposed to oridonin for 24 h. Growth...

The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been used for the treatment of various diseases, and is known for the immune-enhancing activity of its polysaccharide. However, little is known about another of its major constituents, triterpene. This study investigated the anticancer mechanism of a triterpene-enriched extract from G. lucid...

A fraction, LZ-D-7, was isolated from the fruiting body of the edible mushroom Ganoderma lucidum using a series of chromatographic steps. Biochemical experiments showed that the complex is a proteoglycan and has a carbohydrate percentage of 95.3%, along with a protein percentage of 3.3%. Methylation analysis showed the polysaccharide moiety of LZ-D...

The immunomodulatory effect of GLIS (Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum immunomodulating substance) on macrophages has been investigated as part of ongoing research into the anticancer properties of this mushroom. Proliferation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) was enhanced by GLIS in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopic examina...