Jianhong Liu

University of Macau · Faculty of Law

Asian Paradigm Theory states that there is a significant difference between the Western and Asian concept of justice, produced by differences in social organization and cultural traditions. On one hand, Asians tend to stress three important cultural values: attachment, honor, and harmony. At the other end, Western society tends to stress independen...

A sizable literature on crime patterns during periods of social change and modernization has been developed. A number of theories have been proposed to explain variations in crime levels; these theories have largely been rooted in the classical Durkheimian theory of anomie. Most empirical studies of crime patterns examine levels of violent and prop...

This edited volume presents the diversity of comparative criminology research in Asia, and the complex theoretical and methodological issues involved in conducting comparative research. With contributors both from the West and the East exploring these questions, the Editors have created a balanced resource, as well as set an agenda for future resea...

This chapter summarizes and reviews ideas developed by Jianhong Liu over a number of years. It draws on the 2009 paper in which he set out an agenda for Asian criminologists after becoming editor-in-chief of the Asian Journal of Criminology. It also draws on two recent papers, one to be published in a collection on Southern criminology and another...

The Handbook of Asian Criminology aims to be a key reference for international scholars with an interest in the broad theme of international criminology in general, and the Asian region in particular. Contextualization is a key theme in this book. The role of context is often underemphasized in international criminology, so the Handbook of Asian Cr...

China, as a traditional patriarchal society, provides an excellent context to examine whether and how increased financial independence of women may influence intimate partner violence. This study examines how financial independence influences Chinese women's victimization experiences of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavio...

It is virtually impossible to accurately measure employee theft across the casino industry using official statistics. In this paper, we use the self-report method for measuring crime to (a) estimate the prevalence, incidence, seriousness, and versatility of occupational offending in casinos in Macau, China—the largest casino gambling location in th...

General strain theory (GST) has been applied to explain the causes of delinquency in Western and China context, which argues that strain is a major source of criminal motivation. Being an important source of strain, the subjective perception of justice has the potential to promote negative emotions and delinquency. Using a sample of 2081 students f...

General Strain Theory delineates the intervening paths from strain to deviance and crime, mediated by negative emotions. In addition to explaining individual strain-delinquency relationships, a macro version of General Strain Theory describes the effects of aggregate variables on individual delinquency and individual strain-delinquency associations...

Academic criminology originated in Western countries, primarily in Europe and in the USA. It has achieved great success, produced many influential theories, sophisticated methodology, academic institutions, and effective policy products, and has formed a productive paradigm, which has led to a flourishing discipline. However, as there have been gro...

Recognizing that prior research has paid limited attention to the relevance of neighbourhood context to the procedural justice model of regulation, this study, based on data collected from a recent survey of 2,245 residents in a southeast city in China, examined the relationship between procedural fairness, collective efficacy and citizens' willing...

Despite rich literature on public opinion on capital punishment, only a few studies examined people’s death penalty support within specific contexts. None have explored if correlates that influence people’s opinion would hold the same effect in general questions and specific case scenarios. Similarly, the Marshall hypotheses have not been tested wi...

在过去二十年中, 中国女性新型毒品使用者的激增引起社会广泛关注。本研究基于社会控制理论、差别接触理论和毒品使用的正常化理论，通过分析强戒所女性吸毒者的调查问卷发现：较强的社会控制可以有效帮助女性降低吸毒频率，差别接触理论并不能解释女性吸毒频率的差异，新型毒品使用者的吸毒频率明显低于传统 毒品使用者，女性的自主意识和对毒品掌控感已成为影响其吸毒频率的重要因素。同 时对中国的戒毒康复政策的改进提出了建议。

Criminology in Mainland China has made important achievements after decades of development. However, this discipline has not been highly recognized within the academic community, while research results have not been widely utilized in real world. This article proposes that the problem is a systemic one. The systemic problem is caused by the interac...

Views of organizational justice among correctional staff (i.e. whether they perceive that their employing organization treats them fairly) impact both staff and prisons. The two major dimensions of organizational justice are distributive justice (fairness of outcomes) and procedural justice (fairness of processes and procedures). Limited research a...

This study investigates the roles of trust in citizens and compliance with agency policies in mediating the direct and indirect relationships between internal procedural justice and external procedural justice among Chinese and Taiwanese police officers. Based on survey data collected from 1,253 police officers, this study comparatively analyzes wh...

This study examines the effects of social bonds on drug users' desistance from substance abuse, with a special focus on testing the applicability of social control theory in the context of China. Using data from a sample of 419 Chinese drug users, this study reveals salient influences of such bonding variables as familial attachment, involvement, b...

While prison adaptation has been studied extensively in Western societies, relatively few studies have examined incarcerated people in China. Given the differences in sociocultural and prison environments, findings from Western nations may not be generalizable to the Chinese context. Adopting the importation and deprivation models, we specifically...

Abstract: Criminology as a discipline originated in the West with the same origin as criminal law scholarship. During its development, it has interacted with criminal law in many aspects. To further develop criminology and criminal law scholarship, understanding their relationship and the influence of criminology on criminal law is very important....

Considerable empirical research has shown that work–family conflict has a negative effect on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment of United States correctional staff. This study is the first to examine the effect of work–family conflict on job satisfaction and organizational commitment for staff at Chinese prisons. Findings from ordin...

Chinese education system comprises high schools and vocational school, and their differences on delinquency have seldom been investigated. From the perspective of general strain theory, the present study examined the differences among high school and vocational school students for delinquency, strain, and other explanatory variables. General strain...

Past research among U.S. correctional staff has found that work–family conflict has negative outcomes such as decreasing job satisfaction, decreasing organizational commitment, and increasing job stress. Little empirical research has addressed the association of the specific types of work–family conflict with job involvement. The present study cont...

This study examined the influences of procedural fairness on Chinese drug users' efforts to stop substance abuse, with a primary goal to test the applicability of the process-based model in the Chinese context. According to Tyler (1990, Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), the core theoretical argument underpinning the pr...

Legitimacy is quite important for legal authorities, as people obey the law and cooperate only when they consider the legal authorities to be legitimate. The study of police legitimacy is largely directed by Tylor’s work. Legitimacy is defined as “a psychological property of an authority, institution, or social arrangement that leads those connecte...

Though empirical studies of the Marshall hypotheses are rich, few examined the hypotheses in non-US nations. Based on a sample of 1077 students and a quasi-experimental design, this study tests the Marshall hypotheses in China. Except the control group, three intervention essays (on ‘international trend’, ‘wrongful conviction’, and ‘deterrence’) we...

Objectives Our study questions the common assumption of random DK responses in criminology survey data and emphasizes the importance of understanding and handling DK for gaining substantive criminological knowledge. It examines the individual-level and neighborhood-level correlates of the propensity to give the DK response to questions on individua...

Although the idea of criminal rehabilitation in China has a long history, research on offender rehabilitation in contemporary China is limited. Although Chinese scholars generally agree that rehabilitation through correctional education helps inmates with social reintegration and reduces recidivism, few have examined factors associated with prisone...

This article attempts an ambitious undertaking by scholars collaborating from far flung parts of the globe to redefine the geographic and conceptual limits of critical criminology. We attempt to scope, albeit briefly, the various contributions to criminology (not all of it critical) from Argentina, Asia, Brazil, Colombia, and South Africa. Our aim...

An important yet severely understudied issue in the procedural justice literature involves the linkage between supervisory procedural accountability within a police agency and officer procedural accountability on the street. Relying on the survey data collected from more than 700 police officers in a large Chinese city, this study finds that the ef...

Empirical studies of Chinese public opinion on capital punishment are very rare. Almost all past studies suffered from questionable survey designs and/or nonrepresentative/nonrandom sampling (e.g., student samples). In this study, to examine the breadth and the depth of public opinion on capital punishment, we turn to Chinese netizens’ opinions onl...

Japan is well known for an outstanding fact that its crime rates, particularly the violent crime rates, are the lowest among all industrialized countries. Theories of modernization and social change from Durkheim’s time have been repeatedly supported by the facts that almost all the countries experience a rapid rise in crimes along with the process...

Although a substantial number of studies have investigated factors that influenced intimate partner violence (IPV), very few have assessed the connection between the use of information and communication technology (ICT) and such violence. Using survey data collected from over 400 women in a large Chinese city, this study explored how the involvemen...

The process-based model of policing garnered considerable support in the discourse on police legitimacy. However, findings are largely based on Western contexts, and little attention has been paid to the model advanced by Tyler that police legitimacy helps promote compliance. Using a high school sample (N = 711) from China, we follow Tankebe’s oper...

Working in prisons is a demanding career. While a growing number of studies have explored the predictors of job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction, very few studies have examined how job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction effect prison staff life satisfaction. Moreover, past studies on prison staff life satisfaction have all b...

Although the process-based model of policing has been widely tested, research on how procedural justice works within police agencies, particularly its impact on officer willingness to engage in procedurally fair behavior on the street, is relatively scant. Based on survey data collected from Chinese police officers, this study assessed the linkages...

Staff are critical for the proper functioning of a prison; empirical research into the forces that affect salient organizational attitudes of staff, such as organizational commitment, is equally important. A survey instrument measuring affective commitment and personal (i.e. gender, tenure, age, and educational level), job (i.e. perceived dangerous...

While both forms of organizational justice are important, the empirical literature indicates that procedural justice generally has wider and greater effects on job attitudes compared with distributive justice. Regression analysis of self-reported survey data from 322 staff at two Chinese prisons in Guangzhou suggests that, while both forms of organ...

Staff are an obvious and important resource for correctional organizations across the globe. One important area that concerns staff is job involvement (i.e., the psychosocial bonds between staff members and their jobs). The majority of the limited research on how work environment factors affect correctional personnel has examined U.S. staff. To fil...

Job satisfaction has been linked to many positive outcomes, such as greater work performance, increased organizational commitment, reduced job burnout, decreased absenteeism, and lower turnover intent/turnover. A substantial body of research has examined how work environment variables are linked to job satisfaction among U.S. correctional staff; fa...

Studies have revealed that self-control theory, social learning theory, and strain theory are useful in explaining criminal activity in China. Previous research with Chinese data, however, has focused almost exclusively on samples of adolescents and the minor types of offending that are typically captured in such samples. The present study builds u...

Although a substantial number of studies have examined public attitudes toward the police, a relatively thin line of research has assessed police attitudes toward the citizenry in China. Using survey data collected from a sample of approximately 200 Chinese police officers, the current study examined the effects of police officers' demographic char...

This chapter reviews the development of Asian criminology under the framework of the Asian Criminological Paradigm (Liu, Asian Journal of Criminology, 4(1), 1–9, 2009). I primarily review the conceptual and theoretical developments, to suggest strategies that can contribute to the task of bridging the gap between global North and South. Asian crimi...

Using a sample of 553 married and divorced women in a large city in southern China, this study tested the effects of demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, patriarchal ideology, and personal mentality and skills on women’s experience of physical violence, psychological violence, controlling behavior, and sexual abuse. Divorced women were more...

This book provides an important overview of key criminology and criminal justice concerns in Japan. It highlights similarities between the practice of criminology research in Japan, as well as important differences, with other areas of Asia and with the West. In previous decades, Japan attracted international attention as the only industrialized co...

General Strain Theory delineates different types of strain and intervening processes from strain to deviance and crime. In addition to explaining individual strain–crime relationship, a contextualized version of general strain theory, which is called the Macro General Strain Theory, has been used to analyze how aggregate variables influence aggrega...

This chapter reflects on themes developed in Comparative Criminology in Asia. It considers the practical and political character of asking comparative questions, and the theoretical traditions that inform comparative research. The chapter also summarizes a study by Setsuo Miyawaza that examines the reception of Asian research in mainstream Western...

Aims and Scope: The series publishes both theoretical and empirical work along several themes in Asian Criminology, with a focus on research-level monographs and edited volumes. It aims to cover 4 main themes: the elaborations and adaptations of research models and established theories (established mainly by Western scholarship) to Asian contexts;...

Unlike previous studies of drug trafficking groups that focused on the characteristics of individual members, this study examined the demographic and socioeconomic composition of drug trafficking groups and the types of relationships binding criminal networks. Through an analysis of 144 drug trafficking groups adjudicated in the intermediate and hi...

In their recent seminal paper �Southern Criminology�, Carrington, Hogg and Sozzo (2016) address the issue of the global divide between South/North relations in the hierarchal production of criminological knowledge. They point out that the divide privileges theories, assumptions and methods that are largely based on the empirical specificities of th...

Job stress, which has been found to have numerous negative effects on U.S. correctional staff, occurs as a result of stressors in the work environment. Recent research in the U.S. suggests that work-family conflict (e.g., time-based conflict, strain-based conflict, behavior-based conflict, and family-based conflict) may contribute to job stress for...

This book systematically introduces the practice of restorative justice in India, as a resource for comparative criminal justice research. “Restorative justice” focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims, and with the community at large. It has gained momentum as a justice reform movement in Western countries wit...

The social impact of rural-to-urban migration in China has grasped domestic and international attention over the past decades. Sociological scholarship indicates that this working class may be subject to social stigma and additional psychological stress. As new generations emerge, the migrant workers’ children are publicized to engage in higher lev...

According to recent reports from the United Nations, the population of illicit drug users continues to grow globally, particularly in rapidly urbanizing, developing countries. As women’s social status increases, so does their involvement in illicit drug use. This article examines from an international perspective the root causes of women’s substanc...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess factors that influence Chinese police supervisors’ attitudes toward police roles, community policing, and job satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from police supervisors in a major Chinese city. Multivariate regression was used to assess the effects of officers’ ba...

While the past two decades have witnessed a fast growing of policing literature in China, officers' job-related attitudes remain severely under-researched. Using survey data collected from 212 police supervisors in a major Chinese city, this study examined the patterns of Chinese police officers' occupational attitudes toward selective enforcement,...

The landscape of crime and punishment in the People's Republic of China has undergone dramatic changes in the past six decades. While prereform China has been regarded as a ?crime-free? society in terms of street crime, the crime rate has soared in the recent three decades due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. Along with...

Although attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) have been the subject of many studies, little research has been conducted to comparatively assess public definitions of IPV in Western and non-Western countries. Drawing upon survey data collected from approximately 500 Chinese and American college students, this study compared and contraste...

The issue of punitiveness in sentencing criminals is a common topic of discussion in many countries, including China. China is often considered to have a long tradition of harsh punishment, and recently there has been a public demand for more severe punishment for offenders. This chapter aims to assess whether or not this widespread perception of C...

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