Jesus Gómez-Gardeñes

University of Zaragoza | UNIZAR · Department of Condensed Matter Physics

Compartmental models are the most widely used framework for modeling infectious diseases. These models have been continuously refined to incorporate all the realistic mechanisms that can shape the course of an epidemic outbreak. Building on a compartmental model that accounts for early detection and isolation of infectious individuals through testi...

Real-world networks are neither regular nor random, a fact elegantly explained by mechanisms such as the Watts-Strogatz or the Barabási-Albert models, among others. Both mechanisms naturally create shortcuts and hubs, which while enhancing the network's connectivity, also might yield several undesired navigational effects: They tend to be overused...

Compartmental models are the most widely used framework for modeling infectious diseases. These models have been continuously refined to incorporate all the realistic mechanisms that can shape the course of an epidemic outbreak. Building on a compartmental model that accounts for early detection and isolation of infectious individuals through testi...

Recent studies have shown that novel collective behaviors emerge in complex systems due to the presence of higher-order interactions. However, how the collective behavior of a system is influenced by the microscopic organization of its higher-order interactions remains still unexplored. In this Letter, we introduce a way to quantify the overlap amo...

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public health and social systems worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of various policies and restrictions implemented by different countries to control the spread of the virus. Methods To achieve this objective, a compartmental model is used to quantify the “social...

Background: The initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic placed a tremendous strain on health care systems worldwide. To mitigate the spread of the virus, many countries implemented stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), which significantly altered human behavior both before and after their enactment. Despite these efforts, a precise asses...

Community detection theory is vital for the structural analysis of many types of complex networks, especially for human-like collaboration networks. In this work, we present a new community detection algorithm, the Targeted Community Merging algorithm, based on the well-known Girvan–Newman algorithm, which allows obtaining community partitions with...

In the absence of vaccines, the most widespread reaction to curb COVID-19 pandemic worldwide was the implementation of lockdowns or stay-at-home policies. Despite the reported usefulness of such policies, their efficiency was highly constrained by socioeconomic factors determining their feasibility and their outcome in terms of mobility reduction a...

Understanding how cooperative behaviours can emerge from competitive interactions is an open problem in biology and social sciences. While interactions are usually modelled as pairwise networks, the units of many real-world systems can also interact in groups of three or more. Here, we introduce a general framework to extend pairwise games to highe...

Here we investigate the effects of extensive sociality and mobility on the oral microbiome of 138 Agta hunter-gatherers from the Philippines. Our comparisons of microbiome composition showed that the Agta are more similar to Central African Bayaka hunter-gatherers than to neighbouring farmers. We also defined the Agta social microbiome as a set of...

Many complex networked systems exhibit volatile dynamic interactions among their vertices, whose order and persistence reverberate on the outcome of dynamical processes taking place on them. To quantify and characterize the similarity of the snapshots of a time-varying network—a proxy for the persistence,—we present a study on the persistence of th...

How large ecosystems can create and maintain the remarkable biodiversity we see in nature is probably one of the biggest open questions in science, attracting attention from different fields, from theoretical ecology to mathematics and physics. In this context, modeling the stable coexistence of species competing for limited resources is a particul...

Research on network percolation and synchronization has deepened our understanding of abrupt changes in the macroscopic properties of complex engineered and natural systems. While explosive percolation emerges from localized structural perturbations that delay the formation of a connected component, explosive synchronization is usually studied by f...

While significant effort has been devoted to understand the role of intra-urban characteristics on sustainability and growth, much remains to be understood about the effect of inter-urban interactions and the role cities have in determining each other’s urban welfare. Here we consider a global mobility network of population flows between cities as...

In this paper, we approach the phenomenon of criminal activity from an infectious perspective by using tailored compartmental agent-based models that include the social flavor of the mechanisms governing the evolution of crime in society. Specifically, we focus on addressing how the existence of competing gangs shapes the penetration of crime. The...

BACKGROUND The initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic placed a tremendous strain on health care systems worldwide. To mitigate the spread of the virus, many countries implemented stringent nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), which significantly altered human behavior both before and after their enactment. Despite these efforts, a precise assessm...

The interactions between the components of many real-world systems are best modelled by networks with multiple layers. Different theories have been proposed to explain how multilayered connections affect the linear stability of synchronization in dynamical systems. However, the resulting equations are computationally expensive, and therefore diffic...

Ancestral humans evolved a complex social structure still observed in extant hunter-gatherers. Here we investigate the effects of extensive sociality and mobility on the oral microbiome of 138 Agta hunter-gatherers from the Philippines. Comparisons of microbiome composition showed that the Agta are more similar to Central African Bayaka hunter-gath...

The lack of medical treatments and vaccines upon the arrival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has made non-pharmaceutical interventions the best allies in safeguarding human lives in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we propose a self-organized epidemic model with multi-scale control policies that are relaxed or strengthened depending on the extent of...

The analysis of contagion–diffusion processes in metapopulations is a powerful theoretical tool to study how mobility influences the spread of communicable diseases. Nevertheless, many metapopulation approaches use indistinguishable agents to alleviate analytical difficulties. Here, we address the impact that recurrent mobility patterns, and the sp...

Over the last decade, the release of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti into the natural habitat of this mosquito species has become the most sustainable and long-lasting technique to prevent and control vector-borne diseases, such as dengue, zika, or chikungunya. However, the limited resources to generate such mosquitoes and their effective distribu...

We introduce the concept of synchronization bombs as large networks of coupled heterogeneous oscillators that operate in a bistable regime and abruptly transit from incoherence to phase-locking (or vice-versa) by adding (or removing) one or a few links. Here we build a self-organized and stochastic version of these bombs, by optimizing global synch...

The interactions between the components of many real-world systems are best modelled by networks with multiple layers. Different theories have been proposed to explain how multilayered connections affect the linear stability of synchronization in dynamical systems. However, the resulting equations are computationally expensive, and therefore diffic...

The spatiotemporal propagation patterns of recent infectious diseases, originated as localized epidemic outbreaks and eventually becoming global pandemics, are highly influenced by human mobility. Case exportation from endemic areas to the rest of the countries has become unavoidable because of the striking growth of the global mobility network, he...

The analysis of contagion-diffusion processes in metapopulations is a powerful theoretical tool to study how mobility influences the spread of communicable diseases. Nevertheless, many metapopulation approaches use indistinguishable agents to alleviate analytical difficulties. Here, we address the impact that recurrent mobility patterns, and the sp...

In the last decades, the availability of data about the structure of social, technological and biological systems has provided important insights on the mechanisms governing their correct functioning and robustness. These mechanisms are grounded on the complex backbone of interactions among the constituents of the system, which include both topolog...

While much effort has been devoted to understand the role of intra-urban characteristics on sustainability and growth, much remains to be understood about the effect of inter-urban interactions and the role cities have in determining each other's urban welfare. Here we consider a global mobility network of population flows between cities as a proxy...

We define the anti-communicability function for the nodes of a simple graph as the nondiagonal entries of exp (-A). We prove that it induces an embedding of the nodes into a Euclidean space. The anti-communicability angle is then defined as the angle spanned by the position vectors of the corresponding nodes in the anti-communicability Euclidean sp...

The behaviour of individuals is a main actor in the control of the spread of a communicable disease and, in turn, the spread of an infectious disease can trigger behavioural changes in a population. Here, we study the emergence of the individuals protective behaviours in response to the spread of a disease by considering two different social attitu...

The increasing agglomeration of people in dense urban areas coupled with the existence of efficient modes of transportation connecting such centers, make cities particularly vulnerable to the spread of epidemics. Here we develop a data-driven approach combines with a meta-population modeling to capture the interplay between population density, mobi...

Human mobility, contact patterns, and their interplay are key aspects of our social behavior that shape the spread of infectious diseases across different regions. In the light of new evidence and data sets about these two elements, epidemic models should be refined to incorporate both the heterogeneity of human contacts and the complexity of mobil...

The physics governing the formation of extreme coherent events, i.e., the systemwide emergence of an observable taking extraordinary values in a short time window, is a relevant yet elusive problem to a variety of disciplines ranging from climate science to neuroscience. Despite their inherent differences, systems exhibiting episodes of extreme coh...

Human mobility, contact patterns, and their interplay are key aspects of our social behavior that shape the spread of infectious diseases across different regions. In the light of new evidence and data sets about these two elements, epidemic models should be refined to incorporate both the heterogeneity of human contacts and the complexity of mobil...

After the blockade that many nations suffered to stop the growth of the incidence curve of COVID-19 during the first half of 2020, they face the challenge of resuming their social and economic activity. The rapid airborne transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, and the absence of a vaccine, calls for active containment measures to avoid the propagation of...

One of the most important questions on the COVID-19 pandemic is ascertaining the correct timing to introduce non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), based mainly on mobility restrictions, to control the rising of the daily incidence in a specific territory. Here, we make a retrospective analysis of the first wave of the epidemic in Spain and provi...

In this work, we address the connection between population density centers in urban areas, and the nature of human flows between such centers, in shaping the vulnerability to the onset of contagious diseases. A study of 163 cities, chosen from four different continents reveals a universal trend, whereby the risk induced by human mobility increases...

How large ecosystems can create and maintain the remarkable biodiversity we see in nature is probably one of the biggest open question in science, attracting attention from different fields, from Theoretical Ecology to Mathematics and Physics. In this context, modeling the stable coexistence of different species competing for limited resources is a...

On 31 December, 2019, an outbreak of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that causes the COVID-19 disease, was first reported in Hubei, mainland China. This epidemics’ health threat is probably one of the biggest challenges faced by our interconnected modern societies. According to the epidemiological reports, the large basic reproduction number R0∼3....

After the blockade that many nations have faced to stop the growth of the incidence curve of COVID-19, it is time to resume social and economic activity. The rapid airborne transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, and the absence of a vaccine, call for active containment measures to avoid the propagation of transmission chains. The best strategy to date is...

A very simple epidemic model proposed a century ago is the linchpin of the current mathematical models of the epidemic spreading of the COVID-19. Nowadays, the abstracted compartmentalisation of the population in susceptible, infected and recovered individuals, combined with precise information about the networks of mobility flows within geographic...

In this article, we analyze a compartmental model aimed at mimicking the role of imitation and delation of corruption in social systems. In particular, the model relies on a compartmental dynamics in which individuals can transit between three states: honesty, corruption, and ostracism. We model the transitions from honesty to corruption and from c...

In this work, we study the impact that the withdrawal of institutions from the United Kingdom caused by BREXIT has on the European research collaboration networks. To this aim, we consider BREXIT as a targeted attack to those graphs composed by the European institutions that have collaborated in research projects belonging to the three main H2020 p...

We define the anti-communicability function for the nodes of a simple graph as the nondiagonal entries of exp(-A). We prove that it induces an embedding of the nodes into a Euclidean space. The anti-communicability angle is then defined as the angle spanned by the position vectors of the corresponding nodes in the anti-communicability Euclidean spa...

Human behavioral responses play an important role in the impact of disease outbreaks and yet they are often overlooked in epidemiological models. Understanding to what extent behavioral changes determine the outcome of spreading epidemics is essential to design effective intervention policies. Here we explore, analytically, the interplay between th...

The spread of COVID-19 is posing an unprecedented threat to health systems worldwide[1]. The fast propagation of the disease combined with the existence of covert contagions by asymptomatic individuals make the controlling of this disease particularly challenging. The key parameter to track the progression of the epidemics is the effective reproduc...

An outbreak of a novel coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, that provokes the COVID-19 disease, was first reported in Hubei, mainland China on 31 December 2019. As of 20 March 2020, cases have been reported in 166 countries/regions, including cases of human-to-human transmission around the world. The proportions of this epidemics is probably one of the l...

Vector-borne epidemics are progressively becoming a global burden, especially those related to flaviviruses, and the effects of different factors such as climate change or the increase of human mobility can sensibly increase the population at risk worldwide. Such outbreaks are the result of the combination of different factors including crossed con...

Although multilevel sociality is a universal feature of human social organization, its functional relevance remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of multilevel sociality on cumulative cultural evolution by using wireless sensing technology to map inter-and intraband social networks among Agta hunter-gatherers. By simulating the accumula...

We analyze the onset of social-norm-violating behaviors when social punishment is present. To this aim, a compartmental model is introduced to illustrate the flows among the three possible states: honest, corrupt, and ostracism. With this simple model we attempt to capture some essential ingredients such as the contagion of corrupt behaviors to hon...

This book aims to bring together researchers and practitioners from diverse disciplines—from sociology, biology, physics, and computer science—who share a passion to better understand the interdependencies within and across systems. This volume contains contributions presented at the 11th International Conference on Complex Networks (CompleNet) in...

The simultaneous emergence of several abrupt disease outbreaks or the extinction of some serotypes of multistrain diseases are fingerprints of the interaction between pathogens spreading within the same population. Here, we propose a general and versatile benchmark to address the unfolding of both cooperative and competitive interacting diseases. W...

Vector-borne epidemics are the result of the combination of different factors such as the crossed contagions between humans and vectors, their demographic distribution and human mobility among others. The current availability of information about the former ingredients demands their incorporation to current mathematical models for vector-borne dise...

Infectious diseases often display oscillations in the number of infected cases through time. Sometimes the ups and downs are caused by seasonal, exogenous events, such as the increase of influenza cases in winter, or the increase of vector-borne diseases during rainy seasons. Other times, the infection displays non-seasonal periodic oscillations, l...

Human mobility plays a key role on the transformation of local disease outbreaks into global pandemics. Thus, the inclusion of human movements into epidemic models has become mandatory for understanding current epidemic episodes and to design efficient prevention policies. Following this challenge, here we develop a Markovian framework which enable...

We study the structural and dynamical consequences of damage in spatial neuronal networks. Inspired by real in vitro networks, we construct directed networks embedded in a two-dimensional space and follow biological rules for designing the wiring of the system. As a result, synthetic cultures display strong metric correlations similar to those obse...

The emergence of large-scale connectivity and synchronization are crucial to the structure, function and failure of many complex socio-technical networks. Thus, there is great interest in analyzing phase transitions to large-scale connectivity and to global synchronization, including how to enhance or delay the onset. These phenomena are traditiona...

The simultaneous emergence of several abrupt disease outbreaks or the extinction of some serotypes of multi-strain diseases are fingerprints of the interaction between pathogens spreading within the same population. Here, we propose a general and versatile benchmark to address the unfolding of both cooperative and competitive interacting diseases....

The emergence of large-scale connectivity and synchronization are crucial to the structure, function and failure of many complex socio-technical networks. Thus, there is great interest in analyzing phase transitions to large-scale connectivity and to global synchronization, including how to enhance or delay the onset. These phenomena are traditiona...

We introduce a model to study the interplay between information spreading and opinion formation in social systems. Our framework consists in a two-layer multiplex network where opinion dynamics takes place in one layer, while information spreads on the other one. The two dynamical processes are mutually coupled in such a way that the control parame...

We introduce a model to study the delicate relation between the spreading of information and the formation of opinions in social systems. For this purpose, we propose a two-layer multiplex network model in which consensus dynamics takes place in one layer while information spreading runs across the other one. The two dynamical processes are mutuall...

Climate change mitigation is a shared global challenge that involves collective action of a set of individuals with different tendencies to cooperation. However, we lack an understanding of the effect of resource inequality when diverse actors interact together towards a common goal. Here, we report the results of a collective-risk dilemma experime...

Investment choices at the beginning and end of the game. Density of investment selections, mean and standard error of the mean (95% CI), in the first five rounds and the last five rounds. a. Equal treatment and investment options of 0-2-4. b. Unequal treatment and investment options of 0-2-4. c. Equal treatment and investment options of 0-1-2-3-4....

Proportion of savings depending on the investment options and the endowments. a. Proportion of savings, mean and standard error of the mean (95% CI), at the end of the game per endowment and investment treatment. b. Differences of remaining capital −savings (S)− between the treatment 0-1-2-3-4 and 0-2-4 per endowment (S01234 − S024 per endowment in...

Average individual investment and standard error of the mean (95% CI) by treatment over the game evolution. In both equal treatment and unequal treatment, participants’s contribution decreases along the game. The differences between the two treatments are not statistically significants (MWU Two-Sided, U: 50.0, P: 0.97). (PDF)