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En France, la création d’un impôt sur le capital, qui se substituerait aux impôts sur les revenus, a été défendue au XXe siècle par Maurice Allais. Au nom de la justice, Allais veut confisquer de revenus non gagnés : rentes foncières, intérêts purs des capitaux et rentes inflationnistes. Pour que l’économie fonctionne de façon optimale et juste, l’...
Modern analyses present general equilibrium as an archetype of methodological individualism, enabling the reconciliation of individual interests through the market. This article aims at showing the originality and the specificity of the treatment of this issue by Walras. We first show that Walras considers the individual (oneself) and the society (...
This article examines some of the debates that accompanied the drafting of Political Economy issued by the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., published in 1954. As early as the October revolution, Soviet Russia faced massive economic problems, which in turn raised indirectly epistemological questions about the status of...
Au XIXe siècle, l'économie politique accapare la légitimité du discours sur la pauvreté : seule l'économie, science neuve formulant des lois naturelles, peut fournir une analyse théorique de la pauvreté, expliquer ses causes et proposer des solutions pour la supprimer. Trois positions sont analysées. Ricardo illustre la position libérale, fondée su...
Poverty and political economy in the 19th century
Poverty was an ubiquitous theme in the literature of the beginning of the 19th century, and its analysis shifted from political or charitable perspectives to embrace a young science, namely the political economy. Stendhal’s example shows how political economy had become the only legitimate approach...
L'ouvrage, publié sous la direction d'Arnaud Diemer, Jérôme Lallement et Bertrand Munier rassemble 18 contributions qui présentent et discutent les travaux économiques de Maurice Allais.
Au XIXe siècle, l'économie politique devient le seul discours légitime sur la pauvreté. L'article compare la position libérale de Ricardo et la position réformatrice de Walras à propos de la pauvreté. On montre que l'opposition entre les deux auteurs s'explique non par leurs choix politiques mais par leurs choix épistémologiques.
Presenting the history of the U-shaped average cost curve, a key element of microeconomic theory, this article fulfils a triple purpose. First, it establishes primacy of contribution and clarifies a common misunderstanding: Barone, Edgeworth and Sraffa share the development of a concept habitually attributed either to Marshall or Viner. Second, it...
Three economists confronting the social question in the 19th century
During the 19th century, economists proposed various solutions to social preoccupations (the social question). Based on the existence of natural economic laws, Ricardo’s analysis showed that poverty was an inflexible fatality. Marx didn’t refute Ricardo’s conclusions but argued th...
From Walras to Debreu, the history of general equilibrium analysis went through three major episodes, each linked to a different place. In Lausanne, Walras builds the first general equilibrium equations as an element of a global social science. In Vienna, in the early 1930s, Wald is the first to give mathematical solutions to the question of the ex...
During the 19(th) century, economists proposed various solutions to social preoccupations (the social question). Based on the existence of natural economic laws, Ricardo's analysis showed that poverty was an inflexible fatality. Marx didn't refute Ricardo's conclusions but argued that the laws of the capitalist system were historical and that only...
The Equilibrium Economics of Léon Walras, by DaalJan van and JolinkAlbert. Routledge, London and New York, 1993. Pp. xiii, 193. £ 40.00. ISBN 0-415-00517-9. - Volume 17 Issue 1 - Jérôme Lallement
The controversial assumption of constant input ratios (fixed "production coefficients") enables us to engage in a factual study of interindustrial relationships and to apply the powerful tools of general equilibrium theory" Wassily Leontief (1949, 213) "The leading example of an eminent economist who argues on the basis of the classical theory of p...
The way the expresssion "applied economics" was employed changed deeply from one author to another. In this article we examine the meaning of this concept in Leon Walras' and Wassily Leontief's works regarding mathematical models of general interdependence and general equilibrium. It appears that empirical analysis played very different roles in th...
On peut dater sans difficulté l'entrée des mathématiques dans la science économique de la fin du XIX e siècle. Si Cournot (1838) a failli rester un innovateur méconnu et sans successeur 1 , il semble qu'à partir de Jevons et de Walras, un point de non-retour ait été atteint : il est aujourd'hui usuel de traiter ces questions économiques en utilisan...
Mémoire DES : Sciences économiques. Polycopié.
