Jens Holger Rindel

• MSc, PhD FIOA FASA
• Senior Researcher at Odeon A/S

When measuring the reverberation time in a room, it is well known that the result, especially at high frequencies, depends on the temperature and relative humidity (RH) of the air. Measurements were made with the integrated impulse response method in a swimming hall under different atmospheric conditions, and as expected the results were quite diff...

In ancient Greece, the 4th century B.C.E. was a time of rapid development in arts, culture, science, politics, and theater architecture. The first part of this article describes the origin and use of the Greek theater building and its connection to the Dionysus cult and festivals with musical and drama competitions. Next, scientific context is disc...

Featured Application The results can be applied in software for room acoustic measurements and simulation. Abstract The air attenuation of pure tones as a function of temperature and humidity is well known and described in ISO and ANSI standards. However, room acoustic measurements are performed in octave bands, which is the reason for the complic...

Building and room acoustics are relatively modern architectural and engineering disciplines, but acoustics have been a concern in buildings since ancient times, such as in Greek and Roman theatres. Today, we spend 80–90% of our time indoors, where sound significantly impacts our communication and actions, making it essential to consider acoustic as...

The air attenuation of pure tones as a function of temperature and humidity is well known and described in ISO and ANSI standards. However, room acoustic measurements are performed in octave bands, which is the reason for a complicated, nonlinear behavior of the air attenuation. It is known that room acoustic measurement results depend on air tempe...

Acoustic research and other activities at the Technical University of Denmark can be traced back to 1935, although it was not until 1966 that the university established an acoustical laboratory with new laboratory facilities of very high quality. The spark that initiated this development was the building of studios for the Danish Broadcasting 1931,...

Acoustic research and other activities at the Technical University of Denmark can be traced back to 1935, although it was not until 1966 that the university established an acoustical laboratory with new laboratory facilities of very high quality. Around 1936, three young engineers started working in the acoustics research group: Vilhelm Jordan, Pe...

The Kalydon theatre is characterized by a symmetric plan and the nearly perfect square shape of the orchestra. The hypothesis in this article is that geometrical design principles have been applied to obtain good acoustics. The three parts of the theatre – koilon, orchestra and scene-building – are considered as an architectural unit. Through geome...

The acoustics of performance spaces are usually characterized by the reverberation time and a handful of other acoustical parameters defined in ISO 3382-1. However, these parameters have been derived with closed spaces in mind, and it is not obvious that the same parameters are meaningful in an open-air theatre. The lack of late reflections means t...

The background and context of the ancient Greek theaters. Acoustical analysis of four selected theaters from the fourth century BCE. Importance of early reflections from the orchestra and the front of the scene building. Display of results for clarity of speech, echo parameter, and sound level from speech at high vocal effort. The reasons for the e...

The reverberation chamber method to measure a material's absorption coefficient has known limitations. In particular, the measured value can exceed unity, due to the finite size of the studied sample, which creates edge diffraction effects. These are not accounted for in classical theories of absorption. A revised theoretical approach is proposed t...

The standard ISO 23591 on the acoustics of music rehearsal room gives upper and lower limits for the reverberation time as function of volume and type of music. The standard also contains an annex about the sound strength of a room. A method is outlined for an estimate of the sound pressure level (SPL) in the room, if the sound powers of the source...

The acoustics of the ancient basilica of Hagia Irene in Istanbul was studied in the EU-project CAHRISMA. An acoustic computer model is used for reconstruction of sounds as they might have been heard in the church in ancient times. The problems related to the geometrical details of the room and the acoustical data for the surface materials are discu...

The room dimensions are important for the frequency distribution of the normal modes of the room. The influence of the dimension ratio is analysed in box-shaped rooms with volume between 25 m3 and 300 m3. Three different criteria have been applied to evaluate whether the frequency distribution is favourable; a smooth frequency response, the varianc...

The transverse flute is one of the oldest musical instruments and in principle, the acoustics are very simple, being a tube that is open in both ends. However, the modern flute is a very sophisticated instrument and the acoustics are not at all simple. In medieval Europe, a cylindrical flute with six or seven tone-holes was used in folk music and i...

Acoustical aspects of the transverse flute at it has developed from 1700 to present. The importance of the conical shape in baroque and classical flutes. The technical and acoustical improvements by Boehm in the 19th Century. The G-flute and the piccolo.

Rooms for music rehearsal, sound studios, control rooms etc. need a smooth frequency response. For that reason, the frequencies of the room modes should be spread as well as possible, and this is controlled by the aspect ratios of the dimensions. The relative variance of the frequency spreading of the lowest 25 room modes is applied as a quality cr...

In room acoustic simulations the surface materials are commonly represented with energy parameters, such as the absorption and scattering coefficients, which do not carry phase information. This paper presents a method to transform statistical absorption coefficients into complex surface impedances which are needed for phased or time-domain calcula...

A well-known but also very complicated problem in room acoustics is the ambient noise when many people are gathered for a reception or in a restaurant, a bar, a canteen or a similar place. In such social gatherings, people want to speak with each other, but for the same reason the place can be very noisy, and verbal communication can be difficult o...

The ancient Greek theatre in Kalydon (αρχάια Καλυδώνα), Aitolia, has a special shape with a square orchestra and a Pi-shaped koilon. The seat-rows of the lower section (rows 1 to 9) are straight and meet at a right angle between the wings and the central part, whereas the seat-rows of the upper section (rows 10 to 31) are connected by curved seat-r...

The concept of ‘universal design’ means accessibility for all in public buildings, and this includes the acoustical conditions. The acoustical challenges are particularly pronounced in restaurants and similar eating facilities. Especially elderly people and people with impaired hearing rate restaurants high on the list of public spaces with serious...

The international standard ISO 3382-3:2012 defines a number of measurable room acoustic parameters for the objective evaluation of the acoustics of open plan offices. The main acoustical problem is distraction by speech and conversation between other people. However, this is not a simple one-dimensional noise problem that can be solved by a suffici...

A well-known but also very complicated problem in room acoustics is the ambient noise when many people are gathered for a reception or in a restaurant, a bar, a canteen or a similar place. In such social gatherings, people want to speak with each other, but for the same reason the place can be very noisy, and verbal communication can be difficult o...

The book explains sound insulation in buildings at a level suitable for both graduate students and expert consultants. Theoretical models are set out for sound transmission in buildings, with an emphasis on thick and heavy constructions. Thus, the description is not restrained by the common assumption of bending waves which is characteristic of th...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 14 - Noise effects and subjective evaluation of sound insulation. In this chapter, the sound insulation in buildings is analyzed from the point-of-view of the users. The discussion is restricted to dwel...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 10 - Impact sound insulation. The impact sound insulation that can be obtained with homogenous massive plates can be described theoretically by the sound radiation from point excitation of plates. Howeve...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 7 - Statistical Energy Analysis, SEA Sound fields in rooms and mechanical vibrations in plates are examples of systems with a high number of modes, so-called resonant systems. In case of combinations of tw...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 4 - Introduction to room acoustics This chapter summarizes the basic concepts in room acoustics as a basis for sound insulation theory and building acoustic measurement methods. The first section deals wit...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 8 - Airborne sound transmission through single constructions. The sound insulation of single constructions is rather complicated. One reason for this is that two transmission mechanisms, the forced and...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 15 - Experimental buildings with high sound insulation. This final chapter presents examples of experimental buildings with particularly good sound insulation. The examples are restricted to multi-story...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 1 - Basic concepts in acoustics This chapter summarizes the most important basic concepts used in building acoustics, starting with the decibel scale and the frequency bands. The loudness level is introdu...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 3 - The sound field in front of a wall This chapter explains the physics of the sound field in front of a large, rigid and plane surface. This is fundamental for understanding the measurement methods that...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 2 - Mechanical vibrations This chapter deals with vibrations in a simple mechanical system consisting of a mass, a spring and a viscous damping element. Since the vibrations can be fully described in one d...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 6 - Sound radiation from plates The sound radiation from plates is described in this chapter. Both forced and resonant vibrations are considered, the application of Rayleigh’s method of radiation calculati...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 11 - Flanking Transmission The flanking constructions and the junctions between the constructions are of high importance for the sound insulation between rooms. The number of transmission paths to be cons...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412 Chapter 5 - Introduction to sound insulation This chapter describes the basic principles of sound insulation with simplified assumptions. The method for measuring airborne and impact sound insulation are briefly d...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 12 - Measurement methods. Measurements related to building acoustics include noise measurements, airborne and impact sound insulation, reverberation time, vibrations, loss factor, radiation efficiency an...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 9 - Airborne sound transmission through double constructions. The theoretical basis of sound insulation of double constructions is described in this chapter. However, the theoretical model is combined wi...

Sound Insulation in Buildings by Jens Holger Rindel CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017 15 Chapters - 450 Pages ISBN 9781498700412. Chapter 13 - Measurement uncertainty. The sound pressure level in a room varies from one point to another, even in an ideal diffuse sound field. Measurements at low frequencies in small rooms need special consid...

In room acoustic simulations the surface materials are commonly represented with energy parameters, such as the absorption and scattering coefficients, which do not carry phase information. This paper presents a method to transform statistical absorption coefficients into complex surface impedances which are needed for phased or time-domain calcula...

Review of the sixth edition of the book "Room Acoustics" by Heinrich Kutteuff. Published by EAA Nuntius - Newsletter of the European Acoustics Association.

A socio-acoustic survey in Norway included field measurements of sound insulation in 600 dwellings, whose residents received a survey to evaluate of the sound quality subjectively. The dwellings were mainly apartments in multi-unit houses. The questionnaire followed ISO/TS 15666 using a five-step verbal evaluation of the degree of annoyance. By mea...

Based on field measurements of sound insulation in 600 dwellings, a questionnaire survey was sent to nearly 4000 residents from which 702 responses were obtained. Thus, the questionnaire responses could be evaluated based on the actual measured sound quality in the respective buildings. The quantity and range in the measurement results allowed for...

Overview of the contents of the book

Each week, local music groups in Norway use more than 10,000 rooms for rehearsal and concert; many of the rooms are in schools. The size of the rooms vary from under 100 m³ to over 10,000 m³. The users cover a broad variety of music ensembles, mostly wind bands, choirs, and other amateur ensembles. Since 2009, the Norwegian Council for Music Organi...

Several research papers have appeared within the last couple of years, giving support to the statement that the frequencyr ange from 100 Hz and up is sufficient for characterizing the airborne sound insulation between dwellings. This is quite surprising, because for several decades there has been af ocus of the importance of including the lowfreque...

A common characteristic of worship spaces in Eastern and Western Mediterranean cultures is the existence of large curved surfaces, usually in form of domes at the ceiling. Modeling of such spaces using geometrical acoustic algorithms typically requires discretisation of curved surfaces into planar elements. The degree of discretisation plays a cruc...

An extensive socio-acoustic survey has been performed in Norway. Based on field measurements of sound insulation in 600 dwellings, a questionnaire was sent to the residents. 702 respondents evaluated the sound quality of their homes, 97% of which were apartments in multi-unit houses. The range in the field measurement results allowed for establishm...

The international standard ISO 717-1 is used for defining single-number quantities for airborne sound insulation in buildings and of building elements. It also takes into consideration spectrum adaption. The Ctr spectrum, which represents urban road traffic, originates from the Nordtest Method NT ACOU 061 (1987). This spectrum is the average of mea...

An investigation into objective and perceived value of sound quality in dwellings in Norway was carried out in 2015. Three main findings regarding impact sound are presented here. Firstly, impact sound from neighbours above is perceived as disturbing as traffic noise, with approximately 20 % of the respondents stating they are extremely, very or mo...

A common characteristic of religious spaces in Eastern and Western Mediterranean cultures is the existence of large curved surfaces, usually in form of domes at the ceiling. Modeling of such spaces using geometrical acoustic algorithms typically requires discretisation of curved surfaces into planar elements. The degree of discretisation plays a cr...

An extensive socio-acoustic survey has been performed in Norway. Based on field measurements of sound insulation in 600 dwellings, a questionnaire survey was sent to nearly 4000 residents. 702 respondents evaluated the sound quality of their homes, 97 % of which lived in apartments in multi-unit houses. Additionally, sound insulation were calculate...

A socio-acoustic survey in Norway included field measurements of sound insulation in 600 dwellings, whose residents received a survey to evaluate of the sound quality subjectively. 97 % of the dwellings were apartments in multi-unit houses. The questionnaire followed ISO/TS 15666 using a five-step verbal evaluation of the degree of annoyance. By me...

The correct level of presentation is important for all kinds of auralisation in order to be as realistic as possible. The method applied in ODEON is approximate, aiming at the A-weighted sound pressure level to match that of the calculation result of the same simulation. A pink noise signal is applied for the calibration. The trick is to create mod...

An equation for the reverberation time is derived for the normal modes in a rectangular room with different absorption coefficients assigned to the six surfaces. The method is based on the fact that the standing wave of an oblique mode can be split into eight plane sound waves travelling in welldefined directions. Thus, the concept of mean free pat...

Colouration is an unwanted effect in rooms for speech and music. While very easy to hear when present, it is difficult to measure objectively. Examples of colouration problems include orchestra stages with suspended overhead reflectors, meeting rooms and talks studios with parallel hard walls. While colouration can easily be detected by listening,...

This paper describes a method where the normal modes of a rectangular room are analysed as independent resonant systems with internal losses derived from the absorption properties of the room surfaces. Thus the resonance frequency, the bandwidth, and the decay rate of each normal mode can be calculated. A new method using a representative wave has...

The presentation will introduce two very different multipurpose halls planned in two new buildings in Oslo; The new main library drawn by Lund Hagem architects to be opened in 2018, and the new museum for the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch drawn by estudio Herreros architects to be opened in 2019. The two buildings are located close together and wi...

The measurement of the Sound Strength (G) room acoustic parameter requires a calibration of the measuring system, so either the sound power of the source or the sound pressure level at a distance of 10 m in free field is known. Two procedures are described in ISO 3382-1: Calibration in a reverberation chamber and calibration in free field in a larg...

A series of studies were conducted to investigate the effects of different sound source directivity representations on perceived differences in auralizations. The first study (Wang & Vigeant 2008) showed that subjects could not distinguish between auralizations created using both omnidirectional and measured static directivities of individual instr...

A well-known but also very complicated problem in room acoustics is the ambient noise when many people are gathered for a reception or in a restaurant, a bar, a canteen or a similar place. In such social gatherings people want to speak with each other, but for the same reason the place can be very noisy, and verbal communication can be difficult or...

In room acoustic refurbishment/renovation projects, it is common to create a digital room model for use in room acoustic prediction software such as ODEON. Before simulating changes it is desirable to match the model, as well as possible, to existing conditions so that measured room acoustics parameters are in fair agreement with the ones simulated...

A new Norwegian standard NS 8178 has been established with the aim to improve the facilities used for music; especially in relation to music teaching and rehearsing of non-professional ensembles it is found that the rooms are often very unsatisfactory in terms of the acoustics. The standard specifies recommended dimensions and reverberation times f...

It is well known that small rooms for music rehearsal should have such proportions that normal modes do not coincide, and angling the walls is recommended. However, it has been difficult to evaluate objectively the effect of such measures. This paper describes a method where the normal modes of a rectangular room are analyzed as independent resonan...

Prediction and measurement of high sound insulation and evaluation of sound transmission paths in complex building structures can be a difficult and challenging task. This paper reports on measurements and simulations in the Odeon software of airborne sound insulation between premises in neighbouring buildings, from the basement in one building to...

Dining in a restaurant is a social gathering where people want to talk. However, many restaurants suffer from poor acoustics and the noise from other people speaking can make verbal communication difficult or even impossible. The problem is particularly difficult to handle because the sound sources are individual and dynamic, i.e. the speech level...

A new Norwegian standard NS 8178 has been established with the aim to improve the facilities used for music; especially in relation to music teaching and rehearsing of non-professional ensembles it is found that the rooms are often very unsatisfactory in terms of the acoustics. The standard specifies recommended dimensions and reverberation times f...

Room acoustic computer modelling has become an important tool in the acoustical design of rooms, and also the range of applications has increased in recent years. Also the room acous- tic measurement technique has developed significantly in recent years, e.g. by new methods in ISO 18233. Considering computer modelling as a simulated measurement m...

The use of computer models for acoustical design of auditoria takes advantage of visualization and auralization for several purposes, some of which will be presented. The sound absorption characteristics of materials can be visualized by the use of colors of surfaces in a 3D room model. Calculation results displayed as color maps in a grid can give...

The measured impulse response is often used as a true reference of a real room impulse response and geometrical acoustic simulations are considered to be only a crude representation of it. However, both approaches have their own challenges and limitations. Geometrical acoustic models do not include wave phenomena, such as interferences and diffr...

The ERATO project was a three-year research project financed by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework INCO–MED Program (2003–2006). The acronym refers to the project title: Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical Heritage of Ancient Theatres and Odea. The ancient Greek and Roman theatres are famous for their excellent a...

The sound from speech when many people are gathered for a social event or in an eating establishment is a challenge for room acoustical modeling, because the sound power of the source varies with the level of the ambient noise, the so-called Lombard effect. A new method has been developed for modeling the ambient noise of many people speaking in a...

Noise from many people speaking in eating establishments and other social gatherings is a well known and wide spread problem. The problem is particularly difficult to handle because the sound sources are individual and dynamic, i.e. the speech level increases when the ambient noise level goes up. However, a simple prediction model has been derived...

In the new international standard ISO 3382-3 the measurement procedure for open-plan offices is described and a number of new room acoustical parameters for the objective evaluation are defined. Among the new parameters are the privacy distance and the distraction distance, both derived from the STI (speech transmission index). With room acoustic s...

In the new international standard ISO 3382-3 the measurement procedure for open plan offices is described and a number of new room acoustical parameters for the objective evaluation are defined. Among the new parameters are the privacy distance and the distraction distance, both derived from the STI (speech transmission index) as a function of dist...

The gathering of many people in restaurants, bars, canteens and other kinds of eating establishments is often very noisy, and for that reason verbal communication can be difficult, or even impossible for people with reduced hearing capacity. Although a complicated acoustical problem due to the feed-back influence of noise on the speech level, a sim...

Today most acoustic consultants are using room acoustic computer models as a basis for their acoustic design. How-ever, room acoustic scale modelling is still being used for the design in some major projects, although the costs and the time needed are significantly larger than those related to computer modelling. Both techniques were used by the au...

Many Greek and Roman theatres are intensively used nowadays hosting a variety of performances. Part of the objectives of the EU funded project “ERATO” (Identification, Evaluation and Revival of the Acoustical heritage of ancient Theatres and Odea) was to process and discuss topics related to the theatres’ modern use such as restoration of acoustica...

The ERATO project (2003-2006, Contract Number ICA3-CT-2002-10031), was a three-year research project financed by the European Commission under the Fifth Framework INCO – MED Program. The ancient Greek and Roman theatres are famous for the excellent acoustics. However, it is not generally well known that different kinds of theatres were built, for d...

Ancient Greek and Roman theatres are often considered acoustically perfect. However, the semicircular shape of the audience area in theatres built from hard and sound reflective materials may cause acoustic problems, and there is also evidence that the ancient architects were well aware of this. The Roman architect Vitruvius describes in his books...

One of the limitations in room acoustic computer modelling is the characterisation of the reflecting surfaces by the sound absorption coefficient. Especially at low frequencies, say below 500 Hz, the phase of the reflections may be important for accurate simulations of the room impulse response. In order to allow the inclusion of the phase of refle...

Auralizations are commonly used today by architectural acousticians as a tool to model acoustically sensitive spaces. This paper presents investigations employing an auralization methodology known as multi-channel auralizations, to determine the benefits of using an increasing number of channels in such auralizations. First an objective evaluation...

Diffusion and scattering continue to be hot topics in room acoustics and in particular in auditorium acoustics. It is being heavily debated how scattering due to surface roughness and room geometry relates to the level of diffusivity in a room. We suggest the Dynamic Diffusion Curve (DDC) as a tool for evaluation of the level of diffusion in an imp...

The revised new edition of a classic guide adopts a multi-disciplinary approach to the challenge of creating an acceptable acoustic environment. It draws on the same basic principles to cover both outdoor and indoor space. Starting with the fundamentals of sound waves and hearing, it goes on to the measurement of noise and vibration, room acoustics...

A new simple prediction model has been derived for the average A-weighted noise level due to many people speaking in a room with assumed diffuse sound field. Due to the feed-back influence of noise on the speech level (the Lombard effect), the speech level increases in noisy environments, and the suggested prediction model gives a 6dB reduction of...

In frequency domain the acoustics of rooms are described as a wave phenomenon and room modes; the modal density and the transition from low to high frequencies are important. In time domain the reflections are described by rays or particles following geometrical laws, and the transition from early to late reflections is important since early reflec...

The use of acoustic 3D modelling software has become increasingly popular among acousticians. Some software developers offer introduction courses for starting users. However, there is a need for more advanced courses for experienced modellers. Such a course should not only consist of lectures with the scientific background of the model, but should...

The use of acoustic 3D modelling software has become increasingly popular among acousticians. Some software developers offer introduction courses for starting users. However, there is a need for more advanced courses for experienced modellers. Such a course should not only consist of lectures with the scientific background of the model, but should...

Multi-channel orchestral anechoic recordings were obtained at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) in June 2005. Every orchestral part of specific movements of two symphonies, Brahms’ Symphony No. 4, 3rd movement, and Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 in g minor, 1st movement, were digitally recorded using five 0.5” DPA microphones, with four surroundi...

Regulatory sound insulation requirements for dwellings have existed since the 1950s in some countries and descriptors for evaluation of sound insulation have existed for nearly as long. However, the descriptors have changed considerably over time, from simple arithmetic averaging of frequency bands in the beginning, to a variety of more complex des...

For the interior design of buildings like a new open plan high school auralisation can be a useful tool. Typically, the soundscape in such buildings may include speech from a person nearby and background noise from voices and music somewhere else in the building, including sound transmitted through walls and doors. The paper describes the solutions...

The diffraction effects of screens and other obstacles have been integrated in a room acoustic computer model using a theoretical model by Pierce, which is a further development of the original Geometrical Theory of Diffraction by Keller. This diffraction model is particularly interesting because it allows the modelling of a screen as a wedge with...

Auralisation is a very complicated technique, the quality of which depends on every single part in a long chain, starting with the anechoic recording of the sound to be used as input, continu- ing through the room acoustic simulation that connects the source and the receiver, and ending in the presentation of the sound to the listening person. The...

Room acoustics computer modeling is a tool for generating impulse responses and auralizations from modeled spaces. The auralizations are commonly made from a single-channel anechoic recording of solo instruments. For this investigation, auralizations of an entire orchestra were created using a multi-channel multi-source auralization technique, invo...