Jennifer Winner

• Master of Science
• Research Psychologist at Air Force Research Laboratory

Successful teamwork is essential to ensure critical care air transport (CCAT) patients receive effective care. Despite the importance of team performance, current training methods rely on subjective performance assessments and do not evaluate performance at the team level. Researchers have developed the Team Dynamics Measurement System (TDMS) to pr...

This panel brings together a diverse set of experts to discuss training for high-stakes domains such as emergency medicine, law enforcement, combat medicine, and others. Work in these domains typically involves managing uncertainty, time pressure, and often life and death risk. These high-stakes domains are often leaders in simulation-based trainin...

In this panel, we present perspectives on how to incorporate fundamental concepts in resilience engineering into health care human-in-the-loop simulations. Our panelists have successfully implemented concepts, but also continue to experience challenges with convincing colleagues of the importance and value of doing so for simulations that have othe...

Teams must adapt and coordinate in high-stress environments in response to challenging situations. Communication is vital to coordination and can provide insights into effective team adaptation. We analyzed communication speaker data, consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist, from a critical care simulation. We analyzed speaker f...

The Learn, Experience, Reflect framework for training design provides a structure for communication and collaboration among researchers, trainers, training designers, and technology developers. The framework was articulated in the context of efforts to develop effective recognition skills training for combat medics using augmented reality technolog...

The U.S. military has become increasingly reliant on simulators to train combat medical personnel. Human patient simulators that exist for training medical procedures represent task elements with varying degrees of fidelity. The goal of this research was to evaluate the functional fidelity of two commonly used simulators to train surgical cricothyr...

Prior research indicates a need for objective and reliable measures of team communication and coordination. This need rings true for United States Air Force (USAF) teams, whose instructors heavily employ subjective evaluations within fast-paced training. Instructors must observe a multitude of teams and their communications, leaving room for varied...

Training focused on recognizing when a medical procedure has not been implemented effectively may reduce preventable battlefield deaths. Although important research has been conducted about a range of error recovery training strategies, few studies have been conducted in the context of training for high stakes, dynamic domains such as combat medic...

It is challenging to assess the effectiveness of learning and training. Most evaluators rely on multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and essay questions. These are time-consuming, provide little formative value, and provide no visualization of the knowledge domain. LinkIt uses constrained concept mapping to elicit, score, represent visually, and pro...

Focus on the patient at the center of the healthcare equation has increased over the recent decade. Not unlike patient ergonomics, treatment burden research is concerned with the work that patients do to manage chronic illness and ways of reducing its impact in service of better patient outcomes. In addition, it has focused on measurement approache...

As with civilian medicine, the Military Health System relies on medical manikins to supplement didactic training. Analyses of transfer-of-training and the calibration between self-efficacy (SE) and competence offer a robust look at training effectiveness; however, the logistics of collecting these data are complex. Self-reported SE is commonly used...

Two leading causes of survivable combat deaths are hemorrhage and airway compromise. Although individual medical-training competency requirements are met using human-patient simulation (HPS), the evaluation of fidelity and HPS impact on training outcomes are not well documented. Research has documented physical fidelity concerns when comparing huma...

Problem. Teams or groups of individuals working together to achieve a shared goal, make up today’s world of work. Although the literature is rife with issues concerning teams, there is no coherent structure to guide researchers wishing to gain a deeper understanding into those factors leading to positive team outcomes. Question. This is due in part...

Serious games are an attractive tool for education and training, but their utility is even broader. We argue serious games provide a unique opportunity for research as well, particularly in areas where multiple players (groups or teams) are involved. In our paper we provide background in several substantive areas. First, we outline major constructs...

The use of electronic chat has become widespread for both social and work applications. Increasingly, individuals using text chat applications engage in multiple simultaneous conversations with co-workers to accomplish complex tasks. This is especially true in the military, where it is used extensively in Navy, Army, and Air Force command and contr...

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We sought to determine the optimal focal distance for a semitransparent monocular head-mounted display (HMD) integrated with a flight simulator display and to investigate whether observers experienced visual discomfort or impaired target recognition when using an HMD set at the optimal distance. When an observer wears a monocular HMD and views a si...

An enduring challenge in management and in military command is ensuring that subordinates select actions as their leader would, particularly when circumstances change unexpectedly. An experiment was conducted to test a measure of shared interpretation of commander's intent and its effects on the adaptability of subordinates. Performance was measure...

Three-person teams controlling a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle underwent different training regimes in order to assess the effect of process-based and knowledge-based training on team coordination and performance. Coordination and performance were assessed during training and eight to eleven weeks after training. Process training consisted of e...

This project took place in the context of simulated Uninhabited Air Vehicle (UAV) command-and-control. In Experiment 1 we addressed the development of team coordination with experience and over lengthy intervals without practice in situations in which the team retains the same or different members over time. Team coordination is characterized by ti...

Humans play a role in all aspects of homeland security, including the functions of deterrence, detection, and response and in the capacities of both administrators and recipients of security procedures. The field of human factors has contributed to homeland security functions through design of user-centered technology and training programs, through...

The Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) is being considered for integration into the F-15, F-16, and F-18 aircraft. If this integration occurs, similar monocular head-mounted displays (HMDs) will need to be integrated with existing out-the-window simulator systems for training purposes. One such system is the Mobile Modular Display for Advan...

Decentralized command and control settings like those found in the military are rife with complexity and change. These settings typically involve dozens, if not hundreds to thousands, of heterogeneous players coordinating in a distributed fashion in a dynamically networked battlefield laden with sensor data, intelligence reports, communications, an...

An experiment exploring the effects of team composition on the acquisition and retention of team performance and cognitive skill is reported. Team performance was measured in the context of photographing ground targets in an unmanned aerial vehicle synthetic task environment. Team process was taken as a measure of team cognition. Experimental resul...

Procedural Networks (ProNet) is presented as a form of lag sequential analysis, but using the Pathfinder algorithm as its kernel. In general, Lag Sequential Analysis is a tool used to identify representative chains of events in a time series of event data. A simulation is used to compare the performance of ProNet, as sample size and noise are varie...

Simulated imagery was used to determine the effect of target and background blur on target identification performance. An interaction between these two variables was found, indicating that greater image detail may not improve performance, and hence may not be required in applications for which high-resolution databases are not readily available.