Jennifer Oxley

Monash University (Australia) · Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC)

The Safe System approach has globally become the dominant means to address road trauma, with bodies such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, European Union, World Bank, World Health Organization, National and State Australian Governments and the United Nations encouraging its uptake. However, whilst there has been signifi...

Older drivers are more likely to have difficulty wayfinding in unfamiliar areas than younger people. The present study investigated the role of cognitive functioning and age on wayfinding difficulties and driving performance whilst driving in unfamiliar areas. Forty-seven participants aged between 21 and 82 years completed a wayfinding task in a dr...

Safe System has been the dominant approach to road safety in Victoria for over fifteen years, guiding the development and implementation of policy. Limited attention has been paid to the development and application of Safe System in a public policy setting. The aims of this research were to describe the intentions of Safe System in Victoria, and an...

This report seeks to provide the clearest possible picture of pedestrian crashes in Victoria given the available information Data was extracted from the Victoria Police Accident Records System (VPARS) linked to the TAC claims dataset, for pedestrian crashes between 2009 and 2018 and compared against hospitalised data. Separate datasets were analyse...

This study used the bus incident data in Victoria, Australia to establish the relationship between operational characteristics and the safety performance of bus operators. A series of count models were investigated to account for methodological challenges, including excess zeros and panel data structure. The empirical results highlighted the differ...

Introduction: Much of the research on transportation and safe mobility focuses on older adult's thoughts and feelings on driving transition in high-income countries, but there is limited knowledge on this process and its consequences in low-and-middle-income countries. Moreover, there is very little understanding of the transition process involving...

Introduction There is growing evidence to suggest the importance of self-regulatory practices amongst older adults to sustain mobility. However, the decision to self-regulate driving is a complex interplay between an individual’s preference and the influence of their social networks including spouse. To our best knowledge, the influence of an older...

Faced with the current growth and change to Western Australia's road network as well as the promotion and increased uptake of cycling, further investigation into crash, injury and road infrastructure characteristics is necessary. An in-depth study was conducted of 100 cyclists who were injured due to involvement in a crash that occurred on-road and...

Objective The choices cyclists make on which roads to travel on can have a significant impact on their safety. This paper aims to improve our understanding of the broad and subtle influences in route choice amongst cyclists, and describe the strengths and limitations of using naturalistic observational data for this purpose. Method Naturalistic cy...

Objective: This study set out to provide pretrial data for use in evaluating the benefits of lower speed limits in a local residential area in Melbourne. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess community views among residents to the proposed trial on a number of relevant issues, along with speed measurements at more than 70 road sites in...

Objective: The objective of this study was to address the uptake of safer vehicles and in-vehicle technologies among older adults through a better understanding of extent and use of safer vehicles and awareness/acceptance of new vehicle technologies. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 501 active older drivers (those who drove at least on...

This study aimed to identify features of the road environment that increased the risk of on-road bicycle crashes in Perth, Australia between 2014-2017. This case-control study used a combination of an in-depth crash study and naturalistic study to compare the road environment characteristics of 100 case (crash) sites and 300 control sites where no...

Urban arterials and intersections account for a large proportion of high severity crashes in Australia and New Zealand, particularly involving vulnerable road users. Safety gains appear to be slower in these ‘mixed use’ environments than in other areas. Austroads commissioned research to help identify solutions that might be applied on mixed use ar...

Objectives: Mixed-use urban environments, such as arterial roads with adjacent commercial land uses, represent crash locations with the highest risk. These locations are often characterized by high volumes of motor vehicle traffic, on-street parking, and interactions with multiple road user groups such as pedestrians, cyclists, and public transport...

Introduction: The ability to remain safe behind the wheels can become arduous with aging, yet important for sustaining local travel needs. This review aimed to explore safe mobility issues involving older adults and gain abroad understanding of older drivers' self-regulatory driving practices and motivators behind such behavioral changes, including...

This paper examines the effects of vehicular and operational characteristics on bus roadworthiness. The analysis was based on annual bus inspection data in Victoria, Australia, between 2014 and 2017, consisting of 17,630 inspections of 6,447 vehicles run by 252 operators. A multilevel modeling approach was employed to account for the hierarchical d...

Introduction The ability to drive longer and safely are crucial for many older adults. There is a growing evidence on self-regulatory practices amongst older drivers in developed countries, but limited studies are conducted in developing countries. This study aimed to explore self-regulatory practices amongst older Malaysian car drivers and motorcy...

Introduction: Older adults are at a greater risk of injury and death in a motor-vehicle accident. While the ability to drive safely can be challenging with aging, the concept of self-regulation and associated support system have attracted more attention in recent years, especially in developed countries. This review describes the mechanism and sum...

Driving is fundamental for convenience, freedom, and independence, but there is increasing recognition of the need for many older adults to cease driving, due to age-related functional limitations. While much is known about this transition in developed countries, much less is known about driving cessation in developing countries. This study aims to...

Objective To examine the current indicators used by medical healthcare professionals to identify the intent of child injury and the processes that are undertaken once potential child neglect, maltreatment or abuse is identified. Materials and Methods Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted at the ETD in three major hospitals in the Klang Valley,...

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) in the neck or shoulders are common occupational health problems among nursing professionals. This study aimed to identify potential predictors of WRMSD in neck and shoulders, namely workplace condition, emotional distress and work engagement, among Malaysian nurses in public hospitals. A cross-section...

Urban arterials and intersections account for a large proportion of high severity crashes in Australia and New Zealand, particularly involving vulnerable road users. Safety gains appear to be slower in these ‘mixed use’ environments than in other areas. Austroads commissioned research to help identify solutions that might be applied on mixed use ar...

Quality of Life (QoL) is frequently understood as subjective well-being at both individual and population levels and specific to a country or context. For individuals, mobility afforded by transport is an important predictor of QoL. This paper aims to provide an overview of theoretical approaches, particularly the selection, optimization, compensat...

Unrestrained and unhelmeted occupants are at increased risk of severe injury or death in the event of a crash, and there is evidence that children, particularly in low and middle income countries, have low restraint and helmet wearing rates. Roadside observations of occupants of passing vehicles (7247 cars, vans and taxis and 2897 motorcycles) in n...

Objective To examine the current indicators used by medical healthcare professionals to identify the intent of child injury and the processes that are undertaken once potential child neglect, maltreatment or abuse is identified. Materials and Methods Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted at the ETD in three major hospitals in the Klang Valley,...

Background: Emotional distress is becoming a great concern and is more common in both developed and developing countries. It is associated with several disease conditions. Objective: To determine the prevalence of self-perceived emotional distress and its relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) in nurses. Methods: A self-ad...

Objective: The objective of this study is to describe key risks related to dooring collisions on roads in mixed function activity centers by examining video footage recorded onboard the bicycles of cyclists riding through this road environment. The study aims to enhance our understanding of the risk associated with cyclist door collisions on these...

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the English and Malay versions of the Driving and Riding Questionnaire. Study design: An observational study with a mix-method approach by utilising both questionnaire and short debriefing interviews. Methods: Forward and backward translations of the original questionnaire...

Mixed use urban arterials account for a large proportion of high-severity crashes in Australia and New Zealand, particularly involving vulnerable road users. These roads often include a mixture of different road user types including pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists, and carry a wide variety of vehicle types including cars, buses and delivery...

This chapter reviews all causes of fatal injury in adolescents (10–19 years of age) in the context of other causes of death, both globally and regionally. It also reviews nonfatal injury causes to the extent that currently available data allow and explores issues of data limitations. The public health response to fatal and nonfatal injury in adoles...

Driving or riding is fundamental of freedom and independence but due to degenerative changes associated with ageing, there is increasing recognition of the need for older adults to cease driving or riding. While research in developing countries on driving or riding cessation are scarce, this brings down to the objective of this study which is to id...

This study investigated parents’ attitudes, knowledge and behaviours relating to their role in protecting and teaching their young children road safety skills; and in particular parents’ perceptions regarding where they thought their child learnt the most about road safety. A questionnaire exploring attitudes, knowledge and behaviours on general ro...

The study’s aim was to assess the behavioural validity of participants using of a newly developed bicycle simulator with respect to a range of cycling performance measures collected both using the cycling simulator and on-road. The validation study consisted of a within-subjects study design comparing participants riding on-road with riding in the...

Walking is a sustainable mode of transportation which is beneficial to both individuals and to the broader community, however, there are risks and it is essential that road design and operation provides safe conditions for walking. In Victoria, pedestrians represent one of the most vulnerable road user groups, accounting for approximately 12% of al...

Child injuries has become a major global health concern. Every year, hundreds of thousands of children die as a result of some sort of injury which are mostly preventable while millions of others suffer the lifelong consequences of non-fatal injuries. Child injuries does not only affect the life of the child but also the lives of the families and t...

With plans to increase cycling participation and the increase in use of child carriers and cargo bikes in Australia, there is a need for research to support evidence-based safety improvements for cyclists and their passengers. Currently, very little is known about the safety of the increasing yet vulnerable road user group: child passengers on bicy...

Objectives: With the increasing popularity of cycling generally and availability of new bicycle child carriers, there is an emerging interest in the safety of child bicycle passengers and riders. However, very little is known about the nature and extent of injuries to child bicycle riders and passengers. The aim of this study was to enhance our und...

Objective: Vietnamese spend hours travelling on the road using their motorcycles. Their helmets are exposed continuously to sunlight and rain. The objectives of this study were to determine the association between the effect of photo-oxidative degradation (POD) of the outer shells and helmet age on helmet damage. The micro-structural change of the...

Introduction: In Malaysia, motorcyclists continue to outnumber other road users in injuries and deaths. The objective of this study was to determine the association between helmet fixation and helmet type with head injury and severity of head injury among Malaysian motorcyclists. Methods: The study design was a prospective cross-sectional study....

Background: Good vision is essential for safe driving and studies have associated visual impairment with an increased crash risk. Currently, there is little information about the medical review of drivers with visual field loss. This study examines the prevalence of visual field loss among drivers referred for medical review in one Australian juri...

Road traffic injury is the leading cause of work-related death and serious injury in Australia. Despite this, limited attention has been given to the development and implementation of effective preventive strategies within the workplace setting. A safe driving environment at work not only depends on individual compliance with safe driving practices...

Globally, falls are a major public health problem. Each year an estimated 37.3 million falls are severe enough to require medical attention and 424,000 fatal falls occur. Falls and fall-related injuries can occur in various places and during a range of activities, including walking in public spaces. However, the majority of research addresses fall...

Significant reductions in road trauma among young drivers could be achieved if they drove safer vehicles. Parents are likely to play a critical role in the access, timing of vehicle purchase, available budget, and vehicle choice for the young driver's first vehicle. However, little attention has been directed to understanding the most effective com...

Speeding remains a major contributor to trauma on our roads, held to be a major factor in around one-third of fatal crashes and over 10 percent of all crashes (Bowie & Walz, 1994; Fildes & Lee, 1993). This study reviewed speed management strategies and key factors that should be considered through a comprehensive review of the literature. One of th...

Around schools, increases in walking and cycling help to reduce traffic congestion and improve the road safety and neighborhood navigation skills of children. Physical activity and independent mobility may also have a positive effect on children's behavioural and cognitive development. Child pedestrians, however, are a vulnerable road user groups,...

Background: The Job Content Questionnaire (M-JCQ) is an established self-reported instrument used across the world to measure the work dimensions based on the Karasek's demand-control-support model. Objective: To evaluate the psychometrics properties of the Malay version of M-JCQ among nurses in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study wa...

Objectives: Engaging in active transport modes (especially walking) is a healthy and environmentally friendly alternative to driving and may be particularly beneficial for older adults. However, older adults are a vulnerable group: they are at higher risk of injury compared with younger adults, mainly due to frailty and may be at increased risk of...

Road traffic crashes are a major public health issues worldwide and children are an especially vulnerable population. Unrestrained and un-helmeted occupants are at increased risk of severe injury or death in the event of a crash, and there is some evidence that children, particularly in low and middle income countries, have low seat-belt/child rest...

Transport and mobility needs for all aged road users are diverse and may change with increasing age. With an increasing ageing population throughout much of the developed world combined with increasing life expectancies, there is a growing need to understand the transportation requirements of older adults. Moreover, while car use is still the most...

Walking is fundamental to mobility, but its perceived importance as a transport mode has fallen dramatically in past decades. The potential benefits of walking for society are numerous, including improved health, reduced traffic and congestion and enhanced social connections. It has become a community health priority to introduce some of these bene...

Objective: This study applied geospatial analysis to explore spatial trends in cycling-related injury in Melbourne, Australia, in order to identify an area where injury density was reducing against expectation. The crash characteristics and cycling environment of the identified area were examined to better understand factors related to cycling saf...

This study examined the relationships between psychosocial work factors and risk of WRMSDs among public hospital nurses in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. We conducted a cross-sectional study among 660 public hospital nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the occurrence of WRMSDs according to body regions, socio-demograp...

Background The effectiveness of helmets in reducing the risk of severe head injury in motorcyclists who were involved in a crash is well established. There is limited evidence however, regarding the extent to which helmets protect riders from facial injuries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of helmet type, components and fix...

Background Motorcycle fatalities constitute the majority of road traffic deaths in Malaysia. The aims of this study were to describe the pattern of fatal injuries among Klang Valley fatal motorcyclists and to describe the factors associated with fatal (vs non-fatal) injuries. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from a case ser...

Some older drivers experience difficulties wayfinding whilst driving in unfamiliar areas. A navigation system (GPS) may be an effective strategy to help improve older adults’ driving performance whilst wayfinding, however little is known about the use or potential safety and mobility benefits/disadvantages of these technologies by older drivers. Th...

Background Much of the research into cyclist safety in Australia has focused on behaviour with less focus on the impact of the urban transport environment on cyclist safety. A greater understanding of the urban transport system and the improvements needed to create a safer cycling environment are essential if cyclists are to be safe and increased c...

Passenger collaboration offers a potential compensatory strategy to assist older drivers who have difficulty driving in unfamiliar areas (wayfinding). This article describes a survey of 194 healthy, community-dwelling older drivers and their regular passengers to investigate how passengers assist drivers, and to identify the characteristics of driv...

A key tenet of the safety in numbers theory is that as the number of people cycling increases, more drivers will also be cyclists and therefore will give greater consideration to cyclists when driving. We tested this theory in relation to self-reported behaviour, attitudes and knowledge in relation to cycling. An online survey was conducted of Aust...

A cyclist crash with an open vehicle door can result in serious injury, sometimes fatal, outcomes. However, little is known about the frequency and range of injury outcomes of this crash type or the contributing factors. In this study, the factors associated with cyclist-open vehicle door collisions in Victoria, Australia were investigated using th...

In Malaysia, two-thirds of reported workplace-related fatal and serious injury incidents are the result of commuting crashes (especially those involving motorcyclists), however, little is known about the contributing factors to these collisions. A telephone survey of 1,750 motorcyclists (1,004 adults who had been involved in a motorcycle commuting...

In Malaysia, motorcycle crashes constitute approximately 60 percent of all road trauma, and a substantial proportion involve children 16 years and younger. There are, however, many gaps in our knowledge on contributing factors to crashes and injury patterns amongst children killed and seriously injured in motorcycle crashes. The aim of this study w...

Child injury, regardless of intent, is a major public health issue in Australia and elsewhere. Child protection and injury prevention policies and practices are implemented in most countries in an attempt to manage and reduce the incidence of both intentional and unintentional injuries. While these systems are thought to assist in improving protect...

Walking is an increasingly important travel mode, especially in highly urbanised areas. High levels of pedestrian activity occur in Melbourne's Central Business District (CBD), and associated with this is a substantially high level of pedestrian trauma. Between 2000 and 2011, 451 pedestrian casualty collisions were recorded within the CBD, comprisi...

Walking is fundamental to mobility, but its perceived importance as a transport mode has fallen dramatically in past decades. The potential benefits of walking for society are numerous, including improved health, reduced traffic and congestion and enhanced social connections. It has become a community health priority to introduce some of these bene...

Some older drivers experience difficulties driving whilst wayfinding in unfamiliar areas. Difficulties in wayfinding have been associated with poorer driving performance and reduced driving mobility. The objective of the current study was to identify cognitive and demographic predictors in older drivers of perceived wayfinding difficulty, avoidance...

As our population ages, the safe mobility of older Australians is a growing community concern. While this group generally mainly relies on private vehicles, there comes a time when many people consider reduction or cessation of driving. At this time, motorised mobility scooters (MMS) are one option that can help individuals maintain independent tra...

This study investigated parents' attitudes, knowledge and behaviours relating to safe child occupant travel following new Australian legislation regarding child restraint system (CRS) and motor vehicle restraint use for children aged 7 years and under. A questionnaire exploring attitudes, knowledge and behaviours regarding general road safety, as w...

This study investigated the behavioural, attitudinal and traffic factors contributing to red light infringement by Australian cyclists using a national online survey. The survey was conducted from February to May 2010. In total, 2061 cyclists completed the survey and 37.3% reported that they had ridden through a signalised intersection during the r...

Older pedestrians are well known to be over-involved in road crashes compared to younger pedestrians. This study investigates the extent to which risky street-crossing decisions in older pedestrians can be explained by agerelated declines of cognitive, perceptual and physical abilities. Three age groups of participants (young, young-old, old-old) w...

Vulnerable road users are at increased risk in many middleincome countries, largely due to rapid motorisation without associated road safety infrastructure initiatives and programs. Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable road user groups, particularly young children. While crash patterns and causes of collisions amongst pedestrian are establish...

Crashes involving pedestrians are severe in nature due to pedestrians’ vulnerability, lack of protection and limited biomechanical tolerance to violent forces if hit by a vehicle. Children are thought to constitute a high-risk sub-group. This paper provides an analysis of serious casualty child pedestrians in Victoria and highlights some important...

This experiment aimed at studying the effects of age, traffic complexity and speed of the approaching cars on the probability of a pedestrian to be involved in a crash. Fifty nine participants aged between 20-84 years took part in a street-crossing estimation task in a simulated road environment. The results showed an overall higher number of 'coll...

This study determined the rate and associated factors of red light infringement among urban commuter cyclists. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a covert video camera to record cyclists at 10 sites across metropolitan Melbourne, Australia from October 2008 to April 2009. In total, 4225 cyclists faced a red light and 6.9% wer...

Older pedestrians and cyclists are vulnerable road users, comprising a substantial proportion of all road fatalities world-wide. Pedestrian fatalities constitute between 20 and 30 percent of road fatalities, while cyclist deaths range

For many older adults in most of the Western world, continued mobility (with associated health, well-being, independence and quality of life) means access to a private vehicle, either as a driver or as a passenger. However older driver serious injury and fatality rates per distance travelled are higher than middle-aged drivers, and crash and injury...

Background: The aim was to develop a naturalistic cycling method using a helmet-mounted video camera to investigate the behaviour of on-road commuter cyclists and their interactions with other road users in urban areas. Cycling is increasing in popularity popular in Australia; however, cyclists are physically vulnerable road users. To date, thereha...

This paper describes an investigation of safety, mobility and travel patterns in a sample of older women drivers and former drivers aged 60 years and over. Participants provided information on general health and functional abilities, travel and driving patterns, driving experiences and confidence, difficulty with and avoidance of driving situations...

The study aim was to identify risk factors for collisions/near-collisions involving on-road commuter cyclists and drivers. A naturalistic cycling study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia, with cyclists wearing helmet-mounted video cameras. Video recordings captured cyclists' perspective of the road and traffic behaviours including head checks, r...