Jeffrey D. James

Florida State University | FSU · Department of Sport Management

The purposes of this study are to integrate organizational social capital theory and consumer happiness in a prior brand identification model and test the antecedents and consequences of consumer-brand identification over time. In the context of professional football, we collected data from 374 panel registrants of an online research service firm t...

Legislated stadium subsidies—the allocation of public funding toward stadium projects without a direct vote by citizens—has been the primary funding mechanism in more than 80% of the major professional sport stadium projects occurring in North America between 2005–2020. In the absence of a public vote, the degree to which citizens support a stadium...

The improvements in new media technologies in conjunction with the expansion of innovative opportunities for marketing and consuming sport have played direct roles in the globalization of sport. However, those in the Sport Management academic field are still trying to understand the effect of culture on sport consumer behavior. Guided by Hofstede’s...

The importance of brand equity to a firm has been well documented by previous literature. Brands with high equity allow a firm to charge a premium price as well as garner a larger market share in relation to competitors (Simon & Sullivan, 1993). From the consumer’s perspective, previous research has failed to explain precisely how consumers perceiv...

The improvements in new media technologies in conjunction with the expansion of innovative opportunities for marketing and consuming sport have played direct roles in the globalization of sport. However, those in the Sport Management academic field are still trying to understand the effect of culture on sport consumer behavior. Guided by Hofstede’s...

Purpose – The practice of an interscholastic athletic department reproducing the logo of a collegiate team for its own use is becoming increasingly visible. In response to this growth, many collegiate licensing departments have begun actively enforcing zero-tolerance policies that prohibit third parties from using their respective colleges’ tradem...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test Oliver’s two-dimension (fortitude and community/social support) product loyalty framework. Design/methodology/approach – Oliver categorized each of the two dimensions into high and low, creating a two-by-two framework: low fortitude and low-community/social support (Product Superiority group); low for...

Being able to determine the equity of a service or goods brand is of paramount importance to marketing practitioners and scholars alike. One way to determine the equity of a brand is through the measurement of brand associations. Few studies have constructed brand association measures in the context of either goods or service brands and most have b...

Published four decades ago, Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football) Field Studies (Cialdini et al., 1976) is the most influential study of sport consumer behavior. This paper features re-creations of Studies 1 and 2, exactly 40 years following the original publication. The results of Study 1 were reproduced, with participants more than twice a...

Understanding why sport fans socially interact with other fans, participate in team-related discussions, recruit new members, and retain membership in sport fan communities is an important issue for sport marketers. In this study, we tested a model of fan community identification that included outcome and moderator variables in the contexts of two...

We designed Sport Consumer Behavior (2nd ed.) to help sport marketers understand sport consumers. We provide content on sport consumer behavior in general, theories of consumer behavior, the role of segmentation for identifying key consumer groups, and how people become sport consumers in the first place. We examine the motivators of sport consumer...

This study examined relationships between personal life values and spectator sport consumption. From Kahle (1983), Rokeach (1973), and Schwartz (1992, 1996) value systems, twenty-eight personal values were identified probably relevant to spectator sport consumption for inclusion in a survey. A questionnaire was designed to assess the importance of...

Brand image forms the basis for making better strategic marketing decisions about targeting specific market segments and positioning a product. The phrase, brand image, however, has been defined and applied in various ways by different researchers. The variations in definition can be confusing with regard to brand image measurement and subsequent a...

Understanding why sport fans socially interact with other fans, participate in team-related discussions, recruit new members, and retain other fans in sport fan communities is a key issue in sport marketing. This conceptual paper suggests that three antecedents (brand equity, consumers’ perceptions of team sponsored fan appreciation events, and per...

There have been calls for sport management scholars to work towards an enhanced understanding of how sport can promote social good (Chalip, 2006; Zeigler, 2007). One way to accomplish this is to examine the benefits of sport participation available to both individuals and society as a whole. An instrument designed to measure the importance that spo...

The concept of commitment in sport marketing has largely been regarded as unidimensional. In the broader study of organizational behavior, commitment has been studied as a multidimensional construct. The multiple dimensions of commitment construe that one's behavior can be conveyed by different psychological states, comparable to those found to cha...

Prior value studies in sport settings have been focused on participation rather than spectatorship. This study is an initial step in examining the values associated with spectator sports. Interviews and focus groups were utilized in this qualitative study within four progressive phases for triangulation, transferability, and constant comparative as...

Although scholars have had a long-standing interest in product innovation based on technological development, limited attention has been devoted to the study of the innovation of sport event experiences. Two quantitative studies, from the consumer's perspective, were completed to validate the proposed conceptualization of sport event innovativeness...

Value creation: assessing the relationships between quality, consumption value and behavioural intentions at sporting events Keywords Value creation consumption value service quality hedonic consumption sporting events Executive summary Among scholars, divergent conceptualisations of value creation exist. One of the most notable gaps in the literat...

The objective of this research was to test the application of an alternative hierarchy of effects model (affect, cognition, and conation) in the context of sponsorship. Activity involvement and team attachment (affect) were proposed to influence sponsor image and attitudes toward sponsorship (cognition), which in turn were proposed to influence con...

Sport scholars have been challenged to critically examine what constitutes distinctive areas of focus for the management of sport. Among these areas, the role of sport in society has been identified as a critical area of inquiry to derive this distinctiveness (Coalter, 2007; Zeigler, 2007). Due to the importance and pervasiveness of sport participa...

The primary purpose of this study was to assess the proposition that identification with a university, city and/or state could affect an individual's identification process with a sport team (Heere & James, 2007a). The team identity scale was modified and used to measure multiple group identities. A secondary purpose was to provide further evidence...

Purpose The purpose of the current study is to advance understanding of sponsorship effectiveness by investigating the impact of the quality of the relationship between a consumer and a sport property on sponsorship effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach A model was developed to examine linkages among relationship quality, sincerity, attitude...

The purpose of this study was to measure consumer identification with several (brand) communities using a multidimensional psychometric community identity instrument grounded in social identity theory. Use of such instrumentation allowed the authors to examine how consumer identification with associated communities affected identification with the...

This paper proposes a framework that focuses on instilling feelings of gratitude within consumers. Participant sports events are often funded largely by sponsorship revenues, and their consumer base is considered to represent an identifiably unique market. These conditions are argued to be favourable for integrating a gratitude framework. A model i...

Job satisfaction is among the most researched concepts in the study of organizational behavior, particularly because of managers’ interests in the favorable consequences associated with high job satisfaction. Previous research, however, has largely overlooked part-time employees. This insufficiency is especially problematic for sport and recreation...

The service quality construct has been long understood as a combination of the quality of a service outcome and the quality of the interactions between customers, frontline employees, and the service environment. Although service quality has been described as a multidimensional, multi-level factor model, the aesthetic aspect of service quality stil...

An important goal of advertising is designing effective campaigns that foster favorable attitudes toward a product. Attitude toward a product is influenced by one's attitude toward an advertisement. Previous research examining attitude toward advertising in general and in specific mediums (e.g., TV and online) has found that consumers' attitudes to...

The goal was to investigate a potential causal pattern between the motives of sport spectators and team identification by using a cross-lagged panel design. Questionnaires were completed by 229 participants at the beginning and end of one NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) college football season for 4 mo. in the USA. The questionnaire...

Sport marketing researchers have generally studied two types of satisfaction at sporting events: game satisfaction and service satisfaction. One gap in the literature is studying the two types together. A model of the relationships between service quality, core product quality, game and service satisfaction, and behavioral intentions is proposed an...

A challenge with advertising communications is to better understand beliefs driving people’s attitude toward advertising. Successful use of sport communication requires a better understanding of the beliefs composing attitudes toward advertising through sport. A 4-phase study was conducted to develop a scale measuring 7 belief dimensions as indican...

The current article comprehensively examines the affective, behavioral and cognitive effects of team identification. In the affective aspect, the influence of team identification regards motives driving people to attend games. The first hypothesis is that persons high in identification would be more likely to be motivated by Self-definitive motives...

The purpose of this study was to better understand perceptions of constraints on National Hockey League (NHL) spectatorship. Additionally, this study sought to understand how constraints are perceived by spectators based on ticket holder type and test the negotiation thesis by comparing constraint variables across spectator motivation and team iden...

Consumer motives and level of identification with professional baseball teams in the United States and Japan were measured and compared. Significant differences were found on nine of the ten motives measured. Entertainment and motives associated with the core product (game aesthetics, players' skills, and the drama of games) were rated the highest...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential mediating effect of perceived value in the relationship between team identification and intent to purchase collegiate team-licensed apparel. Direct effect, partially mediated, and fully mediated models were compared. The respondents were students (N =110) attending a large university in the...

Group identity theory suggests that fans of sports teams see themselves as members of an organization, not just consumers of a product. To foster greater loyalty toward a sports team, managers should concentrate on strengthening fans' team identity. One way to accomplish this goal is to recognize that a team identity is more than an association wit...

Within the realm of sport management, team identification, a type of group identity, has been examined as a uni-dimensional construct (Wann & Branscombe, 1993). Research in social psychology, however, has examined group identity as a multi-dimensional concept. The current study examined team identity as a multi-dimensional construct. The TEAM*ID sc...

Marketers have traditionally evaluated products and practices on the basis of whether something could be sold. It is also important to evaluate products and practices from a societal perspective, “Should a product be sold?â€\x9D The first idea reflects a managerial orientation and what must be done to sell a product; the second idea reflects a so...

The Team Brand Association Scale (TBAS), which is intended to measure professional sport team brand associations, was developed through the use of a free-thought listing technique in combination with a confirmatory factor analysis procedure. Information was provided by individuals regarding their favorite sports team, and 11 dimensions underlying p...

Prior research has demonstrated a direct relationship between loyalty and reasons for liking a particular sport team. The current study replicates and extends this line of inquiry by examining the mediating role of attachment, a process by which an individual moves from merely liking a team (attraction) to becoming loyal to a team (allegiance). Dat...

As competition for top athletes intensifies, and as challenges associated with recruitment increase, universities must develop and employ recruiting strategies based upon attributes that student-athletes identify as important to their decision-making process. The study investigates college choice decision attributes of student-athletes, identifies...

Service quality researchers to date have paid scant attention to the issue of the dimensions of service quality. Much of the earlier work accepted the content measured by the SERVQUAL instrument. Following the argument that SERVQUAL only reflects the service delivery process, the study empirically examines the European perspective (i.e. Grönroos' m...

Attitude-related research in the existing sport literature has focused on measurement of the affect component to examine existing attitudes towards sport teams. Recent studies question sole reliance upon affective reactions to assess sport consumers' attitudes towards sport teams. Current thinking conceptualises attitudes as possessing distinct str...

Internal marketing is an important approach for fostering a service- and customer-oriented culture in an organization. A critical component of internal marketing is the provision of internal service quality. While researchers have conducted studies of internal service quality, there has been no general agreement on the measurement of the concept. W...

The current study was a measurement of whether or not females and males were equally likely to report being sport fans, and to identify whether the motives influencing the consumption of women’s college basketball were different than the motives influencing the consumption of men’s college basketball. Fans of women’s basketball and fans of men’s ba...

The Japanese Professional Soccer League (J. League) began in 1993 and was the first professional soccer league in Japan. After an initial period of strong interest, spectator support for the League has declined. The primary purpose of the current study was to develop a means for measuring selected motives influencing the behaviour of J. League spec...

A mail survey was conducted with season ticket holders (N=507) of a new Major League Baseball franchise to ascertain whether consumers felt a psychological connection with the team prior to any direct experience with the team. Three items were used to ascertain respondents' level of psychological connection to the team (a=.74). Reasons for purchasi...

Research on sport spectators and sport fans is examined to develop a model of the psychological connections that individuals experience with sports or sport teams. The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) is introduced. It provides an extended view of sport spectator and sport fan involvement, and outlines general parameters that may mediate the rel...

Using Piaget's (1970) theory of cognitive development, the present study examines when children first begin to demonstrate team loyalty. An interview and testing protocol was administered to children aged 5-6 and 8-9. Preoperational, transitional, and concrete operational children were capable of demonstrating a psychological commitment to a favori...

The purpose of this study was to develop the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) to measure the motivations behind sport spectator consumption behavior. Previous efforts to develop scales to measure spectator motives have demonstrated weaknesses in content, criterion, and construct validity. According, the content validity, criterion vali...

Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Advisor: Jeffrey James, Florida State University, College of Education. Dept. of Sport Management, Recreation Management, and Physical Education. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 169 pages. Thes...

Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Advisor: Jeffrey James, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Sport Management, Recreation Management, and Physical Education. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 26, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 205 pages. Th...

Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Advisor: Jeffrey D. James, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Sport Management, Recreation Management, and Physical Education. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 7, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 265 pages....

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1997. Includes bibliographical references. Photocopy.