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Publications (247)
Wind erosion is a worldwide phenomenon for which several recent studies have shown that the intensity is expected to evolve because of climate and land use changes. Identifying the areas where wind erosion is the most active and its associated drivers may help to define efficient solutions to protect the environment from this hazard. The south of T...
Dust emission by wind erosion is a worldwide phenomenon that threatens sustainable development and population wellness in areas where anthropogenic activities develop. However, uncertainties on the current estimates of dust originating from agricultural activities remain high. This study aims at disentangling the respective roles of meteorology, su...
Solar energy plays an increasing role in Africa to meet the Paris Agreement. But, a massive deployment of variable renewable energy creates a new form of vulnerability associated with unsecured supply. Thus, a sustainable energy transition is not only a question of the amount of infrastructure or installed power capacity; it is about empowering the...
The size distribution of the vertical flux of dust freshly emitted from a wind‐eroded surface was recently shown to depend on the thermal stratification of the surface boundary layer (SBL). These new results question the way dust emission is currently represented in the dust models and emphasize the need to identify the factors controlling the inte...
In southeast Niger, the degradation of the environment led to the reactivation of moving dunes that threatens infrastructure, fields, and river with silting. To stabilize the dune cordon of Namaro, which is heavily cultivated and grazed, anti-erosion devices: living hedges and grassland has been developed. The objectives of this work are then to ch...
Based on a large number of in‐situ measurements performed over a 9‐years period in two Sahelian stations, we investigate the drivers of the dust wet deposition in relation to the meteorological situations and the PM10 (Particulate Matter with diameter lower than 10 μm) surface concentrations. Precipitation associated with cold pools (CP) contribute...
The Sahel is a dust source region where dust emission could be drastically modified in the future due to climatic and land use changes. Based on observations of meteorological parameters and dust concentration for about 1,000 rain events, we investigated the processes leading to dust emission during the rainy season when Mesoscale Convective System...
ContextWind erosion plays a major role in land degradation in semi-arid areas, especially in the Sahel. There, wind erosion is as sensitive to land use and land management as to climate factors. Future land use intensification may increase wind erosion and induce regional land degradation.Objective
We aimed to estimate wind erosion responses to cha...
Termites are key soil bioturbators in tropical ecosystems. Apart from mound nests constructed by some advanced lineages, most of the species use their faeces, oral secretions, debris, or soil aggregates to protect themselves from predators and desiccation when they go out to forage. Although this soil ‘sheeting’ is considered to play a key role in...
This paper presents a new sampling head design and the method used to evaluate it. The elemental composition of aerosols collected by two different sampling devices in a semi-arid region of Tunisia is compared by means of compositional perturbation vectors and biplots. This set of underused mathematical tools belongs to a family of statistics creat...
Estimating accurately dust emission flux during aeolian erosion events is crucial for quantifying the amount of dust in the atmosphere. The rare existing field experiments quantifying such flux were mainly performed using the flux‐gradient (FG) method. Here, we present the first intercomparison of the size‐resolved dust fluxes estimated by both the...
This paper presents a new sampling head design and the method used to evaluate it. The elemental composition of aerosols collected by two different sampling devices in a semi-arid region of Tunisia is compared by means of compositional perturbation vectors and biplots. This set of underused mathematical tools belongs to a family of statistics creat...
Airborne sediment fluxes were measured in southern Tunisia on two experimental plots tilled with a moldboard and a tiller plough, respectively, during five wind erosion events of different intensities. The sediment fluxes were sampled on both plots using a mast equipped with seven sand traps positioned between ≈10 and 120 cm height. The windblown s...
In the semi-arid Sahel region, wet deposition can represent more than half of the total annual deposition and are associated to different rainfall types, from stratiform precipitation to convective systems. Surface parameters such as temperature, wind speed, wind direction as well as rainfall rate can be used to distinguish these situations. We inv...
Based on 10 years of continuous measurements of wind speed, rainfall and PM10 concentrations (i.e., concentrations of the particulate matter having a diameter lower than 10 μm) performed in two Sahelian stations, we examine how wind speed and vegetation interact during the wet season to control the dust concentration when it is due to local dust em...
In spite of their importance for the modeling of the atmospheric cycle of mineral dust, measurements of the intensity and size distribution of the dust emission flux produced by wind erosion in natural conditions remain rare. During the WIND‐O‐V's (WIND erOsion in presence of sparse Vegetation) 2017 experiment, eight major erosion events having occ...
Desert dust is now recognized as a major health hazard. However, there still exists a lack of measurements of desert dust atmospheric loads in regions located in the vicinity of the major desert areas, where a growing part of the world population is living. Dust emission is a sporadic and intense phenomenon so that the classical air quality standar...
In the Sahel, wind erosion increases the vulnerability of sandy soil through the removal of the finest and most fertile fraction of the soil, including nutrients, potentially limiting vegetation development. To provide experimental evidence of the role of different land uses on wind erosion, measurements of horizontal sand fluxes and associated met...
Measuring accurately size‐resolved dust flux near the surface is crucial for better quantifying dust losses by semiarid soils. Dust fluxes have been usually estimated from the flux‐gradient approach, assuming similarity between dust and momentum turbulent transport. This similarity has, however, never been verified. Here we investigate the similari...
Comment, depuis plusieurs décennies, la recherche scientifique contribue-t-elle au développement des pays du Sud ? À travers plus de 100 succès emblématiques de la recherche en partenariat, cet ouvrage nous plonge au coeur des grandes questions de développement : oeuvrer pour des sociétés plus justes, lutter contre les maladies, faire face aux risq...
It is common to distinguish two main types of erosion: natural erosion and accelerated erosion by human action. Erosion can also be classified into mechanical erosion and chemical erosion based on the processes. This chapter focuses on the accelerated and mechanical erosion of continental soils and the main principles of soil conservation. It brief...
Depuis 2006 trois stations de suivi des poussières désertiques, installées dans le cadre du programme AMMA et pérennisées au sein du SNO INDAAF (cf Poster) fournissent la vitesse, la direction du vent et la pluviométrie au pas de temps de 5 mn. Une analyse détaillée de ces données collectées sur 10 années au Mali et au Niger a permis de décrire le...
The semi-arid Sahelian region is particularly prone to wind erosion due to low and variable annual precipitation producing low vegetation cover with a high interannual variability. Surfaces traditionally devoted to livestock grazing are used as croplands, increasing the proportion of bare surface unprotected from wind erosion. Wind erosion could si...
Au Sahel, l'érosion éolienne constitue un facteur important de la dégradation de l'environnement. Elle cause des pertes en terre et réduit la productivité des sols. Ce travail conduit à Banizoumbou (sud-ouest du Niger) vise à quantifier les flux d'érosion éolienne grâce à l'utilisation de pièges à sable de type BSNE entre 2006 et 2014 sur une parce...
Bulk and size-resolved particle concentrations were measured at 2.1 and 6.5 m above the soil surface during an intense dust deposition event that occurred in June 2006 in Niger. Bulk concentration measurements were performed using two tapered element oscillating microbalance instruments, and the size-resolved particle concentrations (from 0.3 to 20...
In the Sahel, under 500 mm of annual rainfall, wind erosion is an important factor leading to the degradation of the environment. It causes soil losses and reduces soil productivity. This work, conducted in the southwestern Niger, aims at quantifying wind erosion fluxes using BSNE sand traps. The study was conducted, from 2006 to 2014, on a plot fi...
Dust size distribution is a critical parameter to understand the interactions of mineral dust with its environment throughout its life cycle [1]. This is why it is important to document this characteristic of mineral dust from emission to deposition, included the atmospheric transport phase. Until recently, because of the limitation of the availabl...
In the Sahel, wind erosion increases the vulnerability of sandy soil by the removal of the finest and most fertile fraction of the soil, including nutrients, which limits vegetation development. The aim of this work is thus to provide experimental evidences of the role of different land uses on wind erosion in order to better quantify their impact...
Wind erosion in semiarid areas is a major threat for the soil productivity as it impoverishes soil in organic matters and nutrients. Compared to desert regions, these regions are characterized by sparse seasonal vegetation that impacts the erosion process. Semiarid areas face two major evolutions that may modify their wind soil erosion in the futur...
Measuring accurately size-resolved dust flux near the surface is crucial for better quantifying dust losses by semi-arid soils. Dust fluxes have been usually estimated from the flux-gradient approach, assuming similarity between dust and momentum turbulent transport. This similarity has, however, never been verified. Here, we investigate the simila...
Assessing accurately the surface friction velocity is a key issue for predicting and quantifying aeolian soil erosion. This is usually done either indirectly from the Law-of-the-Wall (LoW) of the mean wind velocity profile or directly from Eddy-Covariance (EC) of the streamwise and vertical wind velocity fluctuations. However, several recent experi...
Xth International Conference on Aeolian Research
The surface friction velocity (u*0) is a key variable in aeolian soil erosion. u*0 is usually estimated either indirectly from the Law of the Wall (LoW) of the mean wind velocity profile or directly from Eddy Covariance (EC) of the streamwise and vertical wind velocity fluctuations. However, several experiments have reported inconsistency between...
The south of Tunisia is a region very prone to wind erosion. During last decades, changes in soil management have led to an increase in wind erosion. In February 2013, a ground-based station dedicated to the monitoring of mineral dust (that can be seen in this region as a proxy of the erosion of soils by wind) was installed at the Institut des Régi...
Assessing accurately the surface friction velocity is a key issue for predicting and quantifying aeolian soil erosion. This is usually done either indirectly from the law of the wall (LoW) of the mean wind velocity profile or directly from eddy covariance (EC) of the streamwise and vertical wind velocity fluctuations. However, several recent experi...
Wind erosion in semiarid areas is a major threat for the soil productivity as it impoverishes soil in organic matters and nutrients. Compared to desert regions, these regions are characterized by sparse seasonal vegetation that impacts the erosion process. Semiarid areas face two major evolutions that may modify their wind soil erosion in the futur...
Key words dust dry deposition, measurements, test of parameterizations An intense dust deposition event occurred in June 2006 in Niger. It was the consequence of the turn-back of a dust cloud resulting from a large wind erosion event that occurred the day before due to the passage of a mesoscale convective system. Bulk and size resolved particle co...
Wind erosion causes large soil losses on sandy soils as long as they are not covered by vegetation. This is the case on agricultural fields at certain periods of the crop cycle. The efficiency of wind erosion varies according to the soil particles size and thus leads to a size fractionation between soils and windblown sediments. Wind erosion also b...
Au Sahel, l'érosion éolienne cause des pertes en terres et en nutriments. Au Niger méridional, cette orme érosion est une cause majeure de la dégradation de l'environnement. Le paysage de ce milieu est dominé par une juxtaposition de surfaces exploitées sous culture pluviale, et de jachères d'âges différents. L'objectif de ce travail est de quantif...
At south Niger, wind erosion makes soil and nutrients losses and it remains a major factor of environmental degradation. The landscape of this area is dominated by a juxtaposition of bush fallow with different age and millet field. The aim of this work has been to quantify : i) wind erosion flux during 9 years on a plot at first cultivated (2006 to...
Several studies have demonstrated the great range of possibilities offered by remote sensing in identifying, estimating and mapping biological soil crust (BSC) patterns, i.e. a feature recognised to play major functions in drylands. However those techniques are suitable mainly where BSC patterns are abundant (> 30%) and vegetation cover low (< 10%)...
A 10-year data set of wind speed and precipitation recorded in two Sahelian stations located in Niger and Mali is used to investigate the duration and the diurnal and seasonal cycles of high wind speeds and Dust Uplift Potential (DUP). The results indicate that high wind speeds, those greater than the threshold wind velocity required to initiate wi...
In the Sahel, climate change and demographic growth are raising major concerns about the ability of crop yields to support the local population. Agro-pastoral management affects wind erosion (e.g. through crop residue management and tillage practices, which modify surface characteristics), which itself substantially affects the soil fertility, and...
Total and wet mineral dust deposition has been monitored since 2006 at three Sahelian stations in Senegal, Mali and Niger, respectively at the weekly and the event time-scale. Average annual deposited mass fluxes range from 75 to 183 g m-2 yr-1, from West to East. Deposition fluxes exhibit a clear seasonal cycle in Mali and Niger. High wet depositi...
Southern Tunisia is a region very prone to wind erosion because of its soil features, and the development of mechanized agriculture. Moreover, this region is located downwind the Sahara, which is the main source of mineral dust in the world. For these reasons, dust haze is frequently observed in this region. If some authors have already documented...
Dans le Manga (Sud-est du Niger), l'un des effets de la pression anthropique et de la variation climatique se traduit la disparition de la végétation qui a pour principale conséquence la mobilisation du sable dunaire. L'objectif de ce travail est de caractériser l'érosion éolienne au niveau des dunes vives. Spécifiquement, il s'agit de i) mesurer l...
Southern Tunisia is a region very prone to wind erosion because of its soil features, and the development of mechanized agriculture. Moreover, this region is located downwind the Sahara, which is the main source of mineral dust in the world. For these reasons, dust haze is frequently observed in this region. If some authors have already documented...
The south of Tunisia is a region very prone to wind erosion. During the last decades, changes in soil management have led to an increase in wind erosion. In February 2014, a ground-based station dedicated to the monitoring of mineral dust (that can be seen in this region as a proxy of the erosion of soils by wind) was installed at the Institut des...
Simultaneous measurements of saltation, wind speed, and rainfall performed in Niger before, during, and after 18 rain events are used to investigate how rain events affect wind erosion in the Sahel. The results show that the inhibition of saltation is rapid but progressive after the beginning of a rain event. The decrease of sand transport during t...
Au sud-ouest du Niger dans les environs de Niamey, plusieurs milliers de bas fourneaux à usage unique ont été recensés. Une étude archéologique menée sur une trentaine de structures de bas fourneaux et de leurs scories a révélé la présence de quatre procédés de réduction du fer : trois de type scorie piégée et un de type scorie coulée. Les bas four...
L’envasement des cours d’eau est une des graves conséquences des changements climatiques et des fortes pressions anthropiques au Sahel. Des taux de comblement de l’ordre de 2 à 3 cm/an ont été mis en évidence dans ceux de la région de Niamey (Sud-Ouest Niger). Dans ce contexte, ce travail est fait pour déterminer les impacts des variations piézomét...
Simultaneous measurements of saltation, wind speed, and rainfall performed in Niger before, during, and after 18 rain events are used to investigate how rain events affect wind erosion in the Sahel. The results show that the inhibition of saltation is rapid but progressive after the beginning of a rain event. The decrease of sand transport during t...
Quantifying wind erosion and dust emissions in the semi-arid Sahel remains challenging because of the large seasonal and interannual dynamics of surface properties. The increasing conversion of rangelands into croplands raises issues for quantifying wind erosion over these two contrasted surfaces. Whereas wind erosion models have been so far applie...
Les régions arides du sud de la Tunisie sont des zones naturellement très sensibles à l'érosion éolienne. Non seulement les précipitations dans ces régions sont faibles (inférieures à 200 mm), mais les sols sont fins, sableux et peu profonds, c'est-à-dire facilement érodables par le vent. L'utilisation de nouvelles techniques agricoles à la place d...
