Jean-Gabriel Ganascia

• Professor (Full) at Sorbonne University

How do artificial neural networks and other forms of artificial intelligence interfere with methods and practices in the sciences? Which interdisciplinary epistemological challenges arise when we think about the use of AI beyond its dependency on big data? Not only the natural sciences, but also the social sciences and the humanities seem to be inc...

As more and more applications relying on the use and processing of personal data grow, privacy protection is becoming increasingly important. With the enforcement of the GDPR, such applications must guarantee compliance with the obligations set forth. Integrating a compliance checking mechanism with AI methods is helpful to fulfill this requirement...

Rationally understanding the evolution of the physical world is inherently linked with the idea of causality. It follows that agents based on automated planning have inevitably to deal with causality, especially when considering imputability. However, the many debates around causation in the last decades have shown how complex this notion is and th...

Epistemological issues in data science After recalling the singularity of ‟masses of data”, which is not only due to their volume, but also to their evolutivity and variability, we will show that both their accumulation and their exploitation have proved necessary for the major players of the Web and that this is due to three reasons linked to the...

In the context of an aging population, technological tools such as socially assistive robots (SARs) have made their appearance as tools to assist the work practices of care teams in contact with the elderly. We want to show the contribution of user tests in a Living Lab in the process of co-designing such tools. These tests allow both technical pro...

Objectives The objective of our research is to study the social organization within institutions welcoming dependent older adults and the potential impact of introducing a social robot. Materials and methods In a co-design approach with professionals, the observation of behaviors, regulated by social rules and norms, will allow, in a way coherent...

Moral responsibility is closely intermixed with causality, even if it cannot be reduced to it. Besides, rationally understanding the evolution of the physical world is inherently linked with the idea of causality. It follows that decision making applications based on automated planning, especially if they integrate references to ethical norms, have...

Il est désormais possible de détecter automatiquement, avec des techniques inspirées de la détection de plagiats, des fragments textuels évoquant, du fait de leurs ressemblances, des citations ou des réutilisations. Cependant, lorsque la taille des corpus est conséquente, le nombre de similitudes détectées est si grand qu’on s’y perd. De plus, des...

Our goal in this chapter is not to resolve or even attempt to analyze specific ethical issues that arise with AI. Rather, we will survey what we believe are the most important challenges for progress in the ethics of AI. At the present moment, there are many AI applications that are driving the interest in ethics; among them are autonomous vehicles...

This book explores the intertwining domains of artificial intelligence (AI) and ethics—two highly divergent fields which at first seem to have nothing to do with one another. AI is a collection of computational methods for studying human knowledge, learning, and behavior, including by building agents able to know, learn, and behave. Ethics is a bod...

The Covid-19 pandemic affects us all. While we believe that it is essential to maintain ethical oversight on the use of digital technologies, our thoughts above all remain with the people facing hardship, sickness or bereavement, with the caregivers, and with all our fellow citizens who are supporting the whole community in tackling this challenge....

Mardi 7 avril 2020, Le Comité national pilote d'éthique du numérique a été mis en place en décembre 2019 sous l'égide du Comité consultatif national d'éthique (CCNE) à la demande du Premier ministre 1. Il est constitué de 27 personnes d'horizons différents, issues du monde académique, des entreprises ou de la société civile, pour aborder de manière...

We have designed an ontology to index a corpus of digital literature works. We have given this ontology the shape of a memory island, a navigable virtual territory where categories are regions and descriptor places, and where archives of these ephemeral works are made accessible.

Le terme « intelligence artificielle » renvoie au moins à trois choses bien distinctes : une discipline scientifique, les applications de cette discipline, et les craintes de voir une machine prendre son essor de façon indépendante de nous. Nous montrons ici que seules les applications nécessitent d’être contenues et que cela passe par une réflexio...

En précisant que le terme d’autonomie s’entend à la fois en un sens philosophique et en un sens technologique, on conclut que les Systèmes d’armes létaux autonomes (Sala) ne correspondent pas à une véritable révolution technologique, mais que l’intelligence artificielle renforce l’autonomie des opérateurs.

Automatic sleep staging is challenging since several issues need to be addressed. Traditional approaches from literature do not satisfy medical experts since they do not reflect the cognitive process they perform when scoring polysomnographic curves. We propose a new approach that is based on the implementation of medical knowledge by symbolic fusi...

L’intelligence artificielle suscite de nombreux espoirs dans beaucoup de secteurs, et en particulier dans celui de la santé. Cela tient, entre autres, à l’exploitation d’immenses quantités de données avec des techniques d’apprentissage machine, aux processus de décision automatique, à la prolifération des capteurs, à l’interconnexion des objets et...

Pages 22 - 28 is my paper. It describes how we can use an ultra-delayed quantum eraser experiment to figure out when and where the wavefunction collapses.

This paper investigates the use of high-level action languages for designing ethical autonomous agents. It proposes a novel and modular logic-based framework for representing and reasoning over a variety of ethical theories, based on a modified version of the Event Calculus and implemented in Answer Set Programming. The ethical decision-making proc...

This paper presents a novel system for automatic sleep staging based on evolutionary technique and symbolic intelligence. Proposed system mimics decision making process of clinical sleep staging using Symbolic Fusion and considers personal singularity with an adaptive thresholds setting up system using Evolutionary Algorithm. It proved to be an eff...

This work uses computational approaches to study literature. It addresses the question of characterisation in theatrical plays, concentrating on the work of Moliere, and trying to identify distinctive traits in the “voices” of some of the famous characters created by the French playwright. The used technique adopts a syntagmatic approach, targeting...

This chapter discusses the contribution of the reontologization in the field of ethics. The method of abstraction was conceived to formalize the different levels of approximation of representations by referring to the notion of abstraction used in formal methods developed for software validation in computer science. To describe the successive metam...

Edited by: Dominique Legallois, Thierry Charnois, and Meri Larjavaara.

Authorship attribution is the task of identifying the author of a given document. The authorship attribution problem can typically be formulated as follows: given a set of candidate authors for whom samples of written text are available, the task is to assign a text of unknown authorship to one of these candidate authors.

Many Entity Linking systems use collective graph-based methods to disambiguate the entity mentions within a document. Most of them have focused on graph construction and initial weighting of the candidate entities, less attention has been devoted to compare the graph ranking algorithms. In this work, we focus on the graph-based ranking algorithms,...

We present a method called Contextual exploration that enable to focus on a particular point of view in Textual Big Data on Internet and social media. Our approach don't need big calculus such as frequency (recall, precision). It use only little "ontologies" called "linguistic ontologies" that express a part of the knowledge of the language in or...

Full text here: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01527780/document

Le but est de décrire une stratégie de détection, d’extraction et de visualisation des données cibles (c’est-à-dire suivant un point de vue, cf. plus bas), développée dans le cadre du projet « Exploration Contextuelle (EC3) ». Les différents traitements visent des informations dans des textes hétérogènes, multilingues, éparpillés et qui ne sont pas...

Après avoir rappelé ce qu’est la version informatique du trans-humanisme et ses liens à la Singularité technologique, nous développons ici une réflexion sur le futur de l’Humanité, de l’humanisme et des humanités dans le contexte du développement rapide des technologies de l’information. La première partie rappelle les nombreuses annonces publiques...

Knowledge maps are useful tools for managing and sharing the large-scale hierarchical knowledge that have recently started to be widely applied. In this paper, we discuss how knowledge maps can be generated by using Memory Islands. Memory Islands is our work on progress visualization technique, which was inspired by the ancient "Art of Memory". It...

Objectif Développer une nouvelle technique d’analyse automatique des polysomnographies par approche symbolique avec intégration de préférences, pour une meilleure concordance avec la lecture manuelle. Méthodes À partir de tracés de sujets normaux enregistrés plusieurs nuits consécutives, et de tracés de patients, deux experts ont codé les tracés s...

Similes can be expressed not only by using comparatives but also through noun+colour term (CT) adjectives such as “lily-white” or “hearse-black”. This work studies such adjectives in a corpus of British prose fiction from the 19th- and 20th-century in terms of their structure and context of use. More specifically, it seeks to determine how similes...

This article summarizes the recommendations concerning robotics as issued by the Commission for the Ethics of Research in Information Sciences and Technologies (CERNA), the French advisory commission for the ethics of information and communication technology (ICT) research. Robotics has numerous applications in which its role can be overwhelming an...

Deep learning, réseaux de neurones, apprentissage supervisé, apprentissage non supervisé, apprentissage par renforcement… En quoi ces termes renvoient-ils à ce que l'on nomme intelligence artificielle ? Pour bien comprendre la signification de ces termes, il faut se référer à l'histoire de leur apparition qui advint très tôt, au XX e siècle, dans l...

Sleep staging is a fundamental step in diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders. In current sleep staging systems, normally a set of thresholds should be set up to determine the boundaries in differentiating different linguistic or symbolic features. However, as far as we know, there are no fully satisfying automatic method to do this task. Thres...

Scoring sleep stages can be considered as a classification problem. Once the whole recording segmented into 30-seconds epochs, features, extracted from raw signals, are typically injected into machine learning algorithms in order to build a model able to assign a sleep stage, trying to mimic what experts have done on the training set. Such approach...

This paper proposes a graph-based Named Entity Linking (NEL) algorithm named REDEN for the disambiguation of authors’ names in French literary criticism texts and scientific essays from the 19th and early 20th centuries. The algorithm is described and evaluated according to the two phases of NEL as reported in current state of the art, namely, cand...

In a participatory perspective, new tools are required to share the contents and results in the scientific community in general, and in the DH community in particular. Furthermore, the users of corpora are waiting for tools that help them to understand, to seek information and to memorize. In this paper, we show how to use Memory Island (MI) techni...

In this paper, a personalized sleep staging system is proposed by combining symbolic intelligence and feedback system control technique. Symbolic Fusion is dedicated to mimic decision-making process of clinical sleep staging. It starts from extraction of digital parameters from raw polysomnography (PSG) signals and goes up-to high level symbolic in...

Polysomnography is the gold standard test for sleep disorders among which the Sleep Apnea Syndrome (SAS) is considered a public health issue because of the increase of the cardio-and cerebro-vascular risk it is associated with. However, the reliability of this test is questioned since sleep scoring is a time-consuming task performed by medical expe...

Polysomnography is the gold standard test for sleep disorders among which the Sleep Apnea Syndrome (SAS) is considered a public health issue because of the increase of the cardio-and cerebro-vascular risk it is associated with. However, the reliability of this test is questioned since sleep scoring is a time-consuming task performed by medical expe...

Scoring sleep stages can be considered as a classification problem. Once the whole recording segmented into 30-seconds epochs, features, extracted from raw signals, are typically injected into machine learning algorithms in order to build a model able to assign a sleep stage, trying to mimic what experts have done on the training set. Such approach...

With the rapid extension of clinical data and knowledge, decision making becomes a complex task for manual sleep staging. In this process, there is a need for integrating and analyzing information from heterogeneous data sources with high accuracy. This paper proposes a novel decision support algorithm—Symbolic Fusion for sleep staging application....