Jay Hertel

Jay Hertel
University of Virginia | UVa · Curry School of Education

About

431
Publications
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Publications

Publications (431)
Article
Full-text available
Supervised machine learning (ML) offers an exciting suite of algorithms that could benefit research in sport science. In principle, supervised ML approaches were designed for pure prediction, as opposed to explanation, leading to a rise in powerful, but opaque, algorithms. Recently, two subdomains of ML–explainable ML, which allows us to “peek into...
Article
Curtis, M, Kupperman, N, Westbrook, J, Weltman, AL, Hart, J, and Hertel, J. Neuromuscular performance and the intensity of external training load during the preseason in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I men's collegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-The aim of the study was to determine whether acut...
Article
Context: The strength and size of intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) are important components in the evaluation and rehabilitation of individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), as the IFMs aid in stabilization and function. However, there are a lack of clinically relevant methods to measure IFM strength. The purpose of this study is to discover ho...
Article
Full-text available
Background Lateral ankle sprains account for a large proportion of musculoskeletal injuries among civilians and military service members, with up to 40% of patients developing chronic ankle instability (CAI). Although foot function is compromised in patients with CAI, these impairments are not routinely addressed by current standard of care (SOC) r...
Article
Background: Reduced gravity treadmills have become increasingly prevalent in clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of manipulated levels of bodyweight during reduced gravity treadmill running on sensor-derived spatiotemporal, kinematic, and kinetic measures. Hypotheses: Reduced gravity conditions would result i...
Article
Running-related injuries are prevalent among competitive runners. In a previous prospective descriptive assessment of in situ running biomechanics in collegiate cross-country athletes, a subset of athletes developed repetitive stress lower extremity injuries during study participation. The purpose of this preliminary, observational study was to ass...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives To assess the effects of a 4-week randomised controlled trial comparing an outdoor gait-training programme to reduce contact time in conjunction with home exercises (contact time gait-training feedback with home exercises (FBHE)) to home exercises (HEs) alone for runners with exercise-related lower leg pain on sensor-derived biomechanics...
Article
Context: To investigate the effects of midfoot joint mobilization and a 1-week home exercise program, compared with a sham intervention, and home exercise program on pain, patient-reported outcomes, ankle-foot joint mobility, and neuromotor function in young adults with chronic ankle instability. Design: Crossover clinical trial. Methods: Twen...
Article
Objective To critically assess the literature focused on strength training of the intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) and resulting improvements in foot function. Data Sources A search of electronic databases PubMed, CINHAL, Scopus, and SPORT Discus was completed between January 2000 to March 2022. Study Selection Randomized control trials (RCTs) with a...
Article
Objective: Injury epidemiology and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) have not been researched in baton twirlers. This cross-sectional study described time-loss injuries sustained by competitive collegiate baton twirlers, identified the relationship between training volume and injuries, and established injury impact on HRQOL. Methods: An onl...
Article
Background and Purpose: Despite its growing popularity since the mid-1900s, the application procedures and factors influencing the usage of cupping therapy among healthcare professionals in the United States remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical usage, application procedures, and perceived effectivene...
Article
Objectives To prospectively monitor biomechanics, session-rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), and wellness in a cohort of collegiate Division-1 cross-country athletes over the course of a single competitive season. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Healthy Division-1 cross-country athletes (9 males, 13 females) were prospectively followed...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to compare running behaviors, motives, and injury during the first full year of the pandemic compared to the year prior, and month of eased restrictions. 466 runners responded to this follow-up survey. Paired t-tests were used to compare timepoints. Logistic regressions were used to assess demographic influences on beh...
Article
Objective To identify if any differences exist in IFM size and quality in single leg weight bearing position between healthy and PFP participants based on foot posture. Design Cross-sectional, matched case-comparison study Setting University Laboratory Setting Participants 35 PFP (age:20.46 ± 3.79yrs, mass:73.28 ± 26.58 kg, height:170.80 ± 11.91...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a complex clinical entity that commonly includes ankle-foot impairment. Objective To investigate the effects of midfoot joint mobilizations and a one-week home exercise program (HEP) compared to a sham intervention and HEP on pain, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), ankle-foot joint mobility, and neurom...
Article
Context: Ankle positioning gait biofeedback (GBF) has improved ankle inversion for patients with chronic ankle instability. However, the effects on proximal deficits remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of impairment-based rehabilitation with GBF and without biofeedback on gluteal activity during walking in patien...
Article
Limited evidence exists comparing running biomechanics between individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and those who fully recover (copers). The purpose of this study was to simultaneously analyse running gait kinematics, kinetics, and surface electromyography (sEMG) between ankle sprain copers and individuals with CAI. Twenty-six (13 CAI,...
Article
Full-text available
The purpose of this paper was to quantify internal and external loads completed by collegiate volleyball athletes during a competitive season. Eleven players were sampled (using accelerometers and subjective wellness surveys) during the practice (n = 55) and game (n = 30) sessions over the 2019 season. Longitudinal data were evaluated for trends ac...
Article
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Exercise-related lower leg pain (ERLLP) is one of the most prevalent running-related injuries, however little is known about injured runners’ mechanics during outdoor running. Establishing biomechanical alterations among ERLLP runners would help guide clinical interventions. Therefore, we sought to a) identify defining biomechanical features among...
Article
Context: Tibial nerve impairment and reduced plantarflexion, hallux flexion, and lesser toe flexion strength have been observed in individuals with recent lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Diminished plantar intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs) size and contraction are a likely consequence. Objectives: To assess the effect...
Article
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients often present with centrally-mediated neuromuscular adaptations. Gluteal thickness measures derived from ultrasound imaging (USI) have been correlated to hip biomechanical measures during walking among healthy individuals, however these relationships remain unexplored among CAI patients. The purpose of this...
Preprint
Full-text available
Context: Medial plantar pain is a complex and multifactorial condition experienced by some distance runners, which makes etiological differentiation and diagnosis challenging. Objective: To assess plantar sensation, pain perception and sensitivity, intrinsic foot strength, and foot morphology before and after a 9.7 km run in long-distance runners w...
Article
Full-text available
The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced activity behaviors worldwide. Given the accessibility of running as exercise, gaining information on running behaviors, motivations, and running-related injury (RRI) risk during the pandemic is warranted. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on running volume, behaviors,...
Article
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with kinematic changes in the lower extremity. Alterations in joint-coupling have been identified during gait in patients with CAI. Rehabilitation remains the gold-standard for clinical treatment of CAI but little is known on the effects of rehabilitation on joint-coupling variability. Wearable destabil...
Article
Context: Ankle sprains common occurrences in athletic and general populations. High volumes of ankle sprains elevate the clinical burden on Athletic Trainers (AT). While there is a position statement from the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) regarding the treatment and management of ankle sprains, there may be factors impacting an AT...
Article
Context: Sport-related concussion (SRC) is characterized by a pathological neurometabolic cascade that results in an increased intracranial energy demand with decreased energy supply. Little is known about the whole-body energy-related effects of SRC. Objective: To examine factors associated with whole-body resting metabolic rate (RMR), total en...
Article
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Context: Athlete monitoring using wearable technology is often incorporated with soccer athletes. While evaluations have tracked global outcomes across soccer seasons, there is little information on athlete loads during individual practice drills. Understanding these demands is important for athletic trainers for return-to-play decision-making. O...
Article
Background Corticospinal adaptations have been observed following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction around the time of returning to activity. These measures have been related to quadriceps strength deficits. Visuomotor therapy, combining motor control tasks with visual biofeedback, has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability. The...
Article
Full-text available
Context Exercise-related lower leg pain (ERLLP) is common in runners. Objective To compare biomechanical (kinematic, kinetic, and spatiotemporal) measures obtained from wearable sensors as well as lower extremity alignment, range of motion, and strength during running between runners with and those without ERLLP. Design Case-control study. Setti...
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Full-text available
Wearable sensors are capable of capturing foot-strike positioning, which lends insight into landing biomechanics during running. The purpose of our study was to assess the relationship between foot-strike categorization and foot-strike angle during running to validate the sensor-derived foot-strike outcome. Twenty collegiate cross-country athletes...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Recent research has focused on the epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among high school and professional baseball players. Shoulder and elbow injury data has not been comprehensively reported among college baseball student-athletes. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe shoulder and elbow injury rates and their c...
Article
Full-text available
Our purpose was to analyze the effects of 4-weeks of visual gait biofeedback (GBF) and impairment-based rehabilitation on gait biomechanics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Twenty-seven individuals with CAI participated in this randomized controlled trial (14 received no biofeedback (NBF), 13...
Article
Context: Many individuals who suffer a lateral ankle sprain will develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Individuals with CAI demonstrate kinematic differences in walking gait, as well as somatosensory alterations compared with healthy individuals. However, the role of vision during walking gait in this population remains unclear. Objective: To...
Preprint
Full-text available
Objectives: To assess the effects of ankle injury status on intrinsic foot muscle (IFM) size at rest and during contraction in young adults with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Foot Posture Index (FPI), Foot Mobility Magnitude (FMM), and ultrasonographic cross-sectional area of the a...
Article
Objective: To measure alterations in mood, psychological, and behavioral factors in collegiate athletes throughout recovery from sport concussion (SC) compared with matched controls. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Twenty (55% female) division I collegiate athletes with SC (19.3 ± 1.08 years old, 1.77 ± 0.11 m, 79.6 ± 23...
Article
Study Design Descriptive Laboratory Objectives To assess change in foot morphology across loading using innovative, clinically accessible 3-dimesional composite measurements of surface area (SA), volume (V), and SA:V ratio in recreationally-active young adults. Methods The feet of 53 female [mean age:20.7 ± 3.8 years, BMI:23.9 ± 4.2 kg m⁻², foot...
Article
PURPOSE: Wearable sensors are capable of measuring biomechanical running outcomes, and of particular importance is the capacity to assess foot strike types as these outcomes have been linked to lower extremity injury risk. Traditional gait analyses have determined a strong relationship between ankle angle at initial contact and foot strike. However...
Article
Objective To determine effects of 4-weeks of impairment-based rehabilitation on lower extremity neuromechanics during jump-landing. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Participants Twenty-six CAI subjects (age=21.4±3.1 sex=(M=7,F=19), height=169.0±8.8cm, weight=71.0±13.8kg) completed 15 jump-landing trials prior to and following 12 supervised re...
Preprint
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced activity behaviors worldwide. Given the accessibility of running as exercise, gaining information on running behaviors, motivations, and running-related injury (RRI) risk during the pandemic is warranted. Purpose: To assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on running volume, behaviors, motives,...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced activity behaviors worldwide. Given the accessibility of running as exercise, gaining information on running behaviors, motivations, and running-related injury (RRI) risk during the pandemic is warranted. Purpose: To assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on running volume, behaviors, motives...
Article
Objective To compare the clinical utility of a novel dual-task assessment for sport-related concussion (SRC) to other commonly-used clinical measures in collegiate athletes. Method Participants consisted of 38 collegiate athletes (19 concussed and 19 matched comparisons, 53% male, age = 20.0 ± 1.34 years, height = 178.2 ± 12.12 cm, mass = 83.4 ± 2...
Article
Background Sport concussion (SC) causes an energy crisis in the brain by increasing energy demand, decreasing energy supply, and altering metabolic resources. Whole-body resting metabolic rate (RMR) is elevated after more severe brain injuries, but RMR changes are unknown after SC. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally examine energy-rela...
Article
Context Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is one of the most prevalent knee conditions observed in women. Current research suggests that individuals with PFP have altered muscle activity, kinematics, and kinetics during functional tasks. However, few authors have examined differences in lower extremity biomechanics in this population during the drop–vertic...
Article
Treadmill running analyses cannot adequately replicate outdoor running demands, and wearable sensors offer a means to overcome this clinical limitation. The purpose of this report is to describe five individual runners’ biomechanical outcomes during hill and track intervals, stroller running, and 5- and 21-K races using wearable sensors. Step rates...
Article
Background: Midfoot joint impairment is likely following lateral ankle sprain (LAS) that may benefit from mobilization. Objective: To investigate the effects of midfoot joint mobilizations and a one-week home exercise program (HEP) compared to a sham intervention and HEP on pain, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), ankle-foot joint mobility, and n...
Article
Ultrasound imaging (USI) of muscle thickness offers different insights into musculoskeletal function than kinematics, kinetics, and surface electromyography (sEMG), however it is unknown how USI-derived measures correlate to traditional measures during walking. The purpose of this study was to compare USI-derived gluteus maximus (GMAX) and medius (...
Article
Context Increased frontal-plane knee motion during functional tasks, or medial knee displacement, is a predictor of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral pain. Intervention studies that resulted in a reduced risk of knee injury included some form of feedback to address aberrant lower extremity movement patterns. Research o...
Article
Background: Patients with chronic ankle instability often present with altered gait mechanics compared to ankle sprain copers. There is increasing evidence to suggest proximal neuromuscular alterations contribute to the injury etiology, however little is known about how these changes manifest during gait. The purpose of this study was to investiga...
Article
Introduction: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is known to induce impairments throughout the lower quarter kinetic chain, however there is currently no synthesized information on proximal adaptations of the trunk, hip, thigh, and knee for neuromuscular and biomechanical outcomes during strength, balance, jumping, and gait among CAI patients. The pu...
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Full-text available
Context: Individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) demonstrate altered postural stability and functional movement patterns. It is hypothesized that individuals following ACLR may compensate with sensory adaptations with greater reliance on visual mechanisms during activities. It is unknown if visual compensatory strate...
Article
Full-text available
Context Impairments in dynamic postural control and gluteal muscle activation have been associated with the development of symptoms related to long-term injury, which are characteristic of chronic ankle instability (CAI). Ultrasound imaging (USI) provides a visual means to explore muscle thickness throughout movement; however, USI functional activa...
Article
Context: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a challenging condition, with altered kinematics and muscle activity as 2 common impairments. Single applications of patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) have improved both kinematics and muscle activity in females with PFP; however, the use of PENS in conjunction with a rehabilitation program...
Article
Objective: The necessity for pre-injury baseline computerized neurocognitive assessments versus comparing post-concussion outcomes to manufacturer-provided normative data is unclear. Manufacturer-provided norms may not be equivalent to institution-specific norms, which poses risks for misclassifying the presence of impairment when comparing indivi...
Article
Background: Osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been linked with changes in gait. Individuals with reconstruction demonstrate gait changes after exercise, however there is no information on altered gait after exercise based on sex. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of sex on changes in running...
Article
Objective: To evaluate biomechanical measures in runners with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) using wearable sensors during two 1600 m track runs at a slow- and fast-pace. Design: Observational case-control. Setting: Field. Participants: 18 recreational runners (CAI: n = 9; Healthy: n = 9) with rearfoot strike patterns. Main out...
Article
Context: Patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) and functional performance tests are recommended in the National Athletic Trainers' Association's position statement on the prevention and management of ankle sprains during the return-to-play process. Evaluating perceived confidence may be another valuable method to evaluate an athlete's readiness...
Article
Context: Many clinicians measure lower-extremity symmetry after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, testing is completed in a rested state rather than postexercise. Testing postexercise may better model conditions under which injury occurs. Objective: To compare changes in single-leg performance in healthy and individuals...
Article
Context Individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprains (LASs) have ankle and hip neuromuscular changes compared with those who do not have a history of LAS. Objective To compare gluteus maximus (GMax), gluteus medius (GMed), and fibularis longus and brevis muscle activation using ultrasound imaging during tabletop exercises and lateral resist...
Presentation
Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients often present with altered gait mechanics compared to ankle sprain copers. There is increasing evidence to suggest proximal alterations contribute to the lasting impairments uniquely associated with CAI, however less is known about the influence of gluteal muscle function during gait. Ultrasound...
Article
1st MTP arthrodesis often alleviates pain in osteoarthritis of hallux, long term outcomes vary, yet there is little known about potentially modifiable changes in the small muscles of the foot and hallux. This study was performed to determine the changes in the size of the Intrinsic Foot Muscles (IFMs) after the arthrodesis of the 1st metatarsophala...
Article
Objectives: To examine the immediate effects of prolonged patellar tendon vibration on quadriceps strength in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed (ACLR) knees with bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) grafts and non-BTB grafts, and healthy control knees. Design: Pretest-posttest design. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Young adult particip...
Article
Background: Individuals with CAI have demonstrated a more inverted foot position during walking when compared to a healthy control group. Copers are individuals who have had an ankle sprain but learn to cope and return to pre-injury levels of function and may be a better comparison group than healthy controls because they have had the same initial...
Article
Full-text available
Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are among the most common injuries incurred during participation in sport and physical activity, and it is estimated that up to 40% of individuals who experience a first-time LAS will develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). Chronic ankle instability is characterized by a patient's being more than 12 months removed from...
Presentation
Abstract: Context: Laboratory gait analyses are frequently used to quantify running mechanics, however treadmill-based analyses cannot effectively mimic outdoor training and racing demands. Wearable sensors offer a means to transcend laboratory settings using lightweight technology capable of measuring bio- mechanics in natural environments. Method...
Article
Background Altered gait mechanics are frequently reported in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), and increasing information suggests proximal muscle adaptations occur in this population. Ultrasound imaging (USI) offers a visual means to evaluate muscle activity during movement, and overcomes limitations of electromyography (EMG) to de...
Presentation
Full-text available
Back Pain (LBP) is a prevalent pathology shown to impact activities of daily living, with specifi c insuffi ciencies in dynamic activities requiring postural control. Muscles of the lumbopelvic hip complex have been shown to have altered activation patterns in patients with LBP, however less is known on the role of the gluteal muscles in dynamic ba...
Presentation
Abstract Altered gait mechanics are frequently reported in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), and increasing information suggests proximal muscle adaptations occur in this population. Ultrasound imaging (USI) offers a visual means to evaluate muscle activation during movement, and overcomes limitations of electromyography to detect h...
Article
Background: Individuals with lateral ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability have impaired postural control and altered motor strategies during walking. However, little is known regarding foot mechanics during gait. The purpose of this study was to compare three-dimensional multisegmented ankle-foot kinematics during stance phase following gait...
Article
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of ankle taping, bracing, and fibular reposition taping (FRT) on running biomechanics as measured with wearable sensors. Approach: A crossover study design was employed as 12 young adults (6 males, 6 females) with history of ankle sprain completed four 400m runs at self-selected pace on an outdoor track. One of...
Article
Ultrasound imaging has been used to assess muscle function of deeper muscles and to compare individuals with and without low back pain. These measures may be influenced by numerous factors requiring normalization for these comparisons. The purpose of this study was to assess anthropometric normalization variables with muscle thickness of the transv...
Article
Running biomechanics research has traditionally occurred in the laboratory, but with the advent of wearable sensors measurement of running biomechanics may shift outside the laboratory. The purpose was to determine if RunScribe™ wearable sensors could detect differences in kinematic, kinetic and spatiotemporal measures during runs at two speeds and...
Article
Full-text available
Context: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a chronic condition that presents with lower extremity muscle weakness, decreased flexibility, subjective functional limitations, pain, and decreased physical activity. Patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) has been shown to affect muscle activation and pain after a single treatment, but its us...
Article
Context:: Reduced spinal stabilization, delayed onset of muscle activation, and increased knee joint stiffness have been reported in individuals with a history of low back pain (LBP). Biomechanical adaptations resulting from LBP may increase the risk for future injury due to suboptimal loading of the lower extremity or lumbar spine. Assessing land...
Article
Full-text available
Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls' and women's basketball injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in...
Article
Full-text available
Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of boys' and men's basketball injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in hig...
Article
Lateral ankle sprain injury is the most common musculoskeletal injury incurred by individuals who participate in sports and recreational physical activities. Following initial injury, a high proportion of individuals develop long-term injury-associated symptoms and chronic ankle instability. The development of chronic ankle instability is consequen...
Article
A healthy 19-year-old male college student (height = 177.8 cm, mass = 64.3 kg, body mass index = 20.3 kg/m2, Foot Posture Index = -1) participating in a study sustained a grade 2 inversion lateral ankle sprain 3 days after completing patient-reported outcome measures. A treatment protocol including therapeutic exercises and midfoot mobilizations wa...
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Background: Running biomechanics have traditionally been analyzed in laboratory settings, but this may not reflect natural running gait. Wearable sensors may offer an alternative. Methods: A concurrent validation study to determine agreement between the RunScribe<sup>TM</sup> wearable sensor (triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope) and the 3D moti...
Article
Purpose: To investigate the clinical measures of foot posture and morphology, multisegmented joint motion and play, strength, and dynamic balance in recreationally active young adults with and without a history of a lateral ankle sprain (LAS), copers, and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Eighty recreationally active individuals (healthy...
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Full-text available
Context: Injury-prediction models have identified trunk muscle function as an identifiable factor for future injury. A history of low back pain (HxLBP) may also place athletes at increased risk for future low back pain. Reduced muscle thickness of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) has been reported among populations with c...