Jasone Cenoz

Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea | UPV/EHU · Research Methods in Education

Language is on display all around us, all the time, and the study of this linguistic landscape is one of the fastest-growing areas of research in applied linguistics. This book provides an overview of how the field of Linguistic Landscape Studies has emerged and developed over the past 20 years, combined with an in-depth exploration of the theoreti...

Third language acquisition in educational contexts is nowadays expanding in monolingual and multilingual contexts. One reason is the mobility of the population that results in an increasing number of home languages that are different from the school languages. Another reason is the spread of the teaching of English as a third language in multilingu...

This chapter reviews the literature within the sub-field of linguistic landscapes within urban spaces by showing examples from global cities. A major focus of this chapter is on the city of Donostia-San Sebastián in the Basque Country in Spain, which has witnessed multilingual developments within its public signage over the last 35 years. The chapt...

Translanguaging has its origin in Welsh bilingual education and it refers to a pedagogical practice which alternates the languages of the input and the output in the same lesson. Pedagogical translanguaging is closely related to the original approach to translanguaging but goes beyond the practice of language alternation. Pedagogical translanguagin...

Pedagogical translanguaging refers to the use of different planned strategies based on activating students’ resources from their whole linguistic repertoire . The aim of this article is to examine the theoretical foundations of pedagogical translanguaging and its application in the classroom. The core characteristics of pedagogical translanguaging...

The concept of translanguaging is widely used in studies on multilingualism and language learning nowadays and it is important to distinguish between spontaneous translanguaging and pedagogical translanguaging. Spontaneous translanguaging refers to the discursive practices of multilingual speakers that have not been planned by the teacher and which...

Learning through the medium of a second or additional language is becoming very common in different parts of the world because of the increasing use of English as the language of instruction and the mobility of populations. This situation demands a specific approach that considers multilingualism as its core. Pedagogical translanguaging is a theore...

In this article we explore the role of linguistic landscapes, which refers to language on display in public spaces, in the teaching of languages and enhancing language awareness. Signage can be useful for language learners as a pedagogical tool for language acquisition and to explore issues of multilingualism. We focus in particular on the multilin...

A basic distinction can be made between, on one hand, the study of the display of signs in what has been referred to as the ‘schoolscape’ and, on the other hand, the use of linguistic materials from signage as a pedagogical tool (Gorter, 2018). In this book, we see the results of studies that show how texts and images in educational spaces provide...

This article is on pedagogical translanguaging, understood as planned instructional strategies used with a pedagogical purpose in a multilingual educational context. The paper reports a study on cognate identification and cognate awareness carried out in a multilingual primary school. The study aims at analyzing whether the identification of cognat...

Although the core element in CLIL and immersion programmes is the integration of content and language, it is challenging to achieve a balance between the two to meet the dual-objective of CLIL. Research on the beliefs teachers have about CLIL and the way they understand the role of content and language in their classes is crucial to achieve that ba...

English medium education at university level is widely used in different contexts and it poses a challenge for students who are not used to studying through the medium of English. This study was carried out in a university in the Basque Country in Spain and it focuses on a course where students who are mostly Basque–Spanish bilinguals are taught th...

This paper focuses on language ideologies in relation to identity in Basque secondary education, in a context where the teaching of a minority language is part of the curriculum. More precisely, it addresses the views held by teachers and immigrant students in relation to Basque, which is a minority language in the Basque Country. The aim is to ana...

This article reports on a study of primary and secondary school teachers in Basque schools where Basque, Spanish and English are included in the curriculum. Traditionally, the three languages have been taught separately and the possible benefits of using the whole linguistic repertoire to establish links between the languages had not been acknowled...

Teaching English has traditionally been associated with a monolingual bias and the exclusive use of English in the classroom is highly recommended in different countries. Nowadays English is widely used to teach academic content and this strict separation of languages can be problematic because it prevents students from using resources they have pr...

Teaching English has traditionally been associated with a monolingual bias and the exclusive use of English in the classroom is highly recommended in different countries. Nowadays English is widely used to teach academic content and this strict separation of languages can be problematic because it prevents students from using resources they have pr...

Adequately responding to linguistic diversity in the classroom is imperative in European school contexts, not least because of current migratory movements. This article presents the results of an intervention study with primary school English‐foreign‐language learners in Germany (N = 42, Mage = 8.70 years) from linguistically diverse backgrounds, w...

This article focuses on the development of morphological awareness in English as a third language. It analyses how the activation of previous linguistic knowledge can influence morphological awareness. Participants were 104 primary school students who were learning English as a third language and were already fluent in two other languages, Basque a...

Tradicionalmente el aprendizaje de lenguas adicionales se ha caracterizado por la insistencia en la utilización exclusiva de la lengua meta en el aula. Esta tradición es cuestionada por el enfoque multilingüe, que promueve la utilización de los recursos lingüísticos del alumnado. Este enfoque se ha aplicado con éxito en una intervención didáctica q...

Our video with some of our ideas about multilingualism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vg8i2UHAf8s The ‘Donostia Research group on Education and Multilingualism' (DREAM) of the UPV/EHU conducts research on multilingualism in educational settings. www.ehu.eus/multilingualism

This is a video on pedagogical translanguaging understood as the use of “pedagogical strategies to learn languages based on the learners’ whole linguistic repertoire” (Cenoz & Gorter, 2017: 314)

The article From bilingualism to multilingualism in the workplace: the case of the Basque Autonomous Community, written by Karin van der Worp, Jasone Cenoz, Durk Gorter, was originally published Online First without open access.

Several studies on multilingualism in the workplace have emphasized the role of English as a lingua franca. Other studies have paid attention to the interaction between English and local languages in workplaces where global orientations and local languages co-occur. The present study focuses on internationally oriented workplaces in the bilingual B...

Translanguaging is the umbrella term that embraces a wide variety of theoretical and practical examples of fluid use of languages breaking with strict separation ideology both outside and inside school. Cenoz and Gorter (2017) proposed Pedagogical Translanguaging to refer to “instructional strategies that integrate two or more languages” going beyo...

Artikulu honetan, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoan H1 gaztelania duten hiztunen euskararekiko komunikazio-antsietateari buruzko ikerketa bat aurkezten da. Artikuluaren xedea da euskara bigarren hizkuntza duten hiztun helduen hizkuntza horrekiko antsietatearen inguruan sakontzea. Ikerketa honetan 346 subjektuk parte hartu zuten, eta eskolatuak izan ziren...

In this article we discuss the outcomes of a study into the languages of the workplace of internationally operating companies. Our aim is to contribute to studies of multilingualism in the workplace by adopting a holistic approach that focuses on several languages and relates the competences and attitudes of multilingual professionals to the repert...

Multilingualism is widespread in the world today and English is, in many cases, one of the languages in the multilingual speaker's repertoire. English as a lingua franca (ELF) is used by multilingual speakers who can also communicate in other languages and use their multilingual and multicultural resources in creative ways. This paper aims at explo...

The aim of this article is to focus on university students’ attitudes towards English and their anxieties concerning the use of English in the Basque Country, a multilingual context where exposure to English is limited but internationalisation is an important aim. Participants were 360 undergraduate university students of business (N = 180) and edu...

Learning two or more languages at school is quite common all over Europe, but languages are often isolated from each other. This pedagogical practice is in contrast to the way multilingual speakers use their whole linguistic repertoire when communicating in social contexts. These multilingual solitudes are challenged when translanguaging pedagogies...

This article looks at translanguaging and its development and summarizes the articles in this special issue. The difference between code-switching and translanguaging is explained as related to an emerging paradigm in the study of bilingualism and multilingualism. This paradigm implies a holistic conceptualization and a new vision of languages, spe...

This chapter looks at the development of language awareness within the context of multilingual education by focusing on translanguaging as a pedagogical tool. The origin of translanguaging in the context of Welsh-English bilingual education is discussed as well as its spread to other contexts. The focus of the article is on the use of translanguagi...

Research on CLIL has focused on the most common programs, those with English as the medium of instruction. CLIL programs provide a very interesting educational situation and can be analyzed from different angles. So far most research on European CLIL programs has been carried out by applied linguists and has received the influence of theories and m...

Traditionally, languages have been separated from each other in the school curriculum and there has been little consideration for resources that learners possess as emergent multilinguals. This policy is aimed at the protection of minority languages and has sought to avoid cross-linguistic influence and codeswitching. However, these ideas have been...

The present paper reports a study on communicative anxiety of two groups of adult users. The paper aims at exploring the communicative anxiety of multilingual speakers and at analysing the communicative anxiety in second and third languages. This study includes 532 participants who were divided in two groups according their L1. One group of partici...

In this chapter, an overview will be provided of the recently emerged field of linguistic landscape studies. Even if this topic has its origins dating back over 40 years, its major development has taken place during the last 10 years. A number of edited books bring together major contributions to the field. Researchers from all over the world have...

In this article, we establish direct links between language policy on the one hand and assessment in multilingual contexts on the other hand. We illustrate the bi-directional relationship with the examples of the USA, Canada, and the Basque Country. That comparison is placed in the context of the changing views about the use of languages in educati...

This study focuses on computer mediated communication (CMC) in instant messaging using the Basque language in a context where exposure to English is very limited outside the classroom. This context provides an opportunity to analyze the universality of linguistic features identified in CMC in English. The corpus consists of 54 naturalistic dyadic c...

In this paper we explain a study that is part of a larger research project to develop primary school students’ communicative and academic competences in Basque, Spanish and English. The current study aims to analyse the development of students’ metalinguistic awareness while they explicitly learn translanguaging strategies for this purpose. The int...

The present study focuses on the link between three factors, proficiency, language certificates and bilingualism, and levels of communicative anxiety in the third language (English) in two groups of adult users, university students and young professionals. The first group consisted of 217 university students who were enrolled at the University of t...

In this article we analyze teachers’ beliefs about learning different languages in multilingual education, which include forms of immersion in the minority and the majority languages. In this study interviews were held with 51 primary school teachers from the Basque Country (Spain), and Friesland (The Netherlands). In both regions three languages a...

Available as full-text here: ............... .................. https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/ll.1.1-2.04gor/fulltext ......................... QUOTE: "Gorter and Cenoz (2015) explore these points in much detail in their seminal article and take it even further by connecting multilingual practices in the LL of Donostia-San Sebastian in S...

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the theoretical and methodological underpinnings that provide the basis for an understanding of Content-Based Instruction/Content and Language Integrated Learning (CBI/CLIL) in the field and its relevance in education in the twenty-first century. It is argued that the agenda of CBI/CLIL needs to move towards i...

This article looks at the characteristics of Content-Based Instruction (CBI) and Content land Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in order to examine their similarities and differences. The analysis shows that CBI/CLIL programmes share the same essential properties and are not pedagogically different from each other. In fact, the use of an L2 as th...

This cutting edge volume explores holistic trends in multilingualism, analysing the processes of both 'becoming multilingual' and 'being multilingual'. Multilingualism has increased in recent years due to globalisation, transnational mobility and the spread of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). This volume explores some of the trends...

This chapter looks at the development of language awareness within the context of multilingual education by focusing on translanguaging as a pedagogical tool. The origin of translanguaging in the context of Welsh-English bilingual education is discussed as well as its spread to other contexts. The focus of the article is on the use of translanguagi...

In this chapter, an overview will be provided of the recently emerged field of linguistic landscape studies. Even if this topic has its origins dating back over 40 years, its major development has taken place during the last 10 years. A number of edited books bring together major contributions to the field. Researchers from all over the world have...

“Focus on Multilingualism” is a holistic approach to the study of multilingualism in educational contexts. This approach can be characterized by focusing on the following three elements: the multilingual speaker, the whole linguistic repertoire and the context. Multilingual speakers use languages as a resource to communicate successfully and to dev...

This introductory chapter discusses the relevance of the focus on minority languages in multilingual education from different perspectives. It argues that minority languages, although they have a strong local dimension also have an important global dimension. Multilingual education here involves the use of minority, majority and English as language...

This chapter provides a discussion of the significant changes for the Basque language in Spain and in France, in particular in multilingual education. The sociolinguistic situation underwent an important development based on a robust language policy in the Basque Autonomous Community. The revival of the minority language was much less in the provin...

This book presents research on the situation minority language schoolchildren face when they need to learn languages of international communication, in particular English. The book takes minority languages as a starting point and it bridges local and global perspectives in the analysis of multilingual education contexts. It examines the interaction...

This chapter focuses on the assessment of writing skills in an educational setting in which Basque, Spanish and English are taught, but Basque, a minority language, is the main medium of instruction. The chapter starts by looking at bilingual programs involving regional minority languages and highlights their dual role as both immersion and languag...

This multidisciplinary study adopts an econometric analysis for investigating how different characteristics determine the choice of the language used in the signs of a shopping street in two selected minority language cities. We work with a dataset containing about 200 observations collected in the main shopping streets of the cities of Donostia (S...

The growing interest in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has resulted in enthusiasm in and active pursuit of improved methods of foreign/second-language (L2) teaching in Europe. However, the definition and scope of the term CLIL both internally, as used by CLIL advocates in Europe, and externally, as compared with immersion education...

This article looks at the definitions and scope of multilingualism and the different perspectives used in its study. Multilingualism is a very common phenomenon that has received much scholarly attention in recent years. Multilingualism is also an interdisciplinary phenomenon that can be studied from both an individual and a societal perspective. I...

This paper adopts the contingent valuation (CV) methodology in order to elicit stakeholders' (tourists and residents) preferences for the linguistic landscape in two minority language cities: Leeuwarden and San Sebastian. The study uses a very modern CV derivation: preferences (and related WTP) are elicited by the use of a reallocation scheme, both...

This paper focuses on the advantages that bilinguals have over monolinguals when acquiring an additional language. Bilinguals are more experienced language learners and have potentially developed learning strategies to a larger extent than monolinguals. They also have a larger linguistic and intercultural repertoire at their disposal. In this paper...

The Basque school has opened its doors to the Basque language and has turned standard, from kindergarten to university, adjusting the effect of our own language to the new requirements. It already time to search for integrated responses based on the available empirical evidence. It is necessary to identify the elements that best describe the variab...

In this article we present three studies about the linguistic landscape in Donostia-San Sebastián. In the first study we approach the linguistic landscape in a quantitative and comparative way. We count the number of different languages on the signs and we compare with the city of Leeuwarden-Ljouwert, in Friesland, The Netherlands, where also a min...

One of the earliest references to multilingualism can be found in the book of Genesis, where people who spoke only one language had tried to build a tower “whose top may reach unto heaven” and, in order to prevent this, God made them use different languages: “Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one...

Multilingualism is common in modern society due to different historical, social, political, and economic reasons. Keywords: bilingualism; language planning; language teaching; multilingualism

div> This volume emerged from a collaborative Network of Excellence project funded by the European Commission. The Network, which comprises thirty-two institutes from Europe and beyond, integrates European research capabilities across disciplines and countries to provide the society and the state with tools for managing cultural diversity as a key...

Over the last three decades, regional minority languages in Europe have regained increased recognition and support. Their revitalisation is partly due to their being taught in schools. Multilingualism has special characteristics for speakers of minority languages and it poses unique challenges for learning minority languages. This article looks at...

Many linguistic minorities in Europe are vulnerable or severely endangered and in need of protection. Although there are still many weaknesses, there is a trend in Europe towards the improvement of minority rights. Inside the European Union (EU), Spain and the United Kingdom have taken the lead in devolving central power to minoritydominated region...

This paper examines issues related to the important impact of language policy in the Basque Country in recent decades. Basque, a minority language that was not allowed in the public space until the late 1970s, is an official language along with Spanish in the Basque Autonomous Community. The development of Basque has been most significant in educat...

Efforts at protecting and revitalizing minority languages are a worldwide phenomenon supported by state, regional or local authorities and by numerous NGOs. Many of these languages are severely endangered (Moseley, 2009) and efforts are usually too weak to be successful in safeguarding a sustainable future for minority languages. In Europe, indige...

In this article, we analyze the relationship between studies in second language acquisition and studies in bilingualism as areas that have been traditionally ignored but which share some common perspectives. Then we look at new trends in both areas that are compatible with a holistic perspective in the study of multilingualism. Based on these trend...

This article summarizes the individual contributions to this special issue and discusses the advantages and implications of adopting a multilingual approach. The advantages include the possibility of examining language practices in context and providing insights about the way languages are acquired and used. This multilingual approach also opens ne...

In contrast to more traditional approaches that look at one language at a time, in this issue we propose a holistic approach that takes into account all of the languages in the learner's repertoire. First, we discuss some ideas about the monolingual bias both in research and in language teaching. Then we look at multilingual practices among multili...

Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 6 March, 2010. This colloquium discussed a multilingual approach to language learning, language teaching and language assessment in school settings. This approach implies looking at language acquisition and use from a holistic perspective, taking into account not only the target langua...

This article analyzes diversity as related to different types of multilingual education. Diversity in education is linked to different factors that can be classified as linguistic (language distance, different scripts, etc.), sociolinguistic status (minority, official, international, immigrant, etc.) and educational (school subjects, medium of inst...

This paper aims at providing some data on the acquisition of Basque in the Basque Autonomous Community (Spain). First, it reports recent data and results of research studies on bilingual education and the use of Basque. Then, it focuses on one of the language plans developed by the Basque Government: the Basquisation' of civil servants. The article...