Jarkko Saarinen

University of Oulu · Department of Geography

Gen Z's interest in ethical consumption, including tourism, is growing in response to pressing global challenges. However, there is limited research on the constraints tied to the ethical travel decisions of this young cohort of travelers. This qualitative study, grounded in the theory of constraints and ethical consumerism literature, addresses th...

Modern tourism uses natural environments increasingly for the growth basis of the industry. This has created a variety of positive and negative effects for the environment. To reduce the negative and optimise the positive impacts, new modes and forms of tourism utilising nature have been developed. These new nature-based forms of tourism include te...

The intensity and frequency of climate extremes such as heat waves, droughts and extreme rainfall events are projected to rise. This will increase the severity of their impacts across socio-ecological systems. Economic sectors such as nature-based tourism become more vulnerable because of their reliance on climate and natural capital as key resourc...

The vast territorial expansion of Portugal during the colonial era resulted in a significant global diaspora network, with one such community situated in South Africa. Multiple waves of immigration from Portugal, its autonomous regions, and former African colonies have given rise to an established diasporic community in South Africa. Acting as a vi...

Boycotting has long been acclaimed as an exemplary nonviolent tactic utilized in the pursuit of social justice. Guided by justice and political consumerism literature and using critical media discourse analysis, this study sought to investigate the portrayal of social justice in tourists' discourses surrounding travel boycott campaigns against Myan...

Climate change perceptions

The hospitality industry is one component of tourism that has adopted sustainable tourism principles. However, limited knowledge exists about what motivates hospitality establishments to adopt sustainable practices and the barriers they face, especially in the Global South. The purpose of this study is to analyze the drivers and challenges of the i...

Matkailun ja paikallisuuden suhde on lähtökohtaisesti ristiriitainen. Monien matkakohteiden kehitys on perustunut niiden paikallisuuden – kulttuuri- ja luonnonympäristön – erityispiirteiden vetovoimaisuudelle. Kehittyessään matkailulla on kuitenkin taipumus muuttaa kohdealueitaan. Usein matkailun kasvun tukema ‘kehitys’ kulkee kohti ylipaikallisuut...

Climate change is often considered as a looming apocalypse in the media and its impacts on the cryosphere are increasingly visible in the Arctic region. This apocalyptic future of the Arctic relates to a set of narratives associated with the Anthropocene, wherein snowy landscapes, glaciers and polar bears have disappeared. This has led to a trend c...

A vibrant international literature exists around the sustainable practices adopted by accommodation service establishments in the Global North. Literature on sustainability practices by the hospitality sector in the Global South, particularly Southern Africa is still limited. The central aim in this study was to identify the sustainable practices a...

Purpose - The aim of this study was to analyse website disclosures of sustainability practices by major hotel chains in Zimbabwe. Design - Five major hotel chains in Zimbabwe were purposively selected for this study. The corporate websites of the selected hospitality chains were visited to determine their disclosure of sustainability practices. Met...

The role of domestic tourism as a substitute for international tourism has not received adequate attention in the literature. However, the potential for substitution has become particularly important in the COVID-19 pandemic context which has significantly impacted travel flows as well as the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Drawing...

Stakeholders perceptions of climate change in Botswana

Living museums are an exhibitionary museological format, which relies on a demonstration of everyday practices and is characterised by live interpretation. They are often established for stimulating socio-economic development in peripheral areas that offer limited livelihood options for rural communities. For tourists, living museums aim to offer a...

Sustainability has been largely incorporated into the hospitality industry’s policies and management thinking. While the industry’s development policies have bought into the principles of sustainable development, the practices of sustainable hospitality depend on how managers and staff have internalised the core notions of sustainable development i...

Despite the expanded use of sanctions as a soft foreign policy tool in the post-Cold War era, there is yet little knowledge on the implications of this coercive tool in relation to justice, ethics and sustainability in destinations to which sanctions are applied. Using Iran as a case study and grounded in international relations and political scien...

This book explores the nature of climate change in southern Africa, its impacts on tourism and the resilience, adaptation and governance needs in various tourism operations and environments. Previous studies on climate change and tourism have mainly focused on the Global North and specific forms of tourism such as snow-based winter activities. Draw...

compilation of articles focusing on pro-poor tourism

Local communities involvement in tourism in Southern Africa

Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affect the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Asse...

This chapter overviews the critical issues in tourism and sustainable development, emphasising the southern African context. The introduction discusses the relationship between tourism and sustainability and identifies the need for multiscale understanding in the changing localities. The chapter outlines the role of tourism in southern Africa and t...

This chapter concludes the critical aspects of and research needs in sustainable tourism development. The various cases and illustrations in this book demonstrate some of the success factors and challenging issues in the discourse of sustainable tourism development and how to implement it in local contexts. While there are many policies and strateg...

Environmental change is an ecologically complicated and contentious issue that usually has consequences on the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Consequently, the impacts of environmental change will be more pronounced on both the natural resource base and dependent industries such as wildlife-based tourism. However, the extent of knowledge on...

Community-based tourism has become an increasingly important activity for local development in southern Africa. This chapter uses a case study approach to explore the socio-economic impacts of community-based ecotourism on a remote community in the Kalahari region of western Botswana. The study was conducted in Khawa, a remote village which is loca...

In the Global South, tourism is credited for employment and income generation, infrastructure development and poverty reduction. However, opportunities to maximise the impact of tourism through backward linkages, such as linking tourist consumption to local food production, have not been widely exploited. Many scholars advance the view that most na...

Despite the growing body of research on consumer activism, little is understood about tourists’ digitally mediated boycott consumption behaviours in relation to pro-sustainability concerns. Drawing upon research grounded in political consumerism and consumer sustainability behaviour and through a constructivist grounded theory lens via a series of...

Drylands range across more than half of the global terrestrial area and harbour about a quarter of continental vertebrate species, many of them endemic. However, this fauna is being increasingly threatened, in particular the one that inhabits deserts, one of the last biomes on earth. This work tracks the most relevant global change drivers acting o...

The aim of this study was to examine the community’s trust in government and the levels of community involvement and participation in Ecotourism. The study employed a social capital and mixed-method research approach, based on two case study areas in Cameroon: the Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP) and the Douala Edea Wildlife Reserve (DEWR). Key...

Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are stongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affects the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Asse...

Since the early 1990s, sustainability has formed a development paradigm for tourism. Recently, however, researchers and policymakers have shown considerable interest in the notion of responsibility in tourism. While responsible and sustainable tourism share many common elements, their ideological context and societal background may involve critical...

Preface The tourism industry has always been a dynamic one and for decades, many localities and regions have strategically used tourism as a tool for positive change. However, this has been a challenging task in practice, especially in the contexts of the Global South where the relationship between tourism growth and local development has often be...

The aim of this research note is to introduce and discuss the idea of post-Arctic tourism. We will do this by using a post-apocalyptic studies perspective that is typical for research on literature and films depicting the aftermaths of catastrophes, dystopian futures and (potentially) following societal regeneration (Stifflemire, 2017). In the Anth...

Southeast Asia has seen rapid growth in tourism development. According to the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), the tourism sector directly contributing 119.7 billion USD to the South East Asian economy in 2016, whilst Bangkok was the world’s most-visited city in 2018, hosting more than 22 million international tourists. As tourism becomes a...

Desert environments remain largely neglected by the society and their potential to provide benefits to people remain understudied. Hotspots of cultural ecosystem services have been identified in some deserts; yet, knowing which countries need to strengthen efforts to satisfy people’s demand for those services is timely needed. Here, we show the per...

The COVID-19 pandemic brought the global tourism industry to a screeching halt in 2020. With vaccines starting to be rolled out, there is hope international travel can resume soon, but exactly when — and how — is the million-dollar question. Before COVID-19, there was much concern about whether tourism had grown too big for our planet. There were...

For more than two decades, Arctic destinations have experienced ever-growing tourism figures and an increasing global interest in the North and its attractions. This has contributed to the establishment of alternate livelihoods and new hope, at least in those places and regions that have recently suffered from de-industrialization and out-migration...

It is my privilege to serve as founding editor of our new journal, Tourism and Hospitality, and my pleasure to welcome you to its pages [...]

Climate change poses an existential crisis for tourism and destinations. Nordic researchers have been at the forefront of research on climate change impacts, adaptation and mitigation. The review provides a brief account of some of the main themes in Nordic climate change research from a regional and international perspective and potential future r...

Central parts of southern Africa are expected to face major environmental and economic changes in the near future, calling for proactive thinking on how local people could diversify their livelihoods. In Botswana, the tourism industry is considered as a major option for economic diversification and current tourism policies include a strong emphasis...

Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) emphasises the role and benefits of local communities in order to promote a sustainable utilisation of natural resources. This study aims to identify and analyse the locally perceived benefits and challenges of CBNRM practices in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. A specific focus is on Communal Area...

Climate change poses significant challenges to the tourism sector, with snow-based tourism particularly threatened. Snow-based tourism is largely dependent on adaptation, including snowmaking practices and product diversification. In the global south, the limited snow-based tourism products face similar challenges to the global north, but with sign...

Human-mediated global environmental change threatens ecosystem services worldwide. Detailed cultural ecosystem services mapping is crucial to counteract ecosystem degradation, but such mapping exercises have been confined to small-scale analyses in developed countries. Additionally, disturbances constraining the supply of cultural ecosystem service...

Effects of global climate change may include more extreme weather events that can harm lifeline infrastructure such as road access. Weather-induced road closures lead to worries about road travel and numerous practical problems. Still, many people are able to adjust to reduce their vulnerability. Community characteristics such as available services...

Tourism is an important economic sector in the Global South. It is however vulnerable to the risks and variations associated with global climate change. The paper qualitatively investigates how issues surrounding uncertainty in the climate change discourse have influenced policy makers’ response to climate change in Botswana’s tourism sector. The a...

The growth of ecotourism has an impact on the livelihoods of people living within and adjacent to protected areas, where ecotourism activities often take place. In some cases, evolving ecotourism has compromised the ability of locals to sustain and diversify their livelihoods. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of ecotourism and conser...

This paper outlines the general context of tourism, and the changes it underwent, in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries post-1990. The role of European Union enlargement is also discussed, allowing for an overall highlighting of the outcomes for tourism of the CEE countries’ political, administrative and institutional transformations. I...

This paper outlines the general context of tourism, and the changes it underwent, in the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries post-1990. The role of European Union enlargement is also discussed, allowing for an overall highlighting of the outcomes for tourism of the CEE countries’ political, administrative and institutional transformations. I...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the external and internal factors that support or challenge a possible transformation of Arctic Sweden into a major ski destination under a changing climate. Design/methodology/approach The paper questions future availability of the physical and the human factors that foster ski tourism development i...

Exclusively planned tourism destinations, such as all-inclusive resorts, gated resort communities, private cruise liner-owned islands and privatized beaches, have increased over the last few decades. Researchers have analyzed these kinds of tourism environments as enclaves, which are typically driven by external forces and actors, strongly supporte...

Transfrontier peace parks are seized with the challenge of creating a more inclusive and sustainable conservation agenda in the officially designated peaceparks in southern Africa. The quest for inclusivity and sustainability has witnessed sustained lobbying from the local communities calling for more meaningful involvement in the conservation and...

Objectives: Cultural ecosystem services (CES) derive non-material benefits to people and are being adopted worldwide to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Mapping CES, including recreation and ecotourism, is crucial to allocate resources efficiently, although several issues (conflict or transboundary constraints not considere...

Here I present the work I have been developing during my PhD Thesis. The works presented allowed to strengthen collaborations with other researchers from other countries working on drylands

The economic and political importance of the Arctic has grown considerably in recent decades, and the region’s role and visibility in tourism has also significantly increased. The idea of Arctic tourism has been discussed in academia for a long time, but there is no consensus on the definition of the concept. This review paper aims to discuss diffe...

The key motivation for producing this edited volume stems from the increasingly important fact that contemporary borders can be simultaneously both closed and open, and have multiple functions and even locations, as contemporary territories are not merely bounded units but also relationally constituted. This is the material and discursive basis of...

Sustainability and resilience are complex ideas and their relationships can be conceptualized and applied in multiple ways. This edited book approaches these concepts as interwoven processes working with change in socio-ecological system contexts. Although there are some key differences between the concepts, resilience is approached here as an inte...

Evaluating flagship species and their potential for biological preservation and ecotourism development is a key issue for many audiences within the conservation and social fields. Despite several methods available to identify flagships, their application is often constrained in remote, poorly studied regions. Developments are needed in statistical...

Deserts harbor unique natural and cultural heritage that is found nowhere else in the world. However, threats to these heritage resources are rising due to increasing levels of accessibility, human population and exploitation of natural resources. Thus, new alternative tools are needed to safeguard these fragile environments. In this respect, ecoto...