Janos Bogardi

University of Bonn | Uni Bonn

Flood hazard maps display areas inundated by water bodies after extreme rainfall events occur, helping governments focus on performing protection works there. However, rainfall also causes small disasters at other moments, which are not included in these maps, such as traffic impedance and water-borne diseases, both inside and outside the mapped fl...

This chapter is the collection of several examples, both in thematic and geographical sense, which manifest the need to address water and land management in an integrated way. It reviews irrigation and soil management techniques, performance assessment of irrigation as well as water delivery scheduling for irrigated agriculture. Water scarcity and...

Water-related hazard events are extreme hydrological phenomena that cause loss of lives, injuries, damage to properties, socio-economic and environmental impacts. Damage can be reduced by using control and mitigation measures that can be classified as structural and non-structural measures. This chapter introduces several, even seldom considered ha...

Every aspect of human activity and development indeed subjects water to a number of pressures at accelerated paces. Rapidly expanding populations, urbanisation, agricultural intensification, increasing energy demand, industrial production, land use changes, along with every infrastructure development works, among others, constitute a complex set of...

This book provides an overview of facts, theories and methods from hydrology, geology, geophysics, law, ethics, economics, ecology, engineering, sociology, diplomacy and many other disciplines with relevance for concepts and practice of water resources management. It provides comprehensive, but also critical reading material for all communities inv...

Sustainable water use implies the simultaneous protection of water quality and quantity. Beyond their function to support human needs such as drinking water provision, transportation and recreation freshwater bodies are also habitats. Conceiving them as water users on their own with respective biological, physico-chemical and morphological requirem...

The hydrological behavior of inland valleys agro-systems is investigated in the Dano basin in South-Western Burkina. Four inland valleys, two with irrigation reservoirs, one with contour bunds and the last with drainage canals were monitored during two hydrological years from June 2014 to May 2016 and compared. A set of indicators on their reliabil...

Monitoring the qualitative status of freshwaters is an important goal of the international community, as stated in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) indicator 6.3.2 on good ambient water quality. Monitoring data are, however, lacking in many countries, allegedly because of capacity challenges of less-developed countries. So far, however, the...

This volume is a collection of thoughts and ideas around the concepts of resilience and vulnerability related to their application in the context of disaster risk. Each of the chapters can be classified as an essay, a working paper, or simply as a think piece. Irrespective of different contexts and themes they are united as they represent efforts t...

The uninterrupted increase of extreme events has vitalized disaster risk research (DRR). DRR, as a multi- and transdisciplinary endeavour, should be framed and implemented within the context of sustainable development, climate change and other challenges. In order to facilitate the adoption of knowledge-based solutions in policy and practice, innov...

The Upper Kharun Catchment (UKC), which is part of the new State Chhattisgarh formed in 2000, features considerable population growth, expansion of urban areas and dynamic changes in irrigation infrastructure as well as irrigation practices (spatial extension, temporal intensification, increasing use of groundwater as source) for meeting the increa...

Urban areas and resilient cities are flagships of recent research to investigate not only worst-case impacts of hazards but also maximum effectivity of measures. Disaster-related security is a special form of security, when in special conditions under external and internal stressors foci shift towards demands on survival and stability but also reli...

Reliable information on the water balance components today and their future changes is a prerequisite for foresightful and sustainable water management. Basically, these components are under the strong influence of land-use dynamics. The Upper Kharun Catchment (UKC) is a typical example featuring considerable population growth, expansion of urban a...

Escalating tension and a sense of mistrust currently prevail between downstream and upstream countries in the Nile Basin over Ethiopia's construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Striving for self-sufficiency in hydropower generation, Ethiopia has initiated a new series of upstream reservoir construction projects, with the GERD be...

Study region: The Upper Kharun Catchment (UKC) is one of the most important, economically sound and highly populated watersheds of Chhattisgarh state in India. The inhabitants strongly depend on monsoon and are severely prone to water stress. Study focus: This research aims to assess the impact of climate change on water balance components. New hyd...

Efforts to meet human water needs only at local scales may cause negative environmental externality and stress on the water system at regional and global scales. Hence, assessing SDG targets requires a broad and in-depth knowledge of the global to local dynamics of water availability and use. Further, Interconnection and trade-offs between differen...

Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation This book reviews the concept, contemporary research efforts and the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The IWRM concept was established as an international guiding water management paradigm in the early 1990ies and has become a vital approach t...

This chapter reviews the concept, contemporary research efforts and the implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) which has evolved as the guiding water management paradigm over the last three decades. After analyzing the starting points and historical developments of the IWRM concept this chapter expands on relations with rece...

The recognition of the limits of resources is almost as old as the realization that our planet is a sphere leading to concerns about sustainable resources management. Water resources in particular receive growing attention given its uneven distribution in many parts of the world. Engineering solutions to address water management challenges played s...

Human water security is often achieved with little consideration of environmental consequences and, even when these are acknowledged, the trade-offs between human and environmental water needs are increasing in frequency and amplitude on the increase. The environmental flows concept has continued to evolve in response to these challenges. However,...

Highlights ► Water security for humans has been achieved at the expense of aquatic biodiversity. ► Water is the interconnecting resource base of the water–food–energy security nexus. ► Water is involved in almost all sectors & influences several planetary boundaries. ► Good water governance schemes are essential to provide water security. ► Water,...

The Earth system is an integrated, self-regulating system under increasing pressure from anthropogenic transformation. The Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP), which was established by the international global environmental change research programs (i.e., DIVERSITAS, IGBP, IHDP and WCRP) facilitates the study of this system in order to understa...

Global environmental change, including climate change, is increasingly affecting ecosystems and the communities who rely on them. Reflecting on the manner in which the environment changes can help provide insights into the different mechanisms by which humans respond and adapt to deal with the environmental stress they face. When it comes to migrat...

Ist die Umwelt eine Gefährdung, die wir bekämpfen und im Zaum halten sollten? Wenn man der Berichterstattung der Medien folgt, kann sich dieser Eindruck aufdrängen. Klimawandel, Jahrhundertfluten, Erdbebenopfer – nicht nur das Jahr 2008 hatte einiges an „Naturkatastrophen“ zu bieten. Freilich, wir haben uns alle an die alljährlich wiederkehrenden B...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce two approaches to estimate river flood related vulnerabilities. The social vulnerability index highlights regions which may potentially experience higher losses and need more assistance. The index of social-ecological vulnerability depicts regions that may be affected by floods in terms of their ecosystem s...

Integrated Risk Management demands for interdisciplinary and cross-cutting solutions. Risk mitigation of flood-related hazards needs an overview on existing hazards but also on vulnerabilities. Precise mitigation and adaptation areas of intervention and actions can only be framed based on an integrative assessment of flood-hazard parameters and vul...

In recent years, UNDP, UN-ISDR, Munich-Re and other institutions have been pointing out the fact that the number of reported disasters as well as the economic losses associated with such disasters have been growing steadily in recent decades. But while in developed countries risk-reduction and risk-transfer mechanisms such as insurance allow citize...

In contrast to daily risks, low-frequency but extreme natural hazard events are often seen as the lowest priority risk (Cannon 2006).

Policymakers must start to view mass migration as a form of adaptation so that the global response to climate-induced migration is one of facilitation rather than neglect. Two leviathans are about to collide on the world stage of science and politics — climate change and migration 1 . Their combination brings us to a tipping-point that could spawn...

Dynamic programming is a method of solving multi-stage problems in which decisions at one stage become the conditions governing the succeeding stages. It can be applied to the management of water reservoirs, allowing them to be operated more efficiently. This is one of the few books dedicated solely to dynamic programming techniques used in reservo...

Introduction Recent floods in Germany have demonstrated high vulnerabilities of cities and communities, which span many sectors such as infrastructure, private households, commerce, environment, industry etc. The assessment of the characteristics of a flood situation as well as the negative consequences are prerequisites for an effective flood mana...

The DISFLOOD-project (Disaster Information System for Large-Scale Flood Events Using Earth Observation) aims at developing a web based flood risk information tool. This tool should give detailed information about areas threatened by large-scale flood events. The information system is planned to be developed for Germany's large rivers, such as the R...

Water scarcity in the Middle East has been an issue for a long time. Given the current trends of unsustainable water withdrawals, population ncrease, degradation of land resources, and projected effects of climate change on precipitation in the region, water scarcity will remain a major problem, particularly if the status quo is maintained. Achievi...

Climate change, currently researched and already debated in global and regional forums, can be a factor which could be considered a hazard in itself. However, climate change will also directly modify existing hazards like floods, droughts, and hurricanes. While the disaster—reduction community has elaborated risk models in terms of hazards, vulnera...

El agua es un factor clave para el desarrollo sostenible. Su importancia para la vida humana, su incidencia en la pobreza, en los desastres naturales y en el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas hacen del agua una de las preocupaciones fundamentales del siglo XXI. Cambio climático, crecimiento de la población, deterioro de la calidad del agua, escasez...

Risk, Reliability, Uncertainty, and Robustness of Water Resource Systems is based on the Third George Kovacs Colloquium organized by the International Hydrological Programme (UNESCO) and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Thirty-five leading scientists with international reputations provide reviews of topical areas of research...

In Risk, Reliability, Uncertainty and Robustness of Water Resources Systems, thirty-five leading scientists provide state-of-the-art reviews of topical areas of research on water resources systems, including aspects of extreme hydrological events: floods and droughts, water quantity and quality, dams, reservoirs and hydraulic structures, evaluating...

BMP-2 and BMP-4 are known to be involved in the early events which specify the cardiac lineage. Their later patterns of expression in the developing mouse and chick heart, in the myocardium overlying the atrioventricular canal (AV) and outflow tract (OFT) cushions, also suggest that they may play a role in valvoseptal development. In this study, we...

The vertebrate face develops from a series of primordia surrounding the primitive mouth and is thought to be patterned by the differential expression of homeobox-containing genes. Here we describe the isolation of the chick homologue of the homeobox-containing gene, Barx-1, and show its expression in the developing facial primordia, stomach, and ap...

The paper presents the application of two stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) based optimization approaches in deriving a long-term operating strategy of a two-reservoir system. Both models consider stochasticity explicitly by taking into account only the uncertainty of river flows. The conventional SDP-based optimization algorithm derives the joi...

This paper presents two optimization models developed for the derivation of operation policies for a reservoir when the quality considerations are important besides satisfying the quantity requirement. In one model only the releases are controlled. In the other model both inflows and releases are controlled. Reservoir operational policy is based on...

One of the greatest problems hydrology research faces is how to quantify uncertainty, which is inherent in every hydrological process. This overview of uncertainty emphasizes non-orthodox concepts, such as random fields, fractals and fuzziness. This book reviews alternative and conventional methods of risk and uncertainty representation in hydrolog...

A new approach for ecological restoration of floodplains of regulated rivers is presented. The emphasis is laid on restoring the most important abiotic factor, the water regime, which has undergone serious deteriorations due to anthropogeneous effects. The idea is to change the water regime on the floodplain for the benefit of ecology, by controlli...

This paper presents two optimization models developed for the derivation of operation policies for a reservoir when the quality considerations are important besides satisfying the quantity requirement. In one model only the releases are controlled. In the other model both inflows and releases are controlled. Reservoir operational policy is based on...

The paper presents an approach devised to derive and assess long-term operational strategies of multiple-reservoir systems. To overcome dimensionality constraints the determination of the overall operational scheme is based upon the decomposition of the system into single-reservoir subsystems. Subsequently, each subsystem's operation is individuall...

An iterative technique is devised to operate a reservoir for improvement of the quality of water supplied, besides satisfying the quantity requirement. One iteration cycle comprises the run of an optimi­ zation model and a reservoir dynamics simulation model. The approach takes advantage of the natural stratification found in reservoirs. A 1-D rese...

Reservoirs could be managed to improve the quality of water besides merely satisfying the quantity requirement. A methodology combining optimization and simulation techniques is presented for the derivation of operation policies for a reservoir when the quality of water is of interest besides the quantity requirement. A one-dimensional reservoir si...

The paper presents a methodology devised to determine and to assess long-term operation of multiple-reservoir water supply systems. The algorithm is based on the decomposition of a multidimensional decision problem into a series of a single decision tasks solved by stochastic dynamic programming. The uncertainty of river flows is expli­ citly incor...

A dry spell, defined on a daily scale, becomes untraceable by statistics using longer than one-day-long equidistant time intervals. If daily discretization of the rainy season is to be avoided, an intermediate technique is needed. Event-based analysis of rainfall and dry spells provide an approach. The method is demonstrated with data from the Dodo...

Two Markov process-based rainfall generation techniques, a discrete and a continuous one, are introduced to create possible hourly sequences of forecast typhoon-borne rainfall. These data can then be used to predict flood hydrographs. On their turn these are used to estimate operational performance of a reservoir in order to decide whether to opera...

GIS-based national water resources master plans are considered as flexible planning tools, able to overcome the shortcoming of the traditional large scale strategical plans. Based on the case study example of the ongoing master plan EAU 2000 of Tunisia, the GIS-based methodology is introduced. Potential extensions like creating a plan hierarchy of...

Two simple interactive techniques are developed and illustrated by means of two different real-life examples in Thailand. The first technique, Evolutionary Sequential Multiobjective Problem Solving (ESEMOPS), is an open-ended algorithm designed for planning problems with discrete alternatives. ESEMOPS helps the decision making group (DMG) develop p...

An interactive multi‐objective decision‐making (MODM) model based on the Search Beam Method (SBM) and a finite‐difference groundwater flow model (GWM), is developed for analysing groundwater resources development and management problems. The SBM utilizes one‐dimensional search in the objective space to (systematically) identify the non‐dominated so...

This paper presents and compares four types of stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) for on-line reservoir operation, relying on observed or forecasted inflows. The models are different because of the assumptions regarding the inflow in the next time period. If this inflow is known (or a forecast is possible with 100% reliability) models with expect...

The problem of optimal multiunit hydropower system configuration is analyzed considering long-term operational aspects. The spatial distribution of individual system elements such as reservoirs and the vertical configurations representing heights of various dams, full supply levels, and minimum operating levels of the reservoirs are selected for op...

One of the most serious problems of water resources development planning is the lack of acceptable procedures to deal with conflicts among different purposes at the early conceptual planning stage of any water resources system. As far as the consideration of formulating planning strategies is concerned, a new interactive multi-objective decision ma...

The difficulty involved in the solution of the problem of optimal operation of multi-unit reservoir systems taking into account the stochastic nature of inflows lies in the dramatic increase of the model dimensions. This paper presents an application of an iterative method based on single reservoir stochastic dynamic programming concept to obtain o...

An event-based approach adapted to semi-arid climatic conditions and applicable in those cases when only unreliable observation data are available is developed. Emphasis is placed on ease of modeling and computation. The case study of a 20,000 km2 area in Central Tanzania where rainfall is mostly from convective-type storms is used to illustrate th...

Outlines reasons for adopting the Sequential Multiobjective Problem Solving Model (SEMOPS) and examines whether the optimization algorithm in SEMOPS could be replaced by a heuristic generating and ranking procedure. Outlines development of a modified SEMOPS procedure for use on a microcomputer, and describes application to interbasin transfer and s...

This paper deals with the development of a general method to evaluate the efficiency of flood control schemes. A psychometric method is presented to develop disutility functions. The answers of two test series are analysed according to the professional background of the participants. The results showed, besides the importance of experience, the rel...