Janis Cannon-Bowers

University of Central Florida | UCF

Doctor-patient communication is a crucial element in effective medical care, and the striking health disparities evident in patients with Type II Diabetes may in part be caused by physicians’ difficulties in establishing effective communication with patients who differ from them racially, culturally, and economically. REPEAT (Realizing Enhanced Pat...

Resilience has been recognized as an important phenomenon for understanding how individuals overcome difficult situations. However, it is not only individuals who face difficulties; it is not uncommon for teams to experience adversity. When they do, they must be able to overcome these challenges without performance decrements.This manuscript repres...

Simulation-based and game-based technology can be used to drive experiential learning of interactive skills such as cross-cultural interactions. Backstory Elaboration (BE) is a method for creating design prompts, dialogs, and interactions that contain realistic verbal behaviors and variability for multiple avatars or non-player characters (NPCs) in...

The objective of the current research was to examine whether one potentially effective gaming strategy—achievements—has a positive impact on learning in a game-based environment. An achievement in a video game is a reward or recognition earned by players for an in-game accomplishment. This paper describes a series of studies to evaluate the effects...

This study examined the effects of using serious games for training on task performance and declarative knowledge outcomes. The purpose was to determine if serious games are more effective training tools than traditional methods. Self-efficacy, expectations for training, and engagement were considered as moderators of the relationship between type...

Patient outcomes critically depend on accuracy of physicians' judgment, yet little is known about individual differences in cognitive styles that underlie physicians' judgments. The objective of this study was to assess physicians' individual differences in cognitive styles relative to age, experience, and degree and type of training. Physicians at...

Trainers need to identify effective, low-cost training experiences for today’s military workforce to meet the increasing demands of today’s warfighting environment. Although low-fidelity simulations have been demonstrated to be effective in this regard, research has demonstrated that specially tailored pre-experiences can increase the effectiveness...

Researchers have recently begun to articulate factors associated with cognitive readiness. For the most part, these efforts have focused on individual performance. However, it is apparent that many modern tasks require workers to perform as part of a team. This may impose additional cognitive readiness demands. This chapter extends the work on cogn...

Multimedia training methods have traditionally relied heavily on video-based technologies, and significant research has shown these to be very effective training tools. However, production of video is time and resource intensive. Machinima technologies are based on videogaming technology. Machinima technology allows videogame technology to be manip...

Medicine is practiced not only through encounters and other interactions between patients and providers, but also through documentation of event-centered information via the patient record, and through patient-centered communications between clinicians and between clinicians and patients (and their families). Human factors has been heavily involved...

Explicates a multilevel model that bridges the gap between theoretical models of training needs assessment, design, and evaluation, on the one hand, and, on the other, the higher levels at which training must have an impact if it is to contribute to organizational effectiveness. The chapter focuses on horizontal and vertical transfer as well as...

Very little of the existing research on team cognition has looked at sports teams. The purpose of this study was to extend previous research to the sports domain, and empirically test the relationship between one aspect of team cognition—shared expectations—and implicit coordination in 71 American tennis doubles teams. We tested a model hypothesizi...

Simulation-based training is rapidly becoming an integral part of surgical training. However, the effectiveness of this type of training is as dependent on the manner in which it is implemented and delivered as it is on the simulator itself. In this article, the authors identify specific elements from the science of learning and human performance t...

A variety of software-based systems are being used as training media. There is not, however, an accepted approach to evaluating the usability of these systems. Traditional usability approaches can be employed with some effectiveness, but they may lack appropriate specificity for use in training. In this paper, we evaluate whether assessing, and rem...

The present study investigated factors that explain when and why different groups of teammates are more likely to request and accept backup from one another when needed in an environment characterized by extreme time pressure and severe consequences of error: commercial air traffic control (ATC). Transactive memory theory states that teammates deve...

To summarize recent thinking about how to best design simulations and other virtual environments in medical education and training. On the basis of work done in a military context, I describe an approach to scenario-based training and provide a conceptual framework in which developmental activities can be organized. This approach emphasizes the lin...

Pulse!! The Virtual Clinical Learning Lab is designed to transfer and further develop state-of-the-art game design and technology to create subject matter for teaching critical thinking skills in experiential medical learning in virtual reality. The underlying design principles of Pulse!! include real-time feedback, repetitive practice, controlled...

This research investigated the effects of guided team self-correction using an empirically derived expert model of teamwork as the organizing framework. First, the authors describe the process used to define this model. Second, they report findings from two studies in which the expert model was used to structure the process of guided team self-corr...

Virtual worlds and massively multiplayer online games are becoming a useful tool for distributed teams. From providing a common working place, to allowing members of the team to interact in a physical albeit virtual form, virtual worlds are setting a new standard for tools to facilitate interactions between members of distributed teams. This chapte...

This research investigated the effects of guided team self-correction using an empirically derived expert model of teamwork as the organizing framework. First, the authors describe the process used to define this model. Second, they report findings from two studies in which the expert model was used to structure the process of guided team self-corr...

Generational differences and financial and motivational barriers have limited student access to humanities resources. We contend that Simulation-based Learning Games (SLGs) offer a potential means for delivering humanities content in a format that is more accessible to students and more appealing – both visually and interactively – than traditional...

Most of the scientific literature on team performance is based on work teams. While it is tempting to generalize these results to other types of teams, such as sports teams, one must do so with caution. There are potentially important differences between the types of teams found in the workplace and those in sports. In this manuscript, we review th...

Founded on the principles of experiential learning and anchored instruction, Virtual Field Trips utilize state-of-the art technologies to create immersive, multi-sensory, interactive experiences with real world environments. Virtual Field Trips are designed to be an integral part of a technology-enabled educational system to teach targeted material...

We tested the impact of teammates' team and task mental model sharedness on team processes and performance using 70 undergraduate teams that completed a series of missions on a PC-based flight simulator. Moreover, we considered how the quality of mental models might moderate such relationships. Team processes were found to partially mediate the rel...

This panel discusses the learning science and technology R&D roadmap developed by the learning federation, a partnership among industry, academia, and private foundations to stimulate research and development in learning science and technology. The roadmap outlines a detailed research plan for developing next-generation learning environments focuse...

The authors report an effort aimed at developing and evaluating measures of taskwork and teamwork team knowledge for teams in which members differ in knowledge backgrounds. These measures were used in a study with 36 teams to explore the cognitive underpinnings of team performance variations due to cross-training regime. The authors demonstrate tha...

Although organizations are increasingly utilizing teams to accomplish work tasks, there still remains a lack of prescriptive guidance for organizations in terms of how to capitalize on the potential synergy teams offer. Although team researchers have made many advancements in understanding the antecedents, processes and consequences of effective te...

Despite the existence of an overabundance of research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses, there still appears to be disagreement regarding the feedback techniques that produce the most optimal learning conditions. The purpose of this research was to investigate two specific types of feedback, process and outcome, as well as the sequence in which...

This chapter reviews the ability of the emerging human performance modeling technologies to support the design and operation of complex systems. The ability of existing technologies to meet current application needs is analyzed, and the results are then used to assess the areas where additional research and development is most needed. Following a b...

The purpose of this paper is to highlight several fundamental questions that remain regarding shared cognition: (1) What must be ‘shared’? (2) What does ‘shared’ mean? (3) How should ‘shared’ be measured? and (4) What outcomes do we expect shared cognition to affect? A general and integrative description of these questions is provided. In addition,...

There have been many attempts to enhance team effectiveness. However, even the most effective teams have the potential to go off track, or derail. This chapter describes an attempt to understand why top performing teams venture down the road to team derailment. Specifically, we describe four instances in which real world teams have derailed. Guided...

This chapter reviews the training research literature reported over the past decade. We describe the progress in five areas of research including training theory, training needs analysis, antecedent training conditions, training methods and strategies, and posttraining conditions. Our review suggests that advancements have been made that help us un...

For years, systems designers following a traditional design process have made use of models of hardware and software. A human-centric design process imposes additional requirements and analyses on the designer, and we believe that additional types of models -- models of human performance -- are necessary to support this approach to design. Fortunat...

Performance degradations in multitasking situations have been reported frequently as a predictable effect of competition that arises from different processing demands whose hemispheric locations are too proximal. This model might be useful in explaining performance deficits in complex workplaces. To test this assertion, a laboratory study was desig...

As the scope and complexity of modern task demands exceed the capability of individuals to perform, teams are emerging to shoulder the burgeoning requirements. Accordingly, researchers have striven to understand and enhance human performance in team settings. The purpose of this review is to summarize that research, from the theoretical underpinnin...

For years, systems designers have used models of hardware and software to support the system design process. Recently, there have been technological advances in modeling all aspects of human performance. The paper will describe four specific applications of human performance modeling that we are exploring to support both the design and operation of...

Recent investigations of team training have demonstrated advantages of cross training team members in the positions of other team members. Such benefits have been attributed to increases in interpositional knowledge. In an attempt to reduce the time demands of cross training, a conceptual cross-training condition that targeted teamwork knowledge wa...

Article Information Volume: 44 issue: 11, page(s): 436-436 Issue published: July 1, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120004401129 Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division, Orlando, Florida

The influence of teammates' shared mental models on team processes and performance was tested using 56 undergraduate dyads who "flew" a series of missions on a personal-computer-based flight-combat simulation. The authors both conceptually and empirically distinguished between teammates' task- and team-based mental models and indexed their converge...

The purpose of this investigation was to describe and evaluate an event-based knowledge elicitation technique. With this approach experts are provided with deliberate and controlled job situations, allowing investigation of specific task aspects and the comparison of expert responses. For this effort a videotape was developed showing an instructor...

Multioperator tasks often require complex cognitive processing at the team level. Many team cognitive processes, such as situation assessment and coordination, are thought to rely on team knowledge. Team knowledge is multifaceted and comprises relatively generic knowledge in the form of team mental models and more specific team situation models. In...

In this paper we describe an investigation of differences in cue-pattern recognitional strategies among expert aviators. Military instructor pilots were presented with meaningful and random configurations of instrument gauges. Tests of perceptual and conceptual ability in reading the instruments showed dissociations in performance across the differ...

Use of teams has become prevalent throughout our late 20th century society, and the U. S. military is no exception. From operating high tech equipment to accomplishing complex field maneuvers, military personnel face challenging tasks that demand a team oriented atmosphere. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the stream of team performance r...

This chapter reviews the preceding chapters of this text by drawing 10 principles from them to represent key lessons learned from the past. The lessons indicate the foundation we have to build upon for the future. The future of work teams look bright. However, it will require continued dialogue between researchers and practitioners.

This chapter discusses human performance in multioperator systems and provides an overview of human performance in team settings. A brief history of team research and a discussion of the theoretical foundations for teamwork are presented. Team level elements of success existing at the behavioral, cognitive, and affective levels can be identified an...

Training problem solving teams presents a unique set of challenges to instructional designers. Given the criticality of teams to the performance of many organizations, it is important to develop training systems to support coordination and problem solving. While recent technological advancements, such as computer-based performance assessment, hold...

Human error is an ever-present threat to the safe conduct of flight. Recently, applied psychologists have developed an intervention, crew resource management (CRM) training, designed to help prevent human error in the cockpit. However, as it is commonly applied within the aviation community, CRM lacks standardization in content, design, delivery, a...

Critical decisions are made every day by teams of individuals who must coordinate their activities to achieve effectiveness. Researchers recently suggested that a shared mental model (SMM) among team members may help them to make successful decisions. Several avenues for developing SMMs in teams exist, one of which is planning. We explored the rela...

. The Advanced Embedded Training System (AETS) applies intelligent tutoring systems technology to improve tactical training quality and reduce manpower needs in simulation-based shipboard team training. AETS provides layers of performance assessment, cognitive diagnosis, and instructor-support on top of the existing embedded mission simulation capa...

The content of situation assessment is explored to develop an understanding of the cues that pilots process when constructing a mental representation of a situation. Tools for cognitive task analysis were used to elicit information from 46 military pilots from five different aircraft communities about critical cues that contribute to the developmen...

While human factors has become increasingly involved in many aspects of training systems design (e.g., displays, functional allocation), other aspects such as software architectures and databases, have not received the same level of involvement. These aspects are important because they provide the infrastructure by which the training environment is...

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of job analysis for teams (i.e., team job analysis) in light of its critical role in team training development. This was accomplished by: a) presenting a description of what constitutes a team job analysis and its critical requirements for team training development, b) summarizing characteristics of...

A one shared knowledge assessment tool and its potential to be linked with a shared knowledge training method are examined. The goal is to assess teammates' shared knowledge and then give the team the opportunity to correct any discrepancies during a team discussion. The shared expectations measure describes a variety of task situations to which te...

The purpose of this paper is to describe a framework for delineating those conditions that might affect the utility and effectiveness of practice in training. The framework includes factors that occur prior to, during, and after practice. Pre-practice conditions, such as attentional advice, advance organizers, goal orientation, and pre-training bri...

Although previous research has shown that cross-training team members improves team performance, a number of questions remain concerning the nature of cross-training. The current study provides an extension of previous cross-training research by investigating two theoretical issues: the nature of cross-training and the joint impact of cross-trainin...

The Advanced Embedded Training System (AETS) applies intelligent tutoring systems technology to improve tactical training quality and reduce manpower needs in simulation-based shipboard team training. AETS provides layers of performance assessment, cognitive diagnosis, and instructorsupport on top of the existing embedded mission simulation capabil...

The volume outlines the overall background, research approach, and paradigm used by TADMUS, with specific focus on how to train decision making at the individual and team levels—especially how to provide training that will prepare individuals to operate in complex team environments. The chapters explore complex, realistic tasks with experienced Nav...

The US Navy's Tactical Decision Making Under Stress program investigated how team members in shipboard Combat Information Centers (CICs) anticipate each other's needs and coordinate their actions without overt communication. This included training strategies that would foster the shared understanding teams need to coordinate implicitly. The purpose...

Investigated the effects of a gaming approach on knowledge acquisition and retention in 56 male and 4 female military trainees. Ss were presented with either subject matter in paper-based prose form (text), paper-based question-and-answer form (test), or computer-based gaming form (game). Results show Ss assigned to the game condition scored signif...

In recent years a paradigm shift in decision-making research has occurred. Modern decision researchers are more interested in studying decision making as it occurs in the so-called real world under naturalistic conditions. As such, the naturalistic decision-making (NDM) movement has seen growing support in recent years. Our contention is that in or...

The effects of cross-training (presence vs. absence) and workload (high vs. low) on team processes, communication, and task performance were examined. Eighty male undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four training conditions: cross-training, low workload; cross-training, high workload; no cross-training, low workload; and no cros...

Examined the generalizability of several test types for a sample of craft jobs in the utility industry, ranging from very complex skilled jobs to jobs that were unskilled. The predictors (test categories) were cognitive, perceptual, and psychomotor tests. A meta-analytic method developed by N. S. Raju et al (see record 1991-26294-001) assessed the...

The increasing focus on work teams in organizations places emphasis on the role of the team leader to guide and structure team experiences that facilitate the development of teamwork skills, skills that underlie the coordinative and adaptive capabilities of effective teams. The authors present a theoretical framework that emphasizes 2 dynamic aspec...

This paper applies the conceptual work of K. Kraiger, J. K. Ford, and E. Salas (1993) to the evaluation of two training programs. A method known as structural assessment (SA) was described and adapted for use in the evaluation of a training program for computer programming and a PC-based simulation of a naval decision-making task. SA represents and...