Janet Elizabeth Cade

• Professor at University of Leeds

Objectives: To estimate the association between various indicators of obesity-related health risk and the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a large cohort of women. Methods: The UK Women’s Cohort Study is a prospective cohort of 35,372 middle-aged women (aged 35–69 at recruitment) initiated in 1995–1998. Obesity was assessed using body mass...

Objective We evaluated the impact of an established nutrition education intervention, ‘PhunkyFoods’ on food literacy, cooking skills, and fruit and vegetable intake in primary school aged children. Design A pre-registered cluster randomised controlled trial was used; the intervention group received the ‘PhunkyFoods’ programme and the wait-list con...

Background Previous product placement trials have been underpowered and limited in outcomes. This study assessed effects of positioning an expanded fruit and vegetable section near entrances on store-level sales, household-level purchasing and waste, and dietary behaviours. Methods This prospective matched controlled cluster trial (NIHR 17/44/46) i...

Nutritional quality of food for infants and young children (FIYC) is key to optimum development and health. To evaluate commercial FIYC products, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO-EURO) has defined a Nutrient and Promotion Profile Model (NPPM). Although FIYC is commonly used in Malaysia, its quality is largely unknown. W...

Purpose The first 1000 days of life are critical for long-term health outcomes, and there is increasing concern about the suitability of commercial food products for infants, toddlers, and children. This study evaluates the compliance of UK commercial baby food products with WHO Nutrient and Promotion Profile Model (NPPM) guidelines. Methods Betwe...

With the rising rates of non-communicable diseases in Nigeria, there is need to understand the links between diet and health using an accurate and efficient dietary assessment method. The new online dietary assessment tool comprising a database of local Nigerian and West African diets, myfood24 West Africa (1), was piloted in a healthy adult popula...

Promotion of sustainable healthy diets requires comprehensive metrics to assess environmental impact of foods consumed ¹ . Existing food systems are failing to meet the needs of current and future generations, by operating outside several planetary boundaries. Promoting healthy diets from sustainable food systems is central to realizing the 2030 Su...

Measuring dietary intake accurately is essential in establishing relationships between food consumption patterns and non-communicable diseases. Researchers are now using online tools to replace traditional methods ¹ . New technologies provide a more flexible approach and are generally preferred by study participants. However, it is not known whethe...

Optimal nutrition during infancy and early childhood is crucial for promoting healthy growth, development, and overall well-being ⁽¹⁾ . Concerns arise regarding commercially available Food Products for Infants and Young Children (FIYC) due to potential imbalances in sugar, salt, fat content, and inappropriate promotion. The World Health Organizatio...

While some studies have suggested that moderate alcohol consumption may be beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prevention ⁽¹⁾ , the role of competing events have not been considered and may lead to misinterpretation of the magnitude of the risk between alcohol intake and RA incidence. We aimed to investigate the relationship between alcohol co...

To provide a systematic and quantitative summary of dietary factors and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk. A systematic review and meta-analysis included prospective cohort studies from 2000 to 2024 reporting relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for RA incidence relating to 32 different dietary exposures. Linear and non-linear dose...

Background and objective: Tools to accurately and efficiently measure dietary intake in Nigeria are lacking. We aimed to develop and assess the usability of a new online dietary assessment tool for Nigeria—myfood24 West Africa. Methods: We developed the myfood24 West Africa database using data from existing food composition tables, packaged foods l...

Background The associations of vegetarian diets with risks for site-specific cancers have not been estimated reliably due to the low number of vegetarians in previous studies. Therefore, the Cancer Risk in Vegetarians Consortium was established. The aim is to describe and compare the baseline characteristics between non-vegetarian and vegetarian di...

Context Oral health and food oral-processing issues emerge with functional decline in the older adult population, potentially increasing the risk of malnutrition. Impairment of oral health is associated with poorer nutrition status; however, the relationship between oral factors and the intake of each nutrient remains poorly understood. Objective...

Background Multimorbidity is becoming an increasingly serious public health challenge in the aging population. The impact of nutrients on multimorbidity remains to be determined and was explored using data from a UK cohort study. Method Our research analysis is mainly based on the data collected by the United Kingdom Women’s Cohort Study (UKWCS),...

Background: The associations of vegetarian diets with risks for site-specific cancers have not been estimated reliably due to the low number of vegetarians in previous studies. Therefore, the Cancer Risk in Vegetarians Consortium was established. Objective: To describe and compare the baseline characteristics between non-vegetarian and vegetarian d...

Objective To assess the risks, benefits and resource implications of using home-blended food in children with gastrostomy tubes compared with currently recommended formula feeds. Design This is a cohort study. Data were collected at months 0, 12 and 18 from parents and clinicians using standardised measures. Setting 32 sites across England: 28 Na...

Aim To assess the risks, benefits, and resource implications of home‐blended food for children with gastrostomy tubes compared with a formula diet. Method This prospective cohort study of children (aged 0–18 years) collected baseline data on gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional intake, anthropometric outcomes, parent and child quality of life, a...

Frailty is increasingly prevalent worldwide because of aging populations. Diet may play a role as a modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to investigate associations between dietary factors and risk of frailty in the UK Women’s Cohort admitted to hospitals in England. Consumption of foods and nutrients was estimated using a validated 217-item fo...

The first draft Nutrient Profile Model for commercially available complementary foods for infants was developed for WHO in 2019. The aim was to drive changes to product composition, labelling and promotion practices in the WHO European Region. We trialled the model with 10 countries across Europe (involving 2634 baby food products) and obtaine...

Background Mediterranean diet is traditionally considered as a healthy dietary pattern, while its association with frailty has not been confirmed. This study investigated associations between Mediterranean diet and risk of frailty among women admitted to hospitals in England from an older-aged women’s cohort study. Methods A modified Mediterranean...

OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between age at natural menopause, particularly premature ovarian insufficiency (POI; natural menopause before age 40 years), and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and identify any variations by ethnicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We pooled individual-level data of 338,059 women from 13 cohort studies without T...

Background Meat-free diets may be associated with a higher risk of hip fracture, but prospective evidence is limited. We aimed to investigate the risk of hip fracture in occasional meat-eaters, pescatarians, and vegetarians compared to regular meat-eaters in the UK Biobank, and to explore the role of potential mediators of any observed risk differe...

Diet is a modifiable risk factor for pancreatic cancer. We hypothesized that specific dietary patterns would increase/decrease pancreatic cancer risk. We evaluated the association of dietary patterns with pancreatic cancer risk in the UK Women's Cohort Study. Dietary patterns were assessed at enrollment using: (1) self-reported practice of vegan/ve...

There is growing international concern about the suitability of certain commercial food products for infants and young children (FIYC) in Europe, especially those high in free sugars or marketed for infants under 6 months of age. Current regulatory guidelines are outdated and insufficient, resulting in the marketing and sale of unsuitable products....

Dietary assessment tools are needed for estimating the dietary intake of different ethnic minority groups. It is important to validate these tools before utilisation. Challenges in assessing the dietary intake of ethnic minority groups include the lack of culturally specific dietary assessment tools, difficulties in recruiting participants, and lan...

Background : Undernutrition is projected to be a major consequence of climate change. Biodiversity could enhance climate change resilience by improving nutritional outcomes and providing healthy food resources during and/or after climate-related events. For Indigenous populations who currently base their diet on local biodiversity, rapid climate ch...

Background: Some reproductive factors (such as age at menarche and parity) have been shown to be associated with age at natural menopause, but there has been little quantitative analysis of the association between infertility, miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature (<40 years of age) or early menopause (40-44 years). Additionally, it was unknown w...

Objectives Studies that use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to monitor women with gestational diabetes (GDM), highlight the importance of managing dysglycemia over a 24-hour period. However, the effect of current treatment methods on dysglycemia over 24-hrs are currently unknown. This study aimed to characterise CGM metrics over 24-hrs in women...

Adequate complementary foods contribute to good health and growth in young children. However, many countries are still off-track in achieving critical complementary feeding indicators, such as minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). In this study, we used the 2016 Ugandan Demographic Health S...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.893643.].

Background and aims Hip fracture affects 1.6 million people globally each year, and increases morbidity and mortality. There is potential for risk reduction through diet modification, but prospective evidence for associations between intake of several foods and nutrients and hip fracture risk is limited. This study aimed to investigate associations...

Although diets that meet dietary health recommendations can be more environmentally friendly, few studies have examined whether such diets are affordable(Reference Van Dooren1). However, studies on optimising diets usually focus on the average population diet, without taking into consideration differences between individual diets. In this study, we...

Hip fracture affects 1.6 million people globally each year, and increases morbidity and mortality. There is potential for risk reduction through diet modification, but prospective evidence for associations between intake of several foods and nutrients and hip fracture risk is limited. This study aimed to investigate associations between food and nu...

Background : Undernutrition is projected to be a major consequence of climate change. Biodiversity could enhance climate change resilience by improving nutritional outcomes and providing healthy food resources during and/or after climate-related events. For Indigenous populations who currently base their diet on local biodiversity, rapid climate ch...

Objectives: Studies that use continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to monitor women with gestational diabetes (GDM) highlight the importance of managing dysglycemia over a 24-hour period. However, the effect of current treatment methods on dysglycemia over 24-hrs are currently unknown. This study aimed to characterise CGM metrics over 24-hrs in women...

Background Sustainable diets can help individuals to reduce their environmental footprint and potentially eat more healthily. However, most studies tend to focus on the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) in terms of the environmental impact and dietary cost is not considered. Understanding the sociodemographic determinants of sustainable diets can hel...

Background The risk of hip fracture in women on plant-based diets is unclear. We aimed to investigate the risk of hip fracture in occasional meat-eaters, pescatarians, and vegetarians compared to regular meat-eaters in the UK Women’s Cohort Study and to determine if potential associations between each diet group and hip fracture risk are modified b...

Background Childhood obesity rates more than double during primary school in England. Acquiring competent cooking skills is a key part of children’s education that can lead to improved knowledge of a healthy lifestyle and dietary behaviours. Evaluation of the impact of ‘PhunkyFoods’, a school-based food and nutrition education programme, will asses...

myfood24 is an innovative dietary assessment tool originally developed in English for use in the United Kingdom. This online 24 h recall, a tool commonly used in nutritional epidemiology, has been developed into different international versions. This paper aims to describe the creation of its French version. We used a consistent approach to develop...

The taste of foods is a key factor for adolescents' food choices and intakes, yet, exploring taste characteristics of adolescents' diet is limited. Using food records for 284 adolescents (10–19 years old) from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), year 9 (2016–2017), we classified diets according to taste. Tastes for each food consumed wer...

Monitoring nutritional intake is of clinical value but few existing tools offer electronic dietary recording, instant nutritional analysis and a platform connecting healthcare teams with patients, providing timely, personalised support. This feasibility randomised controlled trial tests usability of ‘myfood24 Healthcare’, a dietary assessment app a...

Improving breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices is needed to support good health, enhance child growth, and reduce child mortality. Limited evidence is available on child feeding among Indigenous communities and in the context of environmental changes. We investigate past and present breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices wit...

This chapter discusses the gaping void in relation to the understanding of the food environment. The importance of the food environment in relation to reducing inequalities in diet and consequently health, as well as sustainability issues, are also discussed here. Also denoted on the map is where there is evidence that progress has been made to red...

Background Food production accounts for 30% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Less environmentally sustainable diets are also often more processed, energy-dense and nutrient-poor. To date, the environmental impact of diets have mostly been based on a limited number of broad food groups. Objectives We link GHG emissions to over 3000 foods,...

Aim To summarise the totality of evidence regarding dietary risk factors for hip fracture in adults, evaluating the quality of evidence, to provide recommendations for practice and further research. Design Systematic review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Eligibility criteria Systematic reviews with meta-analyses reporting summary...

National dietary guidelines provide advice on food and nutrient intake, however the average diet of the population in many countries, deviates considerably(Springmann, Spajic and Clark). However, a healthy diet is not necessarily sustainable. Depending on the combination of food items consumed, the environmental footprint can vary(Macdiarmid, Kyle...

Comprehensive food lists and databases are a critical input for programs aiming to alleviate undernutrition. However, standard methods for developing them may produce databases that are irrelevant for marginalised groups where nutritional needs are highest. Our study provides a method for identifying critical contextual information required to buil...

Purpose We aimed to validate myfood24-Germany, a web-based 24-h dietary recall (24HDR), by comparing its performance with a weighed dietary record (WDR) and biomarkers. Methods 97 adults (77% female) completed a 3-day WDR with a 24-h urine collection on day 3, followed by at least one 24HDR with myfood24-Germany (corresponding to day 3 of the WDR)...

Background Cognitive decline is of increasing concern in aging societies worldwide and could highlight a key time window for prevention of developing dementia. Evidence on food consumption in relation to cognitive decline remains unclear. Methods Consumption frequencies of common foods including vegetables, fruits, total fish (oily fish and non-oi...

Survival analysis with cohort study data has been traditionally performed using Cox proportional hazards models. Random survival forests (RSFs), a machine learning method, now present an alternative method. Using the UK Women’s Cohort Study (n = 34,493) we evaluate two methods: a Cox model and an RSF, to investigate the association between Body Mas...

A comprehensive food composition database (FCDB) is essential for assessing dietary intake of nutrients. However, currently available food composition data for Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) is limited. The aim was to develop an Arabic FCDB of foods commonly available in the GCC (initial focus on Saudi Arabia and Kuwait), which will be in...

Background Taste of food may be important in food choice and dietary intakes. While taste perception in the laboratory has been widely studied, it has rarely been taken into account when exploring dietary patterns in a population. The aim of this work is to identify consumers’ taste perceptions for a list of commonly consumed foods. Methods The Na...

Assessing dietary intake requires comprehensive food composition databases (FCDB), supporting linkage between foods and nutrients (Reference Foster, Hawkins and Delve1). While traditional methods of collecting dietary intake have been interviewer-led, web-based systems offer advantages allowing for self-administered recalls. In light of this, curre...

Dementia represents an increasing burden of disease in aging societies worldwide; modifiable lifestyle factors, especially diet, have been implicated and represent potential targets for primary prevention(1). Although the role of processed and red meat consumption in relation to certain cancers has been established(2), its involvement in dementia d...

Objective To develop an online food composition database of locally consumed foods among an Indigenous population in south-western Uganda. Design Using a community-based approach and collaboration with local nutritionists, we collected a list of foods for inclusion in the database through focus group discussions, an individual dietary survey and m...

Aim To identify child and parent outcomes relevant to having a gastrostomy, and to specify outcomes believed to be particularly salient to type of diet (formula vs blended food). Method Twenty parents, two children (both 12y), and 41 professionals (dietitians [n=10]; nurses [n=12]; paediatricians [n=12]; speech and language therapists [n=7)]) were...

Background People living with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) face many challenges to taking adequate nutrition. Growing evidence links weight loss with negative prognostic outcomes. We aimed to explore the practice of dietitians in the UK with regards the nutritional management of ALS. Methods A national online survey was disseminated via pro...

Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer has a poor survival rate and its modifiable risks are poorly understood. We investigated the association between both traditional (BMI, waist and hip circumference and waist–hip ratio) and novel (standard UK clothing sizes) adiposity indicators as predictors of pancreatic cancer risk among women enrolled in the UK w...

Background Worldwide, the prevalence of dementia is increasing and diet as a modifiable factor could play a role. Meat consumption has been cross-sectionally associated with dementia risk, but specific amounts and types related to risk of incident dementia remain poorly understood. Objective We aimed to investigate associations between meat consum...

Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. Io-dine requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women in regions without salt iodisation have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake and urinary iodine concentra-tion (UIC), urinary iodine:creatinine ratio (I:Cr), thyr...

National dietary guidelines provide advice on food and nutrient intake, however the average diet of the population in many countries, deviates considerably(1) . However, a healthy diet is not necessarily sustainable. Depending on the combination of food items consumed, the environmental footprint can vary(2) . Furthermore, it’s important to examine...

Background Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones essential for fetal brain development. Maternal iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroxinemia, a reduced fetal supply of thyroid hormones which, in the first trimester, has been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the child. No...

Earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments mean that the estimated number of cancer survivors in the United Kingdom is expected to reach 4 million by 2030. However, there is an increasing realisation that excess body fatness (EBF) is likely to influence the quality of cancer survivorship and disease-free survival. For decades, the discussion o...

Growing data from epidemiological studies highlight the association between excess body fat and cancer incidence, but good indicative evidence demonstrates that intentional weight loss, as well as increasing physical activity, offers much promise as a cost-effective approach for reducing the cancer burden. However, clear gaps remain in our understa...

Background: Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) in Mexican children remains high with soft drinks accounting for 10% of energy intake. Greater intakes of SSB are associated with higher risks of weight gain, type 2 diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Objective: A 12-week educational programme was de- veloped to target environmental...

Background: Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones essential for fetal brain development. Maternal iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroxinemia, a reduced fetal supply of thyroid hormones which, in the first trimester, has been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the child. N...

Climate change is projected to negatively affect human health and nutrition. There is a growing literature on the effects of climatic changes on food availability, quantity, and agricultural production, but impacts on the nutritional content of foods has not been widely studied. The aim of this paper is to systematically characterise empirical lite...

A major determinant of healthy growth and development is good nutrition during infancy and early childhood. The high level of marketing and wide-spread availability of commercially available complementary foods (baby foods) have led to various concerns about the nutritional content and potentially problematic marketing strategies used to promote th...

Objectives To investigate prospective associations between dietary patterns and age of natural menopause. Study design and main outcome measures Menopausal status was reported at two time points 4 years apart in the UK Women’s Cohort Study (UKWCS). Diet of participants was measured using a 217-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Princip...