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Publications (24)
This paper reviews quantitative estimates of the economic and environmental benefits from different forms of international co-ordination on carbon pricing based on economic modelling studies. Forms of international co-ordination include: harmonising carbon prices (e.g., through linking carbon markets), extending the coverage of pricing schemes, pha...
This paper provides decision-makers with a framework for prioritising different economic, social and environmental goals and analysing the options available to achieve them. To this end, it develops three stylised COVID-19 recovery pathways (“Rebound”, “Decoupling” and “Wider well-being”) that differ in the extent to which they encompass greenhouse...
This paper reviews ex-post empirical assessments on the impact of carbon pricing on competitiveness in OECD and G20 countries, primarily in the European Union, in the electricity and industrial sectors. Most of these assessments find no statistically significant effects of carbon pricing or energy prices on different dimensions of competitiveness,...
The Paris Agreement, adopted by the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reinforces the international framework for adaptation action by establishing a global adaptation goal. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have also agreed to an enhanced transparency framework for action, which includes adaptation. T...
There are many reasons why the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting framework requests information from countries. These include understanding and tracking progress with individual or collective commitments or pledges, providing confidence and enhancing accountability in quantified information measured and report...
Climate support will be an important element in reaching a post-2020 climate agreement at COP 21 in December
2015. To further increase and mobilise the levels of climate support post-2020, a number of proposals have been
made in the negotiating text produced in the Geneva session of the Ad-hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform of
the UN Framewor...
Adaptation responses are needed to address existing levels of climate variability and change and to prepare
for unavoidable climate impacts in the future. There is wide agreement that adaptation is an important issue
and would benefit from being enhanced through more effective action and better planning. The prominence
of adaptation in the United N...
Consideration of how a 2015 climate agreement could mobilise climate finance - including aspects of institutional arrangements, enabling environments, financial instruments, and MRV.
There is widespread recognition that climate finance needs to be scaled up from its current levels. However, there is no clear view on how developed countries can efficiently and effectively mobilise further climate finance to meet the needs of developing countries. Developed countries have committed to mobilise USD 100 bn per year of climate finan...
Developed countries have committed under the international negotiations to jointly mobilising USD 100 billion per year by 2020 for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. Yet consistent and comprehensive data to track this commitment are currently lacking. Such data will also help governments and the private sector underst...
The market for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects is continuing to grow rapidly, with the current portfolio expecting to deliver 2 billion tons of CO2-eq greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by 2012, equivalent to 17% of Annex I Parties’ base year GHG emissions. In total, governments and companies have earmarked over USD11 billion for C...
The Kyoto Protocol's clean development mechanism (CDM) was established in 1997 with the dual purposes of assisting non-Annex I Parties in achieving sustainable development and assisting Annex I Parties in achieving compliance with their quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emission commitments. This paper looks at the development of the CDM portfolio as...
The secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) received Australia’s third national communication (NC3) in June 2003. An in-depth review of the NC3 was carried out between April and June 2004, including a visit to Canberra from 17 to 21 May 2004. The members of the review team were Mr. Hongwei Yang (China), Mr....
The issues surrounding biomass-based energy are different for industrialised and developing countries and the prospects for future biomass energy use in these two country groups are also different. Many industrialised countries are aiming to increase their use of renewable energy sources (including biomass), in part to fulfill their commitments on...
Global fossil fuel consumption is growing, and with it energy-related CO2 emissions2. The protocol agreed at the third Conference of the Parties (COP3) in Kyoto in December 1997 set out commitments to limit greenhouse gas emissions for industrialised countries for the period 2008–2012. These commitments have significant implications for the use of...
Although promotion of renewable energy in countries of the International Energy Agency22IEA countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States. is not new, many c...
This book chapter addresses the potential environmental consequences of wide-scale renewable energy development in rural India since the scale of renewable energy facilities and availability of biomass feedstocks largely prohibits early development in cities.
The paper examines rural/urban cost differentials and aggregate resource potentials for renewable resources in India and defines important characteristics affecting the fuel mix in rural areas. Urban and rural constraints on renewables supply are contrasted and the potential effects on local, regional, and global environmental attributes are discus...
The Kyoto Protocol established two project-based mechanisms: the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI). Projects developed under these mechanisms can generate emissions "credits" that can be used to offset a country's or company's greenhouse gas emissions commitments. A wide variety of different project types have been ini...