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Introduction
Publications
Publications (423)
Hydrogen, known for its high energy content and clean combustion, is promising in the energy transition. This study explores the environmental impact of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system. 1 kg of hydrogen production at 1 bar serves as the functional unit. The SOFC system generates hydrogen, electricity, and heat across five modes. Results indic...
This paper presents a thorough investigation into the multifaceted impacts of contamination and ageing on the performance and structural integrity of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) utilizing advanced Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM). The study scrutinizes three distinct membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs): pristine, c...
Operating the cooling system of a methanation reactor using an open-loop two-phase thermosiphon with evaporating water as cooling liquid is an effective way to ensure safe operation as it does not rely on a recirculating pump. The aim of the reactor design is to co-generate methane and steam, the latter to be used in a solid-oxide electrolyser to p...
For low-emission, small-scale combined heat and power generation, integrating a biomass gasifier with a downstream solid oxide fuel cell system is very promising due to their similar operating conditions in terms of temperatures and pressures. This match avoids intermediate high-temperature heat exchangers and improves system efficiency. However, t...
Coupling a biomass gasifier with a solid oxide fuel cell system through a high-temperature syngas compressor holds great promise to achieve low-emission, small-scale combined heat and power, since it reduces the number of heat exchangers and increases the system efficiency. However, due to the demanding operating conditions (high temperatures, toxi...
Coupling a biomass gasifier with a solid oxide fuel cell system through a high-temperature syngas compressor holds great promise to achieve low-emission, small-scale combined heat and power, since it reduces the number of heat exchangers and increases the system efficiency. However, due to the demanding operating conditions (high temperatures, toxi...
For low-emission, small-scale combined heat and power generation, integrating a biomass gasifier with a downstream solid oxide fuel cell system is very promising due to their similar operating conditions in terms of temperatures and pressures. This match avoids intermediate high-temperature heat exchangers and improves system efficiency. However, t...
Among hydrogen technologies, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is known as an efficient device using hydrogen as the fuel. Although different real-time fault-diagnosis methods are available (i.e., voltage-based or electrochemical-based), the problem with these methods is their dependency on being directly connected to a computer, higher...
The typical commercial size of a Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) application is around 180 μm up to 290 μm. GDL facilitates the diffusion of reactants to the catalyst layers and liquid removal from the membrane to the flow field. In this regard, GDL should be a porous region with conductive materials as thin...
In Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), the presence of residual water within the Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) poses challenges during cold starts and accelerates degradation. A computational model based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was developed to consider the capillary pressure inside the PEMFC and to analyze the exact geometries...
The performance of a water electrolyser (WE) depends on several aspects, many of which are located in the powerhouse of the cell, namely, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The anion exchange membrane WE (AEMWE) is a promising technology; however, both activity and stability must be further developed to surpass the current dominant WE technolog...
Correlating the microstructure of an energy conversion device to its performance is often a complex exercise, notably in solid oxide fuel cell research. Solid oxide fuel cells combine multiple materials and interfaces that evolve in time due to high operating temperatures and reactive atmospheres. We demonstrate here that operando environmental tra...
One of the barriers to further commercialization of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is hydrogen storage. Conventional methods are based on pressurizing the hydrogen up to 700 bar. The focus of this study is to characterize the hydrogen storage capacity of hydrogen tanks filled with MOF-5 at low pressures. Thus, Computational Fluid Dy...
As a promising power generation technology, the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system demonstrates high electrical efficiency and overall efficiency in cogeneration mode. Operating at high temperatures (> 680 ˚C), SOFCs cogenerate high-quality heat and can be integrated with different industry facilities. Furthermore, SOFC technology demonstrates hig...
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has attracted huge scientific attentions lately, as it is a promising power production technology that can reduce user’s dependency on electricity-grid. SOFC system can generate electricity by using liquid or gaseous fuels. Small volume and external fuel storage make SOFC technology more compatible, and it can easily be...
The utilization of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) as an energy provider using hydrogen as a fuel has increased drastically. The reasons are the current limitation of fossil fuel-based devices, pollutants-free, high efficiency, and zero-carbon emission. The life-cycle assessment results of this type of fuel cell have also indicated the...
The adverse impacts of fossil fuels on the environment have guided the authorities to set the official 100% phase out target for sales or registrations of new internal combustion engines (ICEs) that use fossil fuels as the prime mover. Batteries and fuel cells have proved to be an appropriate alternative for the ICEs to be used in cars, trucks, and...
Maritime transportation accounts for about 2.9% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, according to the fourth International Maritime Organization (IMO) GHG study. In the period from 2012 to 2018, shipping emissions have increased by almost 10%. Facing growing political and societal pressure, the IMO has established GHG emissions reduction targe...
The increase in deployment of renewable electricity has made green hydrogen production an attractive solution for decarbonizing energy systems. The prominent technologies currently deployed are the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE) and alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE). The PEMWE technology uses platinum group material (PGM) cat...
The existing obstacles toward the usage of fossil fuels as the prime mover of the cars have improved the commercialization of the fuel cells and batteries to replace the internal combustion engines (ICEs). Although the required infrastructure is already established for the ICE cars, the low number of hydrogen refueling stations, low range of batter...
Alkaline water electrolysis through the use of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) has great potential. The current industry standard for water electrolysis utilise diaphragm-based traditional alkaline water electrolysers (AWEs), however using AEM water electrolysers (AEMWEs) introduces benefits including greater current densities, superior hydrogen...
The current study performs the thermodynamic and life-cycle assessments (LCA) of a novel charging station in two system designs. The goal is to design an efficient charging station for electric vehicles with high efficiencies and low environmental impacts using Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) technology. SOFC is considered a sustainable and environmen...
The membrane electrode assembly is the powerhouse of the anion exchange membrane water electrolyser (AEMWE), thereby placing a great importance on the associated preparation conditions. This paper investigated how annealing temperature and time impacted activity and stability for both anode and cathode electrodes with catalyst-PTFE thin-films. The...
The current study evaluates integrating fuel cell technology into the batteries as an alternative for internal combustion engines (ICEs) for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). To further improve the performance of the UAV, a turbocharger is also integrated to reach higher thrusts and lower fuel consumption rates. The suggested integrated system is des...
This study presents the techno-economic analysis of a 100 kW e Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system for maritime applications fueled by methane, methanol, diesel, ammonia, and hydrogen. Two system configurations are considered for each fuel considering cathode off-gas recirculation (COGR) implementation to improve waste heat recovery both in terms o...
To meet “net zero” emission target for greenhouse gases in the year 2050, it is essential to retrieve most of the produced CO 2 from emission intensive activities and store it permanently underground. This study considers integration of a 10 kW solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system with vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA). In the integrated syste...
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems show immense potential for efficient biogas utilization, which can significantly reduce carbon emissions by integrating with biogas cleaning units and carbon capture technologies. Despite the significant benefits, the high cost of the integrated system presents a challenge. Therefore, a techno-economic assessmen...
In order to design a high performing and durable SOE stack or system, all the relevant length-scales should be addressed using different approaches and tools, and all the components of the Balance-of-Plant need to be properly dimensioned and integrated. This chapter adresses the requirements of building an SOE stack and system with an optimised per...
The depletion of fossil fuel sources has encouraged the authorities to use renewable resources such as wind energy to generate electricity. A backup/storage system can improve the performance of wind turbines, due to fluctuations in power demand. The novelty of this study is to utilize a hybrid system for a wind farm, using the excess electricity g...
Correlating the microstructure of an energy conversion device to its performance is often a complex exercise, notably in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) research. SOFCs combine multiple materials and interfaces that evolve in time due to high operating temperatures and reactive atmospheres. We demonstrate here that operando environmental transmission...
Nickel foam substrates are frequently utilised as porous 3D substrates for renewable energy applications. The preparation of these substrates usually includes an acid-washing step, but the degree to which this step affects the final electrochemical performance after spray-coating a catalyst ink is unreported. Herein, we report the effects of acid w...
Water electrolysers are multi-component systems whose performance relies on each part performing its task. A great emphasis has been placed on the development of efficient catalyst-coated electrodes, however the efficacy of the underlying substrate itself has been overlooked. This paper investigates the resulting performance of nickel foam electrod...
This study investigates the potential application of total harmonic distortion (THD), as a fast online monitoring tool, to identify the early signs of failure modes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). Indeed, the timely detection and identification of faults is crucial for applying mitigation strategies to avoid irreversible damage and increase the s...
The aggravation of climate change calls for the timely development and implementation of highly efficient, renewable, zero- or negative-emission energy solutions with high technological readiness and feasibility levels. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) constitute an appealing solution since they are close to commercial viability and can generate elect...
Nickel foam substrates are frequently utilised for renewable energy applications as porous 3D-substrates. Preparation of these substrates usually includes an acid washing step, however the degree to which this step affects the final electrochemical performance after spray coating a catalyst ink is unreported. Herein, we report the effect of acid wa...
The increased emphasis on renewable energy has resulted in a surge of R&D efforts into hydrogen and battery research. The intensive electrochemical environment surrounding the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has plagued both the activity and stability of the catalytic layer, substrate and porous transport layer, ultimately affecting both the...
The recent targets by different countries to stop the sales or registrations of internal combustion engines (ICE) have led to the further development of battery and fuel cell technologies to provide power for different applications. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the possibility of using an integrated Lithium-Ion battery and proton excha...
This paper suggests two novel designs for the electric vehicle charging stations using LiMn2O4 Lithium-ion battery and based on a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) technologies to provide electricity and cooling, respectively. The study is supported by the energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, dynamic, and life-cycle a...
The power-to-methane process using a solid-oxide electrolyser, followed by an exothermic methanation reactor, is effective for the production of an energy carrier (synthesis methane) that can be readily stored and transported at a large scale. A significant gain of the coupling is the steam generation from the heat produced by the methanation react...
The harmful influences of the fossil fuels on the environments have convinced the authorities to set official targets to 100% phase out the sales or registrations of new internal combustion engines (ICEs). As alternatives, batteries and fuel cells are suggested to provide the required power for different applications such as cars, buses, trucks, et...
The novelty of this study is to suggest a novel design for electric vehicle charging stations using fuel cell technology. The proposed system benefits from the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) to utilize the exhaust energy of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) stacks in addition to the Lithium-Ion battery to improve the efficiency by partial-load operatio...
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are known as a promising alternative for internal combustion engines (ICE) to reduce pollution. Recent progress of PEMFCs is heading towards achieving higher power densities, reducing the refueling time, and decreasing the degradations, to facilitate the commercialization of hydrogen mobility. Model-assi...
High-temperature electrolysis for reducing H2O (and CO2) to H2 (and CO) converts concentrated solar energy into fuels and chemical feedstock. We invented an integrated reactor concept comprising a solar cavity receiver for reactant heating, a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) stack for water electrolysis, and concentrated photovoltaic (PV) cells for t...
The harmful impacts of fossil-fuel-based engines on the environment have resulted in the development of other alternatives for different types of vehicles. Currently, batteries and fuel cells are being used in the automotive industry, while promising progress in the maritime and aerospace sectors is foreseen. As a case study in the aerospace sector...
![Schematic of a PEMFC with all the required layers in a cell [8].](publication/361953623/figure/fig1/AS:11431281398312855@1745524752144/Schematic-of-a-PEMFC-with-all-the-required-layers-in-a-cell-8_Q320.jpg)
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are regarded as promising alternatives to internal combustion engines (ICEs) to reduce pollution. Recent research on PEMFCs focuses on achieving higher power densities, reducing the refueling time, mitigating the final price, and decreasing the degradations, to facilitate the commercialization of hydroge...
Many countries have set official targets to 100% phase out sales or registrations of new internal combustion engines (ICE) that use gasoline. Battery and fuel cell technologies have been suggested to be the best alternative for the current ICEs to be utilized in cars, buses, trucks, and boats. Although there have been studies to consider fuel cells...
The formation of water columns inside the gas diffusion layer (GDL) of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is harmful phenomenon, can be controlled by the GDL's microstructure and material. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a three-dimensional model is developed to monitor the impacts of the GDL's porosity and permeability...
The current advances in the integration of devices through the internet of things (IoT) have encouraged researchers to focus on the applications of IoT in the automotive industry. Although different achievements in the in-vehicle network analysis and traffic management have been already reviewed, a comprehensive study to bring together the main app...
Nowadays, researchers are seeking to find the most clean and environmental solution as an alternative for the internal combustion engines with efficient performance. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which operates at low temperatures, uses electrochemical reactions to convert hydrogen to electricity, water, and heat without harmful pollu...
Water management of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an important parameter to improve efficiency, especially in cold weather conditions. The generated water of the electrochemical reactions inside PEMFC may stay inside the cell and fill the pores in the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which degrades the cell and reduces the lifetime. T...
In this study, the poisoning effects of cerium oxide (CeO2) as the contaminant on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are evaluated. An experimental setup was developed to analyze the performance characteristic (I-V) curves in contaminated and non-contaminated conditions. Focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FI...
Microstructural analysis is central to understand and predict the performance and degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) materials. Advanced electron and x-ray 3-D microscopy methods are needed to characterize the reticulate structures forming the catalyst, gas diffusion layer/ microporous layers. The high-throughput dual beam sc...
Considering the recent official targets by the authorities to 100% phase out sales or registrations of new internal combustion engines (ICE) that use gasoline, battery and fuel cell technologies have been suggested. In two different scenarios, this study evaluates the possibility of integrating proton exchange membrane fuel cells to two different t...
The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a prominent environmentally friendly alternative candidate to internal combustion engines in automotive applications. The recovery of the waste heat of light-duty diesel engines has been investigated recently, which is similarly relevant for PEMFCs. Thermoelectric generators (TEG) applied on the sta...
Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOC) can convert excess electricity to valuable fuels in electrolysis cell mode (SOEC) and reverse the reaction in fuel cell mode (SOFC). In this work, a five – cell rSOC short stack, integrating fuel electrode (Ni-YSZ) supported solid oxide cells (Ni-YSZ || YSZ | CGO || LSC-CGO) with an active area of 100 cm², is tes...
The focus of this study is to evaluate the effects of porous media inside the gas flow channel of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) on four different output parameters of voltage, power density, pressure drop, and Nusselt number (Nu) considering the impacts of its thickness, viscous resistance, and current density. Although it is proved t...
In this review paper, a critical assessment of the main degradation processes in three key components of solid oxide fuel cells and electrolysers (negative and positive electrodes and the interconnect) is undertaken, attempting prioritization of respective degradation effects and recommendation of the best approaches in their experimental ascertain...
This study evaluates two different scenarios of an integrated system to generate electricity for a charging station using proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). To improve the efficiency, the exhaust heat of these two fuel cells are recovered by two different bottoming power cycles of Kalina Cycle (KC) and Orga...
The biogas needs to be reformed before electro-chemical conversion in the solid-oxide fuel cell, which can be promoted efficiently with wise thermal management and reforming conditions. To ensure the system safety and catalysts durability, additional mineral-bearing water and carbon deposition should be avoided. This paper conducted a detailed biog...
Although the effects of impurities on the Ni-YSZ electrode of a solid oxide cell in fuel cell operation have been studied, reports on their effects during electrolysis operation are limited. Here, short-term experiments at various current densities and a durability test (1400 h) are performed to investigate the effects of HCl on the Ni-YSZ electrod...
Operando characterization of SOCs generally relies on current–voltage measurements that provide the spatially averaged electrochemical response of the SOC. However, these methods do not fully capture the spatial distribution of the operating conditions (e.g., gas composition, current density). Local information on the operating conditions can be ga...
Microstructural evolution of Nickel in Ni-YSZ fuel electrodes is one of the main limiting degradation mechanisms in solid oxide cells [1]. The redistribution of Nickel is ascribed to its high mobility and low wettability with YSZ, related to interfacial surface tensions. Practically, the degradation manifests as the agglomeration of Ni, potentially...
The degradation of metal interconnects (ICs) is one of the main lifetime limiting issues in Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs). Chromium oxide thermally grows on the substrate surface that causes ohmic loss and its vapors poison the oxygen electrode reaction (OER). Mn-based spinels are presently among the materials of choice to protect ICs to prevent Cr diff...
Steel interconnect robustness under SOFC conditions for extended operation remains a challenge. The observation and analysis of the interconnect microstructure aged in real conditions for long periods provides analysis data to help to understand degradation and potentially to design accelerated testing.
In this study, TEM observations of the cross...
The transition of the marine propulsion system towards alternative fuels is mandatory to offset carbon emission. Among the alternative fuels, ammonia is carbon-free and can be produced in sustainable ways. Ammonia has 17.8% hydrogen (wt %) and is easily liquified at 25°C and 8 bar pressure. The two-stroke internal combustion engines currently used...
Solid oxide fuel cells have a proven efficiency for the direct conversion of biogas into electricity, and their full potential from European agricultural and waste-water sites still has to be fully evaluated and harnessed. Biogases are methane-rich mixtures whose composition and trace contaminants, especially of sulfur compounds, can vary greatly....
Interconnects from real SOFC stacks operated for 9000h and 20000h are characterized by means of SEM and TEM. This study focuses on the air side of the interconnect, which has been coated with manganese cobalt spinel oxide (MCO) doped with iron. Differences between the zones of air channel and interconnect rib are highlighted. Iron particles are fou...
When biogases are directly used as fuels in SOFCs, catalytic reforming of methane into hydrogen and carbon monoxide occurs at the nickel anode. This may expose the anode to localized cooling and a high risk of carbon deposition. These issues can be tackled by preprocessing the biogas. Diluting it with steam or CO 2 recovered from the SOFC anode off...
