Jamie C Gorman

• Ph.D.
• Professor at Arizona State University

Future space missions present complex challenges for distributed human-machine teaming due to communication latency, operational uncertainty, and coordination demands across Earth, Moon, and Mars environments. We introduce a Distributed Teaming Testbed simulating multi-agent space missions involving astronauts, AI-enabled robotic agents, and ground...

As Automated Driving Systems (ADS) advance toward higher levels of automation (SAE Levels 3-5), the role of human drivers is shifting from active control to supervision and intervention. However, traditional human-automation interaction frameworks do not fully account for the dynamic team-based coordination required for effective ADS integration. P...

Objective Dynamic measures of team adaptation based in team cognition theory and the measurement of real-time team cognition are developed. The present study examines the validity and context-specificity of this measurement framework for simulation-based team training. Background Teams adapt by reorganizing their coordination behavior to overcome...

The 1998 article by van Gelder proposed a Dynamical Hypothesis (DH) in cognitive science consisting of Nature (cognitive agents are dynamical systems) and Knowledge (cognitive agents should be understood dynamically) hypotheses in contrast to the Computational Hypothesis (CH) that cognitive agents are computers. My commentary focuses on the contrib...

The success of human-AI teams (HATs) requires humans to work with AI teammates in trustful ways over a certain time period. However, how trust evolves and changes dynamically in response to human-AI team interactions is generally understudied. This work explores the evolvement of trust in HATs over time by analyzing 45 participants' experiences of...

Trust plays a critical role in both effective teamwork and the effective use of autonomous technologies, and therefore holds paramount importance in human-autonomy teaming (HAT). Using qualitative analysis of the interviews from an 8-hr-long experiment conducted in an aircraft simulation environment, this study identifies the socio-emotional and te...

This research aims to study trust in Human-Autonomy Teaming (HAT). A multiple regression model was employed to explore potential predictors in tasks that might dynamically influence trust levels. By computing entropy across different system layers of a remotely piloted aerial vehicle system, we measured the influence of these dynamic predictors on...

Teams working in complex, high-stakes environments may encounter uncertain situations for which they are not trained and can suffer dangerous consequences if they fail to overcome such uncertainty. We focus on how reorganization and dynamic interdependency across communications and air battle management (ABM) assets in response to uncertainty can b...

Space missions present unique challenges for teams, requiring effective communication, coordination, and cooperation under stress and physical strain. As humans venture further into space, communication latency becomes a significant challenge, with delays ranging from seconds to minutes. This latency affects team performance and cognitive load, whe...

We present and test communicative influence as a novel measure of team dynamics that integrates theories of team cognition with collaborative problem solving (CPS) assessment frameworks. We define influence as the degree to which a teammate’s behavior dynamically predicts patterns in their team’s future CPS state, quantified as the average mutual i...

Teams are essential for most modern work. But who or what is a team? With today’s rapidly diverse team contexts and the diversity of research frameworks for studying them, there is no longer a definitive answer to this question. Thus, Cooke et al. introduced “teamness,” a construct through which future research can describe teamwork as a function o...

Human Autonomy Teams (HATs) have been studied and many factors can influence HAT performance. However, how HATs manage team errors has yet to be understood. This paper explores how HATs manage team errors, specifically after automation errors and after receiving different forms of team training, using previously collected data. Three-member teams o...

Communication is critical to team coordination and interaction because it provides information flows allowing a team to build team cognition, which contributes to overall team performance. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enhanced AI’s capability to mimic human-like interactions; however, issues remain regarding the timing a...

This study focuses on detecting unique and complex challenges of Human-Machine Teaming (HMT) in space missions, where coordination among humans, robots, and AI agents is critical. Such missions are beset by “perturbations”—unexpected challenges involving communication delays due to the vast distances separating team elements. These issues must be o...

Teams are a fundamental aspect of life—from sports to business, to defense, to science, to education. While the cognitive sciences tend to focus on information processing within individuals, others have argued that teams are also capable of demonstrating cognitive capacities similar to humans, such as skill acquisition and forgetting (cf., Cooke, G...

Successful teamwork is essential to ensure critical care air transport (CCAT) patients receive effective care. Despite the importance of team performance, current training methods rely on subjective performance assessments and do not evaluate performance at the team level. Researchers have developed the Team Dynamics Measurement System (TDMS) to pr...

The Institute for Student‐AI Teaming (iSAT) addresses the foundational question: how to promote deep conceptual learning via rich socio‐collaborative learning experiences for all students?—a question that is ripe for AI‐based facilitation and has the potential to transform classrooms. We advance research in speech, computer vision, human‐agent team...

Objective This study examines low-, medium-, and high-performing Human-Autonomy Teams’ (HATs’) communication strategies during various technological failures that impact routine communication strategies to adapt to the task environment. Background Teams must adapt their communication strategies during dynamic tasks, where more successful teams mak...

This work examines two human–autonomy team (HAT) training approaches that target communication and trust calibration to improve team effectiveness under degraded conditions. Human–autonomy teaming presents challenges to teamwork, some of which may be addressed through training. Factors vital to HAT performance include communication and calibrated...

Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is an important skill in the modern workforce, and due to its interactive nature, is challenging to assess. The present study builds on work in team sciences to provide initial validation for a metric that quantifies CPS influence—the extent to which each individual contributes toward the team’s CPS processes—usi...

Trust plays a critical role in the success of human-robot teams (HRTs). While typically studied as a perceptual attitude, trust also encompasses individual dispositions and interactive behaviors like compliance. Anthropomorphism, the attribution of human-like qualities to robots, is a related phenomenon that designers often leverage to positively i...

While there is increased interest in how trust spreads in Human Autonomy Teams (HATs), most trust measurements are subjective and do not examine real-time changes in trust. To develop a trust metric that consists of objective variables influenced by trust/distrust manipulations, we conducted an Interactive hybrid Cognitive Task Analysis (IhCTA) for...

Resilient teams overcome sudden, dynamic changes by enacting rapid, adaptive responses that maintain system effectiveness. We analyzed two experiments on human-autonomy teams (HATs) operating a simulated remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and correlated dynamical measures of resilience with measures of team performance. Across both experiments...

The goal of the Space Challenge project is to identify the challenges faced by teams in space operations and then represent those challenges in a distributed human-machine teaming scenario that resembles typical space operations and to measure the coordination dynamics across the entire system. Currently, several challenges have been identified thr...

Teams must adapt and coordinate in high-stress environments in response to challenging situations. Communication is vital to coordination and can provide insights into effective team adaptation. We analyzed communication speaker data, consisting of a physician, nurse, and respiratory therapist, from a critical care simulation. We analyzed speaker f...

Previous research has found evidence for the Intermanual Speed Advantage (ISA), wherein novice actors perform a visually-guided, two-handed task faster with one hand from each partner (i.e., intermanually) compared to when one actor completes the task with their own two hands (i.e., bimanually). The ISA is erased, however, after the task has been w...

The current study examines the effects of teams front-loading information and planning ahead through team-level communication during action phases of taskwork on team performance across all-human and human-autonomy teams (HATs) in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System-Synthetic Task Environment (RPAS-STE). Twenty-one three-member teams (two participan...

Teams are complex systems with many different layers that interact with one another to accomplish a common goal or task. The physiological layer is just one of them. In this study, first, we examined how the Holder exponent, which was extracted from heart rate variability, changed across the missions and roles, and then how the holder exponent is r...

Prior research indicates a need for objective and reliable measures of team communication and coordination. This need rings true for United States Air Force (USAF) teams, whose instructors heavily employ subjective evaluations within fast-paced training. Instructors must observe a multitude of teams and their communications, leaving room for varied...

Objective: This review and synthesis examines approaches for measuring and assessing team coordination dynamics (TCD). The authors advance a system typology for classifying TCD approaches and their applications for increasing levels of dynamic complexity. Background: There is an increasing focus on how teams adapt their coordination in response...

The current study considers Human-Autonomy teams (HATs) in which two human team members interact and collaborate with an autonomous teammate to achieve a common task while dealing with unexpected technological failures that were imposed either in automation or autonomy. A Wizard of Oz (WoZ) methodology was used to simulate the autonomous teammate....

Project overview. As Human–AI–Robot Teams (HARTs) become prevalent in safety-critical domains, team resilience becomes increasingly relevant for assessing their effectiveness. This study explores a dynamical systems approach to connect interaction-based measures of nominal teamwork with processes and outcomes related to positive adaptation in pertu...

Objective This study examines visual, auditory, and the combination of both (bimodal) coupling modes in the performance of a two-person perceptual-motor task, in which one person provides the perceptual inputs and the other the motor inputs. Background Parking a plane or landing a helicopter on a mountain top requires one person to provide motor i...

This research leverages the recent success of AFRL's Synthetic Air Vehicle Operator's interactions with Cooke's CERTT Lab on teams. Furthering the effort of better understanding human-autonomy teaming (HAT), we (Cognitive Engineering Research Institute – CERI) conducted a series of experiments to assess the quality of HAT in the face of degraded co...

Throughout training and team performance, teams may be assessed based on their communication patterns to identify which behaviors contributed to the team's performance; however, this process of establishing meaning in communication is burdensome and time consuming despite the low monetary cost. A current topic in team research is developing covert...

Verbal communication is important for coordination and performance in many team settings. However, the inclusion of autonomous artificial agents presents challenges to teamwork. This study sought to examine the effects of three different training approaches on team communication behaviors in human-autonomy teams (HATs) under normal and degraded con...

Project overview Teamwork can be defined as dynamic team interaction between two or more interdependent members to achieve a shared goal. Many studies have examined how coordination dynamics are associated with team effectiveness in the context of all-human teams (Gorman, Amazeen, & Cooke, 2010), and later, in human-autonomy teams (HAT)s (Demir, Li...

Due to lack of visual or auditory perceptual information, many tasks require interpersonal coordination and teaming. Dyadic verbal and/or auditory communication typically results in the two people becoming informationally coupled. This experiment examined coupling by using a two-person remote navigation task where one participant blindly drove a re...

Project overview Team resilience is an interactive and dynamic process that develops over time while a team maintains performance. This study aims to empirically investigate systems-level resilience in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) System simulated task environment by examining team interaction during novel events. The approach used in the curr...

Project overview. Team resilience is an interactive and dynamic process that develops over time while a team maintains performance. This study aims to empirically investigate systems-level resilience in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) System simulated task environment by examining team interaction during novel events. The approach used in the cur...

Project overview. Teamwork can be defined as dynamic team interaction between two or more interdependent members to achieve a shared goal. Many studies have examined how coordination dynamics are associated with team effectiveness in the context of all-human teams (Gorman, Amazeen, & Cooke, 2010), and later, in human-autonomy teams (HAT)s (Demir, L...

Objective: A method for detecting real-time changes in team cognition in the form of significant communication reorganizations is described. We demonstrate the method in the context of scenario-based simulation training. Background: We present the dynamical view that individual- and team-level aspects of team cognition are temporally intertwined...

The aim of this exploratory paper is to underline the importance of coordination-based training for dynamic tasks in human-autonomy teaming. We address training solutions to distinct types of failures caused by either internal (the system) and external sources (the dynamic task environment). In order to accomplish this, we explore Human-Autonomy te...

As coordination mechanisms change and technology failures occur, a sociotechnical system must reorganize itself across human and technological layers to maintain effectiveness. We present a study examining reorganization across communication, controls, and vehicle layers of a remotely-piloted aircraft system (RPAS) using a layered dynamics approach...

This study investigated previously observed differences in speed when completing a two-handed task using either the bimanual coordination mode (i.e., an individual completing a two-handed task) or the intermanual coordination mode (i.e., two people completing a two-handed task). When comparing these coordination modes, various research domains have...

This study explores how Human-Autonomy Teams work together in a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) to overcome three types of degraded conditions, including automation and autonomy failures, and malicious attack. The two human participants were informed that the pilot was a “synthetic” agent that has limited communication capacity. For in-dept...

Objective To determine whether a dynamical analysis of neural and communication data streams provide fine-grained insights into healthcare team debriefings. Background Debriefing plays a key role in experiential learning activities such as healthcare simulation because it bolsters the transfer of experience into learning through a process of refle...

Real-time analysis of team communication data to detect anomalies and/or perturbations in the team environment is an ideal method to improve on teams’ interactions and responses to potential crises. In this paper, we demonstrate a method to detect anomalies through observing communication patterns of neurosurgery teams. We simulated the real-time p...

This study investigated previously observed differences in speed when completing a two-handed task either bimanually (i.e., the normal, two-handed mode) or intermanually (i.e., when such tasks are performed with different peoples’ hands). When comparing these two manual “coordination modes,” a phenomena referred to as the intermanual speed advantag...

By its very nature, much of teamwork is distributed across, and not stored within, interdependent people working toward a common goal. In this light, we advocate a systems perspective on teamwork that is based on general coordination principles that are not limited to cognitive, motor, and physiological levels of explanation within the individual....

Introduction While « Team synergies » have been introduced as a main topic for understanding the emergence of collective behaviors in sport (Araujo & Davids, 2016), no study has investigated the processes of « reciprocal compensation » between team members movements that allow them to act as a whole in a naturalistic joint action task. The purpose...

In activities such as dancing and sports, people synchronize behaviors in many different ways. Synchronization between people has traditionally been characterized as either perfect mirroring (1:1 in-phase synchronization, spontaneous synchrony, and mimicry) or reflectional mirroring (1:1 antiphase synchronization), but most activities require partn...

Three-person teams of fourth-year medical students or experienced operating room practitioners performed simulations around the construct of ventilation. Team member communications together with EEG-derived brainwaves were collected and classified each second and the changing neurodynamic as well as communication organizations of the team were mode...

Coordination with others is such a fundamental part of human activity that it can happen unintentionally. This unintentional coordination can manifest as synchronization and is observed in physical and human systems alike. We investigated the role of top-down influences (prior knowledge of the perceptual modality their partner is using) and bottom-...

Objective: We investigated cross-level effects, which are concurrent changes across neural and cognitive-behavioral levels of analysis as teams interact, between neurophysiology and team communication variables under variations in team training. Background: When people work together as a team, they develop neural, cognitive, and behavioral patte...

Studies indicate that novices are faster in manual tasks when performing with a partner ('intermanual') than with their own two hands ('bimanual'). The generality of this 'mode effect' was examined using a highly practised bimanual task, shoe tying, at which participants were experts. Speed-variability correlations confirmed participants were biman...

When people coordinate as a team, they accomplish more than they would working alone. These team-coordination effects give new meaning to Aristotle’s famous phrase, “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” In this article, I consider two central issues confronting team-coordination research: Do the causes of team coordination reside within...

The quality of a team depends on its ability to deliver information through a hierarchy of team members and negotiate processes spanning different time scales. That structure and the behavior that results from it pose problems for researchers because multiply-nested interactions are not easily separated. We explored the behavior of a six-person tea...

Cognitive engineering is an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis, modeling, and design of engineered systems or workplaces in which humans and technologies jointly operate to achieve system goals. As individuals, teams, and organizations become increasingly reliant on information technology and automation, it is more important than ever for s...

A shoe-tying paradigm was developed to examine mode effects and motor learning functions when people are asked to handle a familiar object (e.g., tying a shoe) using an unfamiliar coordination mode (e.g., tying a shoe with another person). Dyads first tied a shoe apparatus using their own two hands (“bimanual”) for 10 trials and then tied the shoe...

We report an experiment in which we investigated differential transfer between unimanual (one-handed), bimanual (two-handed), and intermanual (different peoples' hands) coordination modes. People perform some manual tasks faster than others ("mode effects"). However, little is known about transfer between coordination modes. To investigate differen...

A multi-level framework for analyzing team cognition based on team communication content and team neurophysiology is described. The semantic content of team communication in submarine training crews is quantified using Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), and their team neurophysiology is quantified using the previously described neurophysiologic synchr...

Our objective was to apply ideas from complexity theory to derive expanded neurodynamic models of Submarine Piloting and Navigation showing how teams cognitively organize around task changes. The cognitive metric highlighted was an electroencephalography-derived measure of engagement (termed neurophysiologic synchronies of engagement) that was mode...

Cognition in work teams has been predominantly understood and explained in terms of shared cognition with a focus on the similarity of static knowledge structures across individual team members. Inspired by the current zeitgeist in cognitive science, as well as by empirical data and pragmatic concerns, we offer an alternative theory of team cogniti...

We report an experiment investigating transfer effects between unimanual (one-handed), bimanual (two-handed), and intermanual (different peoples’ hands) coordination modes. From an information-based perspective, coordination at the individual level should positively transfer to coordination at the interpersonal level, and vise versa. From a constra...

Teamwork is a complex dynamic process that emerges from team member interaction. The dynamics provide a characterization of the team over time. The stability, flexibility, and resilience of team dynamics over various windows of time can change with experience, training, environmental perturbations, and technological intervention. Once patterns of t...

Recurrence-based measures of communication determinism and pattern information are described and validated using previously collected team interaction data. Team coordination dynamics has revealed that"mixing" team membership can lead to flexible interaction processes, but keeping a team "intact" can lead to rigid interaction processes. We hypothes...

Unlabelled: Dynamical systems methods characterise patterns of change over time. Typically, such methods are applied only after data collection is complete. However, brief disturbances - perturbations - can occur as a process unfolds and can result in undesirable outcomes if not acted on. The application of dynamics in real time would be useful fo...

Using a collaborative planning environment, collaborative processes and team planning were studied during a non-combative evacuation scenario. Five-person teams were assigned to one of three conditions: role switching (RS), location switching (LS) and control. Based on plan scoring, team process scoring and individual knowledge measures, we found e...

This paper examines the retention of team cognition with changes in team membership. Hypotheses are developed from shared cognition and interactive team cognition theories. We report a study of the effects of Short (3-6 weeks) versus Long (10-13 weeks) retention intervals and change (Mixed) versus no change (Intact) in team membership during the in...

The objective of this study was to apply ideas from complexity theory to derive new models of teamwork. The measures include EEG-derived measures of Engagement and Workload obtained from submarine piloting and navigation (SPAN) teams and communication streams from Uninhibited Air Vehicle Synthetic Task Environments (UAV-STE). We show that despite l...

In the study of coordination and teamwork, the primacy of team interaction is emphasized in an interactive approach. The interactive approach lies in stark contrast to the traditional, shared cognition approach to understanding team cognition. An overview of team coordination dynamics, an interactive approach rooted in nonlinear dynamics, is provid...

Team coordination consists of both the dynamics of team member interaction and the environmental dynamics to which a team is subjected. Focusing on dynamics, an approach is developed that contrasts with traditional aggregate-static concepts of team coordination as characterized by the shared mental model approach. A team coordination order paramete...

Sociotechnical systems comprise integrated human and machine entities that, when functioning as an integrated, coordinated unit, can address a wide range of problems that are too complex to be addressed by individuals or machines working alone. However, the design and implementation of modern work systems tends to place primary emphasis on technolo...

We report an experiment in which three training approaches are compared with the goal of training adaptive teams. Cross-training is an established method in which team members are trained with the goal of building shared knowledge. Perturbation training is a new method in which team interactions are constrained to provide new coordination experienc...

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The Dynamic Targeting Cell (DTC) of the Air Operations Center (AOC) prosecutes critical targets by processing them through a “kill chain.” We describe the development of a workflow representation that follows target processing through the kill chain in terms of eight elements of DTC interaction. The workflow representation is developed from analysi...

A synthetic task environment, MacroCog, was created to study cognitive and collaborative processes that take place during planning tasks. MacroCog was designed in a flexible way, allowing various types of teams and tasks to be observed. In addition, valuable metrics have been developed to study team member collaboration. The test-bed and the metric...

Integrating cognitive engineering into the systems engineering process requires measurement methodologies that capitalize on variability in cognition and behavior distributed across people and their environment. It is important for cognitive system integration that measures be not only reliable and valid but also unobtrusive and capable of providin...

Technology has complicated the role of the human in most complex systems. Manual or motor tasks carried out by a single individual have been supplanted by multiple-person tasks that are highly cognitive in nature. Assembly lines have been replaced by teams of designers, troubleshooters, and process controllers. Teams plan, decide, remember, make de...

The use of electronic chat has become widespread for both social and work applications. Increasingly, individuals using text chat applications engage in multiple simultaneous conversations with co-workers to accomplish complex tasks. This is especially true in the military, where it is used extensively in Navy, Army, and Air Force command and contr...

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