James Petrick

• PhD
• Professor at Texas A&M University

Purpose Despite the increasing popularity of women-owned businesses in the marketplace, relatively few studies in the hospitality literature have focused on these businesses. Hence, this study aims to examine the impact of femvertising and purplewashing on consumers’ willingness to pay a premium at women-owned restaurants, as well as the role of fe...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the state of the literature related to the psychophysiological effects of travel, to identify gaps in the literature and to propose a vision to guide research between now and 2050. Design/methodology/approach The study was guided by a systematic literature review which started with more than 2,100 pa...

Since consumers’ impulse buying intentions can be easily completed via mobile platforms, impulse buying of travel products has become more common. Hence, this study aimed to understand how mobile tourism applications affect travelers’ impulse purchase behaviors. Utilizing the S-O-R framework and distinguishing environmental stimuli and consumer beh...

Purpose This study aims to examine consumer perception during COVID-19 and identifies cruise industry marketing strategies to fill a gap in crisis management and product pricing literature. Design/methodology/approach This study developed and validated two-factor measurement scales (vaccine perception and protective behavior), which predicted crui...

For successful festivals and events that have sustained success, what happens as their target market ages? While assessing the variations in satisfaction and loyalty among different generational cohorts, an interesting pattern suggests that it may be life-stage rather than generation that indicates loyalty and satisfaction.

As theme parks seek more opportunities in using intellectual properties to redesign their services, this study explores the potential impacts of such modifications on consumers’ attitudes towards the theme parks. More specifically, it investigates the joint effects of service redesign, nostalgia, and consumer expertise on consumers’ brand love for...

Without vaccines or pharmaceutical treatments for a viral pandemic, non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as washing hands and wearing masks are likely the most effective ways to control infections at airports and on airplanes. Although the aviation market is a major entry point for viruses, little is known about how flight attendants view t...

The purpose of this study is to examine the direct, indirect and moderating role of involvement in the satisfaction, quality and loyalty relationship among local food festival tourists. Several different approaches exist concerning the role of involvement on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship but there is a lack of integration between approaches...

This study applied a threshold panel data model to test the nonlinear impacts of tourism development and the potential moderating effect of tourism density on urban livability, using observations of 35 large and medium-size cities in China from 2002 to 2016. Findings revealed that the total effect of tourism development on urban liv-ability first i...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore under-addressed issues of collaborative participation, decision-making, representation and inclusion in tourism governance in the twin cities of Bryan-College Station in Texas, USA. The study demonstrated that improved tourism governance has the potential to address underrepresented issues and contrib...

Crowdfunding based financing, via the internet, can be a solution for sustainable development. In order to better understand this under researched area, the objective of this study was to build and test a theoretical model to help understand crowdfunder behavior related to sustainable development applying the theories of planned behavior, constrain...

This study compares the unidimensional and multidimensional measures of involvement by examining their predictive validity on satisfaction and loyalty. By adopting the three-step approach comparing correlated correlations of non-nested models involving Steiger’s Z test, this study found that the multidimensional measure of involvement predicted sat...

Communications can be integral in persuading funders to invest in visitor economy crowdfunding. Despite the important role of diverse communications on consumer persuasion, research on the effectiveness of persuasive communications related to crowdfunding ventures has been limited. To bridge the gap, this study aims to verify an elaboration likelih...

Sustainable tourism development (STD) serves as a founding and guiding concept that can be applied to all forms of tourism, whereas community-based tourism (CBT) has been largely practiced as an alternative form of tourism development. Past research has suggested critical theoretical and practical omissions in both STD and CBT related to issues of...

Although cultural worldview and authenticity have been suggested to be important concepts, little research has been conducted to explore their roles in the decision-making process for visiting heritage destinations. Thus, this study developed a theoretical framework using an extended model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) to determine whether cultur...

Estimates suggest that the protest in Hong Kong led to a decrease in tourism to approximately one third, in comparison to the previous year. Hence, a better understanding of the underlying reasons tourists do not visit a destination during protests, could assist future destinations in maintaining tourism demand. To better understand this phenomenon...

Understanding the effects of travel on the health of travelers could have profound effects on the tourism industry and behaviors of tourists. While psychometric analyses have suggested travel has the ability to relieve stress and improve one’s overall well-being, scant research has utilized physiological data to examine the effects of travel on hea...

Past research has found that the effect of odd-ending price (e.g., $9.99) can be explained by the left-digit effect whereby the leftmost digits of both prices influence the comparison of a pair of prices. However, research on psychological pricing has mostly focused on low-priced retailing products and the focal product’s price per se. Informed by...

Cruise tourism is permeating the global arena. With companies developing new ships/itineraries for the U.S. and China markets, understanding constraints to cruising for different cultures carries significant value for cruise tourism development. This study adopted longitudinal and cross-cultural approaches to validate constraint measures. Data were...

In the cruise operations management literature, scant knowledge is available regarding the choice of ports-of-call. Hence, insight into cruise lines' decisions to visit a given port (or not) through a two-step decision-making process may provide an effective means to inform cruise operations management. Based on a novel perspective on cruise online...

Rapid development of the ride-sharing economy has led to a rising need to better understand travellers’ decision making regarding their travel time and cost. The present study conducted a travel choice experiment using smartphone applications, based on data collected from 532 respondents and 2128 stated-preference surveys in China. Based on prospec...

This research intends to examine whether frequent travelers are more satisfied with their life as well as why these individuals travel more frequently than others. Derived from a sample of 500 Taiwanese respondents, the study results show that respondents attaching personal importance to tourism are more likely to gather travel-relevant information...

Slow lifestyles have become a way for individuals to reduce the amount of stress in their lives. Moreover, along with wellness and slow food, slow life seeking is emerging as an area of study, though little research has been studied at Slow Life Festivals (SLFs) associated with consumers' wellness pursuits, slow life seeking, and perceptions of slo...

Dual pricing is a differential pricing technique that has been frequently practiced in public-funded parks and recreation services. Unfortunately, this practice can arouse resentment among nonresidents, especially those who know little about the financial aspects of public-funded parks and recreation services. Hence, the current study, informed by...

Given the proliferation of smartphone use, more and more people feel obligated to stay connected to work during evening hours, weekends, or vacations. Therefore, building on work–family border theory (Clark 2000), which suggests the blending of work and nonwork domains can result in work–family interference, this study investigated the potential pr...

This research identified factors influencing people’s willingness to travel by proposing and testing a model of travel importance in a cross-cultural context. Derived from a sample of 500 Taiwanese and 559 American residents, results showed that people would travel more frequently if they perceived travel and tourism as more important personally. T...

This study developed and tested a theoretical framework of event quality, motivation, value, and destination image in order to investigate visitors' behavioral intentions to revisit an international event, along with the moderating role of attachment avoidance. Results revealed that the relationships among event quality, motivation, value, image, a...

This paper used a mixed‐method approach, combining cluster analysis and member‐checking interviews to understand Hong Kong residents' attitudes towards the Individual Visit Scheme policy for mainland Chinese tourists. Three distinct clusters were identified, which grew significantly more positive with advancing age and higher income levels of the r...

This study assessed whether a celebrity writer endorsement affects festival brand equity and attachment to a festival destination. Subjects were non-residents who attended a local literary festival. Among celebrity attributes, expertise was revealed to be most related to brand equity and destination attachment. Additionally, loyalty to the festival...

Previous studies have examined the perceived benefits (PBs) and percveived constraints (PCs) of travel and/or leisure participation, but it remains somewhat unclear how these perceptions influence travel behaviour. Thus, a conceptual model was constructed aimed at describing the effects of PBs and PCs on urban residents’ travel behaviour. Results f...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the travel motivations, perceived benefits of travel, and the utility of travel mediums among US millennials. Design/methodology/approach In order to further examine the homogeneity of millennial travelers, millennials were put into two subgroups based on their age and annual income. Data were coll...

The performing arts are an integral part of the economies of many communities and often highlight the cultures of places visited. Because of this, studies on performing arts have been actively conducted in the arts management and marketing fields. Yet, little research has examined the benefits of the performing arts from a tourism perspective. Thus...

A film contains an amalgamation of diverse features and provides audiences with a variety of reminiscent elements. Thus, this study aimed to identify the role of nostalgia in the involvement, familiarity, and behavioral intentions of potential film tourists. Thus, 610 respondents were selected to test a conceptual model explaining the role of nosta...

This study examined Chinese tourists' images and constraints towards cruising, and their influences on cruising desires/intentions. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilized. Based on an extensive literature review, semistructured interviews were conducted to determine measurement items for constructs of interest. Quantitative d...

The cruise industry is witnessing a dramatic boom in China, yet little is known about Chinese cruise tourists. This study examined Chinese tourists' cruising motivations and constraints using critical incident technique. Results revealed Chinese tourists were most motivated by new/novel/special experiences, comfortableness/relaxation, and view/prox...

This book provides an overview of the cruise industry covering a broad range of topics and issues. It has been written for a broad audience including students pursuing university and training programmes, tourism industry professionals, planners and managers in the cruise industry, and finally government agency employees. The book is organized into...

Sport fans who have formed strong connections to their favorite team may be termed loyal fans. One popular communication tool for such fans is Twitter, which has been found to be an important medium for sharing news and events, yet few studies have examined the moderating of Twitter use in a sport context. Adopting the relational approach examining...

This study integrated the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB) and the Attention, Interest, Desire, and Actions (AIDA) model into a conceptual framework to examine how pop culture influences decisions to visit a pop culture–featured destination. Findings revealed that visit intentions were significantly influenced by variables in the two models (M...

The objective of this research was to examine airline passengers’ service recovery assessments. In addition, the impact of loyalty was examined with relation to postrecovery satisfaction, word-of-mouth communication, and purchase intent. Rawls’s justice theory guided the study. Data were collected via self-reported measure from Mturk and revealed t...

Study abroad and long-term international travel have been shown to result in learning of “generic skills,” like decision making and patience. However, examination of the benefits of domestic travel is scarce. In this exploratory study, women with children were asked to reflect on domestic travel experiences. All felt that travel was educational, bu...

This study revisited destination choice sets. Two distinct choice modes—joint evaluation (considering multiple destinations for a pleasure trip) and separate evaluation (considering only one destination when searching for information)—were identified. Findings revealed that women, repeated visitors, and affluent tourists living out of state were mo...

The growth of the Chinese outbound market has been phenomenal during recent years and still highly concentrates on neighboring Asian destinations. In particular, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region heavily depends and focuses on the Chinese tourism market. Recent calls for a possible diversification of the tourism market have nevertheless f...

As competition in the travel industry continues to expand, it is important to focus efforts on understanding what leads to customer satisfaction, repurchase intentions, and positive word of mouth (WOM) with the purpose of gaining customer loyalty. Previous research has revealed that travel experiences can be influenced, for better or worse, by one...

The global cruise industry has witnessed a dramatic boom in China, yet little is known about potential Chinese cruisers. For international cruise lines that are targeting Chinese markets, understanding what and how constraints keep Chinese tourists from purchasing a cruise vacation is likely important for gaining market share. Thus, the purposes of...

This study experimentally examined the effects of expertness, source of accident, and compensation on the ratings of a cruise line's brand image and potential cruisers' intentions to purchase. Participants (n = 213) were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions presented as written testimonies from cruise passengers recalling a sev...

Emerging research has revealed the importance of the benefits to travel, beyond that of a simple vacation getaway. Because the US remains one of the few developed countries without a formal vacation policy for working adults, research investigating the overall benefits of travel, from health to relationship and life satisfaction benefits, may serve...

This study examines and compares the role of social influence in festival revisit intentions between first-time and repeat visitors by adopting Kelman's social influence theory. A multiple group analysis with partial least squares was conducted using the data collected from an onsite survey. The results of the analysis revealed that there was a dis...

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the determinants of current visitors’ festival revisit intentions. The concepts of festival quality and satisfaction were adapted and integrated with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) from social psychology to theorize a model of festival revisit intentions. In addition, given the importance of social char...

This research examines the relationships between holiday recovery experiences and life satisfaction through mediating variables of tourism satisfaction. Derived from a sample of 777 American respondents, it was found that individuals who were able to control what they want to do, feel relaxed and detached from work, and have new and challenging exp...

How different the world would be had countries not reopened their borders to welcome tourists after conflict, thus providing opportunities for travelers to learn, understand, and overcome potential stereotypes and negative perceptions of a country’s residents and environment. This study reveals preliminary results of an education initiative focused...

This research attempts to examine the relationships between perceived value and travel intention while comparing the differences between previous visitors and nonvisitors of the Florida Keys. Results from a sample of 565 respondents revealed that perceived value had a positive association with travel intention, while high perceived value did not al...

Although differential pricing strategies in the tourism industries have raised fairness issues so far, price fairness studies from a consumer perspective are still lacking as opposed to pricing research based on the managerial approach. Thus, this study developed a scale to measure price fairness in line with the procedures recommended by the liter...

As adults continue to work longer and take less vacation days, relationship dynamics are changing to accommodate individuals’ responsibilities to career, family life, and self. Thus, the current study sought to understand how vacation satisfaction may enhance relationship commitment and possibly build stronger relationships and lessen the chance of...

People cruise for many different reasons. For cruise line management, understanding what these motives are, and specifically which segments have different motives, is extremely important in engineering appropriate on-board experiences and marketing efforts. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to measure common motives for cruising, in order...

This study examined how visitors’ interactions with their companion(s) affect satisfaction and, in turn, revisit intentions. Revisit intentions were defined as “we-intentions” to revisit, as people usually travel in groups. This study further sought to test the more prevalent model by comparing a We-Intentions Model with We-Satisfaction and We-Inte...

Previous studies have demonstrated the experiential, health, and relaxation benefits of leisure travel. Building on the model of attitude importance, this research further examined how Americans perceive travel benefits and how their perceptions influence their travel behavior. The results showed that the three factors of travel benefits—experienti...

The effect-recovery theory (Meijman and Mulder 1998) and the conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll 1998) suggest that taking a leisure trip provides opportunities for relaxation, detachment from work, mastery experience, and personal control. This research examined the role of tourism experiences as a stress reliever, particularly focusing on t...

This study addresses how agritourists' social interactions affect their satisfaction and, in turn, revisit intentions. Adopting social exchange theory and resource theory, the study proposes that social interactions with service providers, local residents, companion tourists, and other customers influence satisfaction, which in turn affects revisit...

The purpose of this review was to examine existent research on the benefits of travel applicable to working adults, couples, families, and extended family members. While travel is often perceived as an outlet for relaxation, education, and a chance to escape the mundane, recent research suggests that travel has several deeper benefits for families,...

Empirical evidence about the educational outcomes of travel is scattered across many fields of study. This paper reviews the literature on the educational benefits of travel, beginning with the literature on study abroad. Learning outcomes have been found from the travel portion of the study experience, and some research has found that out-of-class...

Travel is beneficial. It creates opportunities for people to see other cultures, experience history, learn, strengthen bonds with loved ones and might even be beneficial to one’s health. Yet research that empirically shows benefits beyond assisting communities with their economy is lacking. This article articulates the need for further benefits res...

Tourism has been widely regarded as a mentally and physically healthy pursuit. Thus, recent studies in tourism have paid more attention to the benefits of travel experiences. However, most studies pertaining to the topic have been conducted in the fields of organizational behavior and health science. Therefore, this research attempts to provide a c...

This article examines the conceptual relationship of agritourists' social interactions and satisfaction derived from resource theory. Agritourists encounter a series of interactions that provide various resources at a farm, so understanding how those interactions influence agritourism experiences is believed to be important. This study addresses th...

The purpose of the current study was to determine if different evaluative measures (in this case, motivation, importance, transaction satisfaction, quality, value, and word of mouth) form one construct when examining specific attractions (in this case, the festival village, music/concerts, and athletes/competition) of an event, or if subjects are a...

Researchers have measured tourist satisfaction at both overall (global) and attribute levels, and found that attribute-specific satisfaction significantly influences overall satisfaction. When satisfaction is operationalized at two levels, the measurement structure presents “specific-general” questions, which may yield psychological effects due to...

This research examines how destination perceptions are socially constructed in the context of international tourism. Building on social identity theory, this research proposes that the process of international stereotyping might be triggered when two countries have conflicts, resulting in the formation of negatively biased country and destination i...

Charging airline fees has recently been a controversial issue in terms of price fairness. Nonetheless, few researchers have studied price fairness in the tourism literature. This study aimed to examine the antecedents and consequences of tourists’ perceived price fairness of ancillary revenues. From an attributional perspective, a conceptual model...

Travel decision making has been extensively studied. Various models and theories have been proposed to explain tourist behavior. Taking a new approach, this study applied the Motivation–Opportunity–Ability (MOA) model to explain travel intentions. The MOA model suggests that motivation, opportunity, and ability are major factors influencing travel...

This research note examines how different relationships affect visitors' tourism experiences at agritourism encounters, recognizing the differences between repeaters and first‐timers from a relationship marketing perspective. Results from a survey of 431 visitors to farms in Texas found that most of relationships with service providers, other custo...

This research examines destination image as a collective construction by utilizing the context of image formation, particularly focusing on the context of structural relationships between guest and host nations. Based on international image theory that suggests overall perceptions of a foreign nation stemming from the perceived relationships betwee...

This study empirically tested the constraint-effects-mitigation model (Hubbard & Mannell, 200137. Hubbard , J. and Mannell , R. C. 2001. Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23: 145–163. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]View all references)...

Research has found that corporate reputations are particularly important for service firms. Yet, extant, similar research has not been conducted in the tourism sector where customers typically purchase complex bundles of services. Hoping to assist in filling this void, the purpose of this study was to segment cruise passengers based on their percep...

While some tourism and hospitality researchers have examined the research productivity at the level of institutions or scholars holding a PhD degree, few studies on PhD students' research productivity have been conducted. The reason for this absence could be because it is difficult to get comprehensive PhD student lists for all academic institution...

The purposes of this study were to develop a measurement scale for motivation to cruising and to examine the role of cruising motivation on intention to cruise. The motivation measurement scale was developed by following the procedures recommended by Churchill (1979). The scale was tested and found to be both reliable and valid. The role of cruisin...

Academic journals are the research showcase of a field. They not only present new discoveries, but also track the development of the field. While many studies have focused on the performance of individuals and institutions in regards to journal publications, the present paper explored the development of tourism knowledge from trends in tourism jour...

This study empirically tests the role of residents in branding tourism destinations, which has rarely been explored. Results from a survey of 371 residents in Hawaii show positive relationships between residents' identification with their destination brand and their behavior in three ways: (a) activities to help increase visitors' satisfaction with...

Knowledge dissemination among tourism stakeholders is vital to the overall development of tourism. Yet, this topic has been underinvestigated in past tourism literature. Taking the courses on tourism marketing as an example, this study examined what and how knowledge is being disseminated in the classroom. Based on the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiv...

Researchers have noted the utility of the Investment Model in explaining the formation of loyalty. This study extends the Investment Model in a leisure service context by including two additional constructs of quality and value. Quality and value are proposed as antecedents of satisfaction, with their effects on loyalty mediated by satisfaction. Re...

This paper attempts to revisit the commitment-loyalty relationship by conceptually and empirically examining the differences (and similarities) between the two constructs. A review of the extant literature suggests that the key issue regarding this relationship is whether we can equate commitment with the attitudinal dimension of loyalty. In a crui...

Constraints to participating in leisure activities have been extensively studied. Yet, while increasing attention has been paid to this topic, little effort has been invested in understanding the factors limiting people’s decision to take a cruise vacation, or to develop a measurement scale for constraints to travel. The study adopted the comprehen...

This study proposes a theoretical model that integrates two streams of research, congruity and destination image, in one conceptual framework to explain travel intentions. Applying this model in the context of cruise tourism, the study investigated the influences of self-congruity and functional congruity on cruising intentions. Preliminary intervi...

The world population is aging. The large number of baby boomers and their substantial consumption power suggests a potential market for tourism businesses. This study investigated how the industry has responded to the change of market. A case study was conducted with the Bus Owners Association of Québec (APAQ) in Québec, Canada to reveal some of th...

This article assesses the detailed career paths of super deluxe hotel GMs working in Korea and their attitudinal views. A secondary objective of the research was to compare Korean GMs with foreign GMs. Results of career paths analyses showed both similarities and differences between Korean GMs and GMs of hotels in other countries assessed in past s...

Understanding current noncustomers has been argued to be a key to sustainable success. In this study, a conceptual model is developed based on models and theories on destination image/choice, leisure constraints, and goal‐directed behavior to enhance our understanding about current noncustomers. It is proposed that by examining how the main drivers...

This study revisits the dimensional structure of the brand loyalty construct. Following recent developments in loyalty studies, this research conceptualizes brand loyalty as a four‐dimensional construct comprising of cognitive, affective, conative, and behavioral loyalty. It is proposed that the first three dimensions collectively form a higher ord...

This paper postulates the conceptual relationships between brand knowledge and brand loyalty in a tourism destination context. A framework is conceptualized connecting destination knowledge (comprising of destination awareness and destination image) and tourist destination loyalty (in terms of both affective and behavioral loyalty). A series of hyp...

Tourism researchers report differences between first-time and repeat visitors in terms of their demographics, tripographics, destination perception, perceived value, and travel motivations. The majority of previous studies focus on comparing only one or a couple of these dimensions, with fragmented and sometimes conflicting findings. Consequently,...

The present article synthesizes the latest discussion on the future paradigm of marketing. Three alternative marketing perspectives are discussed: relationship marketing, the network approach, and the service-dominant logic. Additionally, their relevance to the field of tourism marketing is highlighted. It is revealed that tourism marketing researc...

The primary purpose of this study is to theoretically identify the key determinants of brand loyalty. Based on the investment model in social psychology, this article suggests that customers'attitudinal loyalty to a brand is weakened by the quality of alternative options but strengthened by their satisfaction with, and investment in, the brand. An...